Physical Terms Research Articles

The Investigation of Yazd Khan Bazaar with Emphasis on Bazaar Status in Eastern, Western and Islamic Thoughts

Trade as the most important form of social exchange is one of the main activities of human beings. An activity that has led to construction of special spaces and places called "Bazaar" in various forms, and also Islamic cities are recognized by the bazaar from all cities of different historical periods. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to analyze the bazaar element in Yazd as an example of Iranian-Islamic cities. The method used in the above research is descriptive and survey. at first, the different utopias of Western thinkers and also ten Islamic cities, randomly inside and outside Iran(instead of eastern utopias) were selected based on age and reputation. They were examined and their indicators of bazaars were extracted. Finally, according to extracted indicators of bazaars in western and Islamic cities, the degree of conformity of Yazd Khan Bazaar with the bazaar of Western and Islamic thinkers was examined. The research shows that the bazaar element, in some cities such as Yazd, still plays a role as the main feature of the city and has the appropriate physical and social credibility. In addition, after examining the characteristics of different bazaars, it was found that Yazd Khan Bazaar is the most similar to the bazaars of Islamic cities in terms of physics and construction pattern.

Accounting for land in the United States: Integrating physical land cover, land use, and monetary valuation

Land plays a critical role in both economic and environmental accounting. As an asset, it occupies a unique position at the intersection of the System of National Accounts (SNA), the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Central Framework (SEEA-CF), and (as a spatial unit) SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA-EEA), making land a natural starting point for developing natural capital accounts more generally. We develop a pilot set of national and subnational land accounts for the United States that are consistent with the SEEA-CF and SNA principles, quantified in both physical and monetary terms. The physical accounts utilize detailed land use (National Land Use Database) and land cover (National Land Cover Database) datasets, which provide insights into how land cover in the U.S. is changing over time. To provide aggregate estimates of land values, we use a hedonic approach that exploits fine-grain microdata (“big data” from Zillow) that contains detailed information from hundreds of millions of property transactions and their corresponding physical characteristics covering much of the U.S. Methodologically, we show that it is feasible to produce monetary accounts for land that can be directly linked to and integrated with physical land cover/use. Overall, U.S. land cover has shown declines in forests, cropland, and pasture with increases in barren, scrub/shrub, and developed classes, which are particularly concentrated in the U.S. Southeast. Nominal land values in the U.S. fell about 28% ($7 trillion) from the boom to bust periods in the prior decade, albeit with substantial regional variation, and have subsequently experienced a nearly full recovery in recent years. We estimate private land in the contiguous 48 states to be worth approximately $25.1 trillion in 2016.

How to Unify All Schools of Thought in Social Science and Humanities into One Scientific School of Thought

There are hundreds and thousands of schools of thought in social science and humanities, while there is only one school of thought in natural science. This paper investigates the question how to unify all schools of thought in social science and humanities into one scientific school of thought by transforming social science and humanities into subfields of physics. By being parts of physics, the scientific version of social science and humanities should allow only one school of thought logically and naturally. This paper will discuss what this scientific version of social science and humanities will look like and how it can be uniquely defined in terms of physics of human society, mathematics, methodology, history, facts, forecasting models, equilibrium values systems, and equilibrium solutions to normative problems. This paper should be useful for reconciling the current extremely polarized policy debates between the left and right around the world.

A multiscale finite element model of sliding wear for cobalt-chromium undergoing ratcheting wear

Cobalt-chromium alloys are used in reciprocated sliding wear applications where the mated surfaces cannot be lubricated, due to their excellent frictional properties and ability to resist seizure. However, various health risks due to cobalt wear particle generation motivate the replacement of cobalt-based systems. It is suggested that a numerical model of reciprocated dry sliding wear for cobalt-chromium alloys would aid in the development of cobalt-free alternatives to remove any health risks. Therefore, this work focuses on building a mechanistic, i.e. determined purely through physical terms, numerical degredation model of dry reciprocated sliding wear for a specific cobalt-chromium alloy, informed by the experimental literature, to gain an understanding of cobalt wear-rates in response to the tribological loading conditions. A multi-scale method is employed, where the wear is determined by a microscale model of wear, which simulates wear after the material is brought up to a critical strain to failure and material rupture occurs, and the microscale wear-rates are homogenised to the macroscale by use of a statistic model of rough contact. This improves over previous methods by allowing one to observe how material wear-rates are controlled by changes in the elasto-plastic material parameters and geometry of an engineering component. The current numerical model predicts the correct scale of wear, in the range of 1×10−14 m3/Nm or 1×10−5 mm3/Nm, typical for the chosen alloy under dry sliding conditions and is validated against experimental data. The model allows for further development, such as the incorporation of frictional heating, microscale heterogeneity, or the evolution of surface roughness parameters during wear.

The system of organization and training of qualified athletes in marathon at the stages of maximizing the implementation of individual opportunities and maintaining the highest sportsmanship

Competitions in marathon running can be organized in two directions: when official athletics bodies are involved (IAAF FA, FLAU) and when marathons are commercial in nature, conducted by individual regions or cities. The orientation of the training process at the final stages of many years of training, the number of competitive starts, which gives reason to improve the system of organization and training of qualified marathon runners, is determined. A model of a training macrocycle has been developed taking into account the ranges of duration of stages, mesocycles, microcycles, the conditions for the use of multifunctional exercises with integral effects on the body of athletes. Based on the time of participation in the significant competitions of the season, it is advisable to use the model of the annual training cycle in the training process of single-cycle planning, which makes it possible to thoroughly prepare for the upcoming marathons according to the calendar in physical, psychological and tactical terms.

Time-Accurate and highly-Stable Explicit operators for stiff differential equations

Unconditionally stable implicit time-marching methods are powerful in solving stiff differential equations efficiently. In this work, a novel framework to handle stiff physical terms implicitly is proposed. Both physical and numerical stiffness originating from convection, diffusion and source terms (typically related to reaction) can be handled by a set of predefined Time-Accurate and highly-Stable Explicit (TASE) operators in a unified framework. The proposed TASE operators act as preconditioners on the stiff terms and can be deployed to any existing explicit time-marching methods straightforwardly. The resulting time integration methods remain the original explicit time-marching schemes, yet with nearly unconditional stability. The TASE operators can be designed to be arbitrarily high-order accurate with Richardson extrapolation such that the accuracy order of original explicit time-marching method is preserved. Theoretical analyses and stability diagrams show that the s-stages sth-order explicit Runge-Kutta (RK) methods are unconditionally stable when preconditioned by the TASE operators with order p≤s and p≤2. On the other hand, the sth-order RK methods preconditioned by the TASE operators with order of p≤s and p>2 are nearly unconditionally stable. The only free parameter in TASE operators can be determined a priori based on stability arguments. Unlike classical implicit methods, the TASE methodology allows for solving non-linear problems with arbitrary order without requiring solving a nonlinear system of equations. A set of benchmark problems with strong stiffness is simulated to assess the performance of the TASE method. Numerical results suggest that the proposed framework preserves the high-order accuracy of the explicit time-marching methods with very-large time steps for all the considered cases. As an alternative to established implicit strategies, TASE method is promising for the efficient computation of stiff physical problems.

Advancing Quantum Technologies – Chances and Challenges

The development of quantum mechanics and quantum physics in general is one of the greatest intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Initially, quantum physicists focused on mathematically describing and understanding the laws of a micro-world, comprised of atoms, molecules and photons. Nuclei and sub-atomic particles were discovered, particle physics evolved, and complex quantum systems in chemistry and solid-state physics are now described in terms of quantum physics. Within a century, quantum physics became the framework, which allows us to describe and predict, albeit with probabilities, the behavior of the microscopic world as we know it. The powerful quantum framework led to revolutionary technical advances for a century, such as semiconductor technology and the entire electronics industry based on it, enabling computers and the information age. The development of lasers found applications in many areas of our current technologies; we use them for printers, storing and retrieving information using CDs, industrial welding, medical surgery, and for range finding and communication purposes. Medical imaging using MRI is now a routine instrument, as are precision measurements using tunneling and atomic force microscopes. Superconducting technologies are used for high magnetic fields and many more current technologies are based on and enabled by the laws of quantum physics. While the framework of quantum physics has thus proven to be extremely successful and powerful, throughout the last century there were many conceptual, and to some extent philosophical, discussions on our understanding of quantum physics. As early as the 1930s, Einstein and Schrödinger realized that quantum physics allows for some peculiar states, which Schrödinger called “entangled”, which have a non-local character and thus do find an easy interpretation in our classical world. It took a few more decades until John Bell conceived a way to quantify such states, which thus became amenable to measurements. Only in the eighties and nineties of the last century did the generation of entangled states, their characterization and their subsequent application become feasible and accessible in laboratories. Early on, Bell states were proposed for applications in quantum communication, employing protocols based on teleportation. Soon, entanglement was recognized to be useful also for sensing, for precision measurements and eventually for quantum information processing. Starting with the early concept of a trapped-ion quantum computer introduced by Ignacio Cirac and Peter Zoller in 1995, many other platforms were proposed for quantum information processing, based on superconducting quantum bits, photonic processes, engineered quantum dots and many more. The first decade of the 21st century saw an explosive development of quantum information physics, which is by now a mature field and increasingly focuses on applications. Worldwide efforts are ongoing to realize quantum networks for secure communication and to implement quantum computers. Enhanced sensing has been demonstrated using advanced quantum states, and quantum simulators have been developed, already tackling problems that are hard to compute with classical computers. While architectures for full-fledged quantum computers are already available, the realization of such computers still requires the routine implementation of error correction, which is not yet available, for full scalability. Currently, noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors are already used for computations and are even accessible via cloud services. Since about 2000, quantum technologies have been developed for many platforms with the aim to surpass the capablities of their classical counterparts. Many such devices now make use of entangled states, which are seen as the new resource for advanced quantum technologies. For this, describing, understanding and generally mastering the generation and manipulation of entanglement is a key element. Moreover, both hardware and software technologies have to be improved in order to better control quantum devices. Mastering quantum phenomena for communication, metrology, simulation and computation purposes is currently one of the hottest topics in science since the wide applicability of quantum technologies will revolutionize these fields. The development of advanced quantum technologies is thus seen worldwide as a strategic area for generating technical knowledge and industrial evolution. This special issue intends to showcase the breadth and impact of the ongoing research in advancing quantum technologies. We have invited a selection of renowned scientists to present their work, and we are confident that this issue will find a broad readership and attract much interest within the scientific community.

The influence of perinatal and postpartum depression on child development and its functioning in adult life

Introduction and purpose: During pregnancy, the physiology of the mother's organism undergoes many changes, and this also applies to the sphere of mental health. Difficulties in adapting to the new situation, metabolic, genetic and environmental factors may predispose expectant mothers to develop depression spectrum disorders. The purpose of this study is, based on the available data, to summarize the consequences of maternal depressive disorder development during pregnancy and postpartum.Brief description of the state of knowledge: The development of mental disorders by a pregnant woman has a documented negative impact on the course of pregnancy and on the maturation of the fetus. The consequences of excessive stress, anxiety and depression during pregnancy include, among others, an increased risk of premature birth, abnormalities in the development of the nervous system of the fetus, and difficulties in acquiring speech skills in the future life. In mothers, perinatal depression increases the risk of severe psychosis or substance abuse such as alcohol and drugs.Conclusions: A number of serious complications, both for a woman and a child, related to the occurrence of mental disorders during pregnancy, prompts to focus on the problem of appropriate care for future mothers, not only in physical terms. An important issue is the standardization of diagnostic procedures and the dissemination of screening tests for maternity depression.

Privileged access to drugs in Russia and differential inflation of its monetary substitute

Abstract Background and Objectives One of the most acute problems of current healthcare in Russia is the absence of drug provision in ambulatory care. Only invalids and war veterans are eligible for the free drugs. In 2005 this and other natural privileges were monetized - eligible people were offered to opt out for the money equivalent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the monetary substitution of the social services, specifically the inflation of the money substitution of drugs. Materials and Methods We use the official state statistics and evaluate the inflation using the official inflation rate and using the BigMac Index from 2005 to 2019. Results Over the past 10 years, the nominal value of the monetary equivalent of the set of social services has grown by 149% in nominal prices (from 450 to 1121 roubles, years 2005-2018). Official inflation over these years was 197%. Measured by BigMac Index the set of social services depreciated from 10.7 to 8.3. The cost of the drug provision subset had depreciated even more - from 9.52 to 6.39 units. The pensions during this period had increased in nominal, inflation-adjusted monetary size, and as measured by BigMac index. A set of social services in the natural equivalent decreased by 22.4%. The drug subset had depreciated even more - by 67.1%. Conclusions During the period from 2005 to 2019, the cost of a set of social services provided to the eligible citizens in monetary terms grew, while inflation-adjusted value and in physical terms it depreciated. Especially significant was the decrease of the value of the drug provision due to incomplete indexation for inflation. The decrease in the real value of the set of social services provided to vulnerable groups of citizens is an alarming trend. It is long lasting, and reflect the low priority of the drug provision for the decision makers. Key messages The value of the drug provision package is insufficiently corrected for inflation. The depreciation of the drug provision is long term and different from the other components of social support.

Oil Industry in Russia: Retrospective Review, Current State and Development Prospects

Relevance of the issue selected for the research is directly correlated with Russia’s specialization in oil product exports. The oil industry competitiveness has become the foundation of the country’s economy and living standards. However, current macroeconomic uncertainty significantly affects this industry and despite the nationwide support, the consequences are seen in lower oil production both in physical and financial terms. This article analyzes changes in Russia’s oil industry during the world economic crisis (2008-2009), as well as during the period of economic sanctions against Russia (2014 till present). The estimated changes in output and return on sales in the period of macroeconomic uncertainty were assessed by means of the factor analysis. The development prospects of the oil industry in Russia were assessed by means of the retrospective analysis.

Hysteretic depinning of a particle in a periodic potential: Phase diagram and criticality.

We consider a massive particle driven with a constant force in a periodic potential and subjected to a dissipative friction. As a function of the drive and damping, the phase diagram of this paradigmatic model is well known to present a pinned, a sliding, and a bistable regime separated by three distinct bifurcation lines. In physical terms, the average velocity v of the particle is nonzero only if either (i) the driving force is large enough to remove any stable point, forcing the particle to slide or (ii) there are local minima but the damping is small enough, below a critical damping, for the inertia to allow the particle to cross barriers and follow a limit cycle; this regime is bistable and whether v>0 or v=0 depends on the initial state. In this paper, we focus on the asymptotes of the critical line separating the bistable and the pinned regimes. First, we study its behavior near the "triple point" where the pinned, the bistable, and the sliding dynamical regimes meet. Just below the critical damping we uncover a critical regime, where the line approaches the triple point following a power-law behavior. We show that its exponent is controlled by the normal form of the tilted potential close to its critical force. Second, in the opposite regime of very low damping, we revisit existing results by providing a simple method to determine analytically the exact behavior of the line in the case of a generic potential. The analytical estimates, accurately confirmed numerically, are obtained by exploiting exact soliton solutions describing the orbit in a modified tilted potential which can be mapped to the original tilted washboard potential. Our methods and results are particularly useful for an accurate description of underdamped nonuniform oscillators driven near their triple point.

Nanodielectrics approaches to low-voltage organic transistors and circuits

In this review, advances in nanoscale dielectric materials for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are summarized. OFETs are highly promising device units for ultra-thin, light-weight, flexible, and wearable electronics systems, while the operating voltages of the reported devices are in many cases much higher than what is relevant to modern technological applications. Key aspects behind this issue are clarified in terms of basic transistor device physics, which translate into the important motivations for realizing nanodielectric-based low-voltage OFETs. Different possibilities of a device design are explained in detail by introducing important recent publications on each material class. Finally, several forward-looking remarks on the integration of nanodielectrics into next-generation OFETs are provided.

Semitheoretical formulation of annular flow void fraction using the principle of minimum entropy production

The two-phase flow void fraction is a critical parameter for characterising the pressure drop as well as heat and mass transfer capability of the working fluid within thermal systems, the accurate estimation of which drives heat exchanger design and control optimisation. A semitheoretical expression for the void fraction of two-phase flows, also applicable to small-sized channels, is obtained from an analytical study based on the principle of minimum entropy production and the introduction of empirical coefficients to be fitted to experimental data available in the open literature. These coefficients embody the importance of the simplified physical terms of this formulation while recovering the accuracy loss owing to nonlinear phenomena, heat and mass transfer, and three-dimensional effects. By accounting for surface tension, this model generalises previous theories and describes the influence of smaller-sized channels in terms of the stable void fraction. This mathematical framework can be used to summarise data covering different refrigerants, channel diameters, and operating conditions.

A mimetic numerical scheme for multi-fluid flows with thermodynamic and geometric compatibility on an arbitrarily moving grid

Simulating transient and compressible multi-fluid flows in extreme situations such as Inertial Confinement Fusion is especially challenging because of numerous and sometimes conflicting constraints : large number of fluids, both isentropic and strongly shocked compressible evolution, highly variable, stiff or contrasted equations of state, large heat sources, large deformations, and transport over large distances. Models and schemes for such flows all share a common non-dissipative “backbone” structure of per-fluid mass, momentum, and energy evolution-and-transport equations, coupled through pressure terms. A novel and efficient multi-fluid numerical scheme for discretizing the backbone equations over a moving grid (ALE or Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian) is here generated through a “Geometry, Energy, and Entropy Compatible” mimicking procedure [Eur. J. Mech. B – Fluids 67, 494 (2017)]. Starting from the discretized density fields, energy fields, and transport operators, the procedure yields the discrete evolution equations in a practically univocal way. With arbitrarily moving grids, number of fluids, contrasts of volume fractions and equations of state, the resulting scheme is fully conservative in masses, momentum, and energy, preserves isentropic behavior to the scheme order, and ensures per-fluid thermodynamic consistency. Noticeably, optimal isentropic behavior is obtained thanks to a non-standard downwind form of pressure gradient. Multi-fluid numerical test cases—including Sod’s shock tube, Ransom’s faucet, and a nine-fluids crossing test—are performed in two-dimensions using deliberately strenuous grid motion strategies. The results confirm the expected properties and illustrate the robustness, stability and versatility of the scheme at finite resolution, though it is not intended to be used as is. The scheme is a foundation block to be complemented with (system-dependent and ubiquitous) physical dissipation terms which provide the necessary damping of divergingly unstable modes at vanishing wavelengths.

Didactic possibilities of 1pedagogical drawing” when teaching the discipline “Electricity and magnetism»

The article discusses the didactic possibilities of using “pedagogical drawing” when teaching thecompulsory discipline “Electricity and magnetism” to physics students. The connection between thinkingand understanding the language of physics is touched upon. The authors analyze the concept of“pedagogical drawing” in the teaching methodology of the discipline, the concept of didactic referencepoint, “graphic abstract”.The purpose of this article is to show the significance of the use of “teaching drawing” in the transformationof theoretical knowledge on the subject “Electricity and magnetism” in the images; students ‘acquisition of physics skills visual-figurative thinking and the use of physical terms and symbols.The article attempts to develop a methodological method for determining the didactic referencepoint of «pedagogical drawing «in the teaching of the compulsory discipline «Electricity and magnetism».Teaching idea teaching guide «teaching drawing» includes steps: in the preparation of the teacher tothe lesson – identifying potential opportunities didactic “teaching drawing”, during the sessions – theunderstanding and discussion of potential “pedagogical drawing” for students. Through physical drawing,explaining its meaning, students form both visual and imaginative thinking and scientific language, and understanding the language of physics is a component of personally significant characteristics of thefuture specialist.The article illustrates the simplest tasks on «pedagogical drawing» for students in the course of thecompulsory discipline “Electricity and magnetism.As part of the methodological research, a survey of students was conducted to test the method ofadmission. It is established that students are aware of the need to use «pedagogical drawing» in teachingthe discipline, understand the role of physical drawing in this issue.Key word: «pedagogical drawing», «graphic abstract», competence, visual and imaginative thinking,educational process, the language of physics, the potential of physics.

Engineering multimodal dielectric resonance of TiO2 based nanostructures for high-performance refractive index sensing applications

Optical metasurface based refractive index (RI) sensors find applications in chemical, environmental, biomedical, and food processing industries. The existing RI sensors based on metals suffer from the plasmonic loss in the optical regime; in contrast, those based on Fano-type resonances generated by dielectric materials are either polarization-sensitive or are based on complex geometrical structures prone to fabrication imperfections that can lead to severe performance degradation. Here, we demonstrate that careful engineering of resonance modes in dielectric metasurfaces based on simple symmetric meta-atoms can overcome these limitations. More specifically, we have designed low-loss high-performance RI sensors using all-dielectric metasurfaces composed of TiO2 based nanostructures of three different shapes (i.e., cylindrical, square and elliptical) operating at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths, which are robust against the perturbations of geometric parameters. In terms of physics, this work reports sensor structures achieving sharp resonant dips of high Q-factor in the transmission spectra corresponding to multiple dielectric resonance modes (i.e., electric quadrupole, magnetic dipole, and electric dipole) with superior performance as compared to the state-of-the-art. Four absolute liquids (water, ethanol, pentanol, and carbon tetrachloride) with a refractive index ranging from 1.333 to 1.453 are used to numerically validate the performance, and a maximum sensitivity of 798 nm/RIU with FOM up to 732 has been achieved.

Exact solutions to 2D isothermal Euler-Poisson equations with qualitative analysis

The family of exact solutions with parameter λ of the 2D isothermal Euler-Poisson equations, which can be used to model the evolution of self-gravitating galaxies or gaseous stars, is investigated. By solving the Liouville equation in Yuen’s analytical solutions, a family of exact solutions is obtained for λ=0. We show that although such solutions remain local with finite mass and finite potential energy for all time, they have unbounded kinetic energy for any given time. In physics terms, these (2+1)-dimensional solutions may correspond to a (3+1)-dimensional model of an infinite universe with finite mass and infinite kinetic energy. We also show that the mass and kinetic energy of the solutions are finite for λ < 0, thereby demonstrating in the (2+1)-dimensional case a universe model with finite total energy, provided that the finiteness of the potential energy is given.

A three-dimensional body-force model for nacelle-fan systems under inlet distortions

A steady-state three-dimensional body-force model is presented for nacelle-fan system modeling. The model is based on three-dimensional averaged governing equations that are rigorously derived from three-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The three-dimensional nature of the model provides intuitive advantages, in terms of both flow physics and implementations, in modeling inlet distortion problems. One application of this model is to predict the effects of the fan system under inlet distortion upon the upstream and downstream flow field of the fan system. This is particularly useful for nacelle designers. The proposed body force model is formulated and implemented without any knowledge of the fan blade geometry. Instead, fan performance data provided by engine suppliers are fed into the body force model to replicate/predict the fan characteristics and their interactions with the upstream flow field under inlet distortions. This approach is validated with inlet distortion data to demonstrate its capability in general off-design conditions.

Problems and Prospects for the Development of the Oil Industry in the Russian Federation

The article gives the assessment results of the reserves of natural resources, such as oil, gas, coal, diamonds and others in Russia, in physical and monetary terms. A study of the oil industry has been carried out, which includes the production, transportation and subsequent marketing of oil and petroleum products in the domestic and foreign markets of the Russian Federation. The strategic importance and significance of this industry for the Russian economy and the state as a whole is determined. The current problems of the oil industry, such as technology, manufacturing, geographic, criminal, political, low value added and resource recovery, were identified and described. The article also presents trends and prospects for the development of the oil industry of the Russian Federation in the medium- and long-term periods.

LGAD designs for Future Particle Trackers

Several future high-energy physics facilities are currently being planned. The proposed projects include high energy e+e− circular and linear colliders, hadron colliders, and muon colliders, while the Electron–Ion Collider (EIC) is expected to construct at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in the future. Each proposal has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of readiness, cost, schedule, and physics reach, and each proposal requires the design and production of specific new detectors. This paper first presents the performances necessary for future silicon tracking systems at the various new facilities. Then it illustrates a few possibilities for the realization of such silicon trackers. The challenges posed by the future facilities require a new family of silicon detectors, where features such as impact ionization, radiation damage saturation, charge sharing, and analog read-out are exploited to meet these new demands.