Physical Planning Research Articles

Green Innovation, Carbon Storage and Perceived environmental quality in Lagos State University, Nigeria

A sustainable university has been defined as a higher educational institution that addresses, involves and promotes the minimization of negative environmental, economic, societal, and health effects generated in the use of their resources in order to fulfil its functions of teaching, research, outreach and partnership, and stewardship in ways to help society make the transition to sustainable lifestyles. Earlier studies on green innovations have basically centered on the environmental benefits and were purely descriptive in nature. Several others examined the effect of green innovation on soil organic carbon by comparing street trees of species. The present study would contribute to literature using a mixed research approach to empirically investigate the contributions of green innovation on carbon storage and perceived environmental quality in Lagos State University, Nigeria. Data for the study were obtained by collecting 100 surface (0 – 15cm) soil samples with the aid of a soil auger under campus trees, grasses, ornamental trees and vegetables (Amaranthus and green vegetable farms) across different land uses on campus. Also, data on green characteristics (tree height, tree size, canopy cover, density of herbs, basal cover and herbaceous cover) were measured using different ecological procedures, while 655 questionnaire copies were administered to staff and students to ascertain their perceived environmental quality of green innovation. Data obtained were analyzed using averages, simple percentages, One-Way Analysis of Variance, multiple regression analysis and principal components analysis. The results obtained showed that carbon storage significantly varied among the green innovation components with canopy cover contributing over 55% of carbon storage. The study revealed that canopy cover and tree size substantially contributed in carbon storage with canopy cover being more effective. PCA result identified beautification of LASU (19.8%), flood control (18.8%), promotion of urban ecology (15.8%) and improvement in air quality (9.5%) as the principal dimensions or perceived environmental quality of green innovation. The result further showed that green innovation characteristics have significant relationship with carbon storage. The study shows the importance of campus tree in carbon reduction and recommends the need for universities to give necessary recognition and incorporate these green components in physical planning.

A Neural Networks Based Model to Predict the Interest of College Students in Sports Activities

The widespread application of big data technology in various fields, including research in education and sports in colleges, has also been deeply influenced. College students are the future strength of a country, and their habits and interests in sports activities have profound significance for their physical and mental health, teamwork, and outlook on life. However, traditional research methods, such as questionnaire surveys, observations, or interviews, have obvious limitations when dealing with large amounts of complex high-dimensional data. This study aimed to extract the interesting features of college students regarding sports activities using graph neural network (GNN) technology. Then, the labels of those interest features were further predicted, and a feature matrix was constructed. Finally, the K-means clustering method was used to achieve accurate feature clustering. This study presents a novel idea and approach for physical education and event planning in colleges, offering both practical value and theoretical significance.

A global-scale review of smart city practice and research focusing on residential neighbourhoods

Smart cities have emerged as a pivotal aspect of urban planning and policy, leveraging technology and data analytics to enhance sustainability and citizens' quality of life. Nonetheless, the focus on residential neighbourhoods, integral components of cities, has been notably lacking in the sphere of smart city planning and policy. This paper endeavours to assess the evolution of smart cities in relation to neighbourhoods, elucidating dimensions and sectors while concentrating on comprehending project applications and their outcomes. This study employs a systematic literature review to ascertain the role of neighbourhoods within smart cities. Using content analysis, this methodology facilitates the accumulation of insights into smart city research and practice at the neighbourhood level. The paper empirically addresses these findings, identifying dimensions and pertinent sectors concerning residential neighbourhoods.Furthermore, it delves into projects and applications, elaborating on their implementation across diverse sectors. The analysis discerns gaps in technology-driven development planning for varying neighbourhood types within smart cities. Introducing technology-driven advancements into existing urban settings presents substantial challenges, particularly for developing nations, primarily due to limitations and constraints imposed by their current built environments. The study further underscores the perils tied to implementing city-level policies at the neighbourhood scale, prompting a query about their inclusivity. The findings imply the imperative of integrating physical planning and technology-driven solutions within smart city development, with a keen focus on neighbourhoods' social and physical characteristics. This approach becomes particularly significant when considering the inherent risks and constraints that accompany technology-based urban enhancements in the context of neighbourhoods.

Changing Patterns of Urban Green Spaces in Akure, Nigeria

Greenery and natural landscapes are vital to human well-being, especially in cities. Notably, the majority of people aspire to live in cities in search of opportunities and a better quality of life, which harms urban green spaces, also known as the "lungs of the city." Current debates on urban planning and sustainable development in Nigeria and around the world are fundamentally influenced by the rapid growth of urbanization and the ensuing domination of concrete spaces over natural spaces. This study examined patterns in Akure's urban green areas while taking into account the spatiotemporal pattern of vegetation cover between 1984 and 2022. The collected satellite imagery was analyzed using the ArcGIS application program, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to calculate the rate and patterns of urban green space. Over time, changes in the spatial distribution of urban green spaces and the growth of non-green spaces were monitored and estimated. The depletion's implications for planning were addressed. To educate and inform urban residents about the protection, conservation, and preservation of natural landscapes within urban landscapes, it is thought that examining and analyzing the physical planning and environmental consequences of unchecked depletion of urban green spaces will be useful for making sustainable environmental policy decisions in harnessing the resources potentials.

Study of Accessibility Principles for Persons with Disabilities in Yogyakarta City Spatial Regulation

City Spatial Regulation is a public policy that becomes a reference in physical development planning. In formulating spatial planning regulations, many considerations are needed that refer to data updates and adjustments to public issues. Accessibility in urban spaces for persons with disabilities is an important issue that needs to be accommodated in consideration of city spatial regulations so that the fundamental rights of persons with disabilities in accessing public spaces can be fulfilled quickly, comfortably and independently. This study aims to determine how deeply the principle of accessibility for persons with disabilities is applied in the spatial regulations of the City of Yogyakarta. This research method uses a systematic literature review that analyzes the spatial regulations of the city of Yogyakarta from 1990 to 2021, published on the Yogyakarta City government website. Each rule will be discussed in terms of accessibility principles and compared to see if it changes. The results of this study note that the spatial regulations of the city of Yogyakarta have increased in applying the principle of accessibility over the years. The application of the principle of accessibility begins in 2015 to 2021 with regional regulations. However, the principle of accessibility applied in the regulation only applies to the scope of pedestrian paths in the form of particular roads for persons with disabilities. There needs to be a commitment from the city government so that the implementation of the principle of accessibility as a whole can be consistently stated in spatial regulations in line with laws and ministerial regulations related to technical guidelines and accessibility requirements.

Virtual planning for corrections of hemifacial microsomia

Abstract Objectives This article describes the many anomalies within and outside the head and neck of hemifacial microsomia (HFM). Methods The OMENS+ classification system is described with particular reference to the mandibular features classified by Pruzansky and modified by Kaban. The application of virtual surgical planning (VSP) to HFM, largely in children, is described and taken through to aspects indicated in maturity. Results VSP is demonstrated with clinical cases examples in HFM patients for (1) grafts and flaps replacing missing parts of the zygomatic bone, temporo-mandibular joint and mandible, (2) distraction osteogenesis for lengthening of the mandibular ramus, advancement of the mandibular body, widening of the face and simultaneous mid-face and mandibular rotation, (3) implants and correction of microtia for bone anchored ear prostheses, (4) correction of microtia by autogenous ear construction, and (5) end stage rotational bimaxillary osteotomies. Conclusions 3D virtual and physical planning is a valuable adjunct to the treatment of this complex condition.

The Role of Planning Regulatory Controls and Policies in Preservation of Urban Landscape Identity in Urban Renewal: A Case Study of Kisumu City, Kenya

Urban renewal undertaken to respond to urban decay and physical deterioration within cities especially in the Global South are rarely guided by planning regulatory controls and policies that recognize the importance of landscape identity. There is need to acknowledge and integrate landscape values and identity in planning regulatory controls and policies that guide infrastructural developments and urban renewal within cities. This should ensure preservation, conservation of the unique and distinct features that differentiate between places to avoid homogenization of cities. The aim of this study is to identify gaps and make recommendations to the planning regulatory controls and policies that support the preservation of landscape identity in urban renewal projects. Legal and policy frameworks that regulate planning, development and those that regulate preservation of urban areas at national and county levels in Kenya through various identified Acts of parliament has been discussed. These legal and policy frameworks regulate urban renewal and or redevelopment through preparation of the Local Physical Development Plans (LPDPs). The steps followed in the initiation and execution of the various works under the renewal are discussed as guided by existing national and county policies and legal frameworks. The study analysed and documented existing planning regulations, by-laws and policies that are involved in the execution of urban renewal in Kisumu City through desk review of relevant documents within County Government of Kisumu (CGK) and at national level. The study presents a conceptual framework that connects urban renewal to urban landscape identity. The study found out that the existing policies and regulatory controls lacked the inclusion of landscape identity in guiding urban renewal and other new infrastructural developments and this study fills this gap. The study recommends adoption of legislative and institutional frameworks and measures that support recognition and adoption of the environmental and landscape values of heritage e.g., within the Old Town area

Modeling Gamma Knife Radiosurgical Toxicity for Multiple Brain Metastases

Dosing for single fraction radiosurgery has traditionally relied on tumor measurements from a single maximum diameter. Most protocols recommend setting dosing criteria based on assumed risk of radionecrosis roughly correlating with tumor size. However, the risk of radionecrosis after radiosurgery is best modeled by a function of dose and volume treated, with the largest body of evidence supporting the use of brain tissue receiving ≥12 Gy in one fraction (V12, i.e., > 10.9 cm3). Here we show that tumor surface area (SA) and second order dimensions are superior predictors for Gamma Knife radiosurgical toxicity and can be used to estimate V12. A total of 1217 brain metastases from 245 patients treated with a prescribed dose from 13 to 27 Gy in one fraction were retrospectively reviewed. Eight independent modeling parameters were considered; 3 geometric tumor characteristics: SA, volume (V), and largest axial dimension (LAD) and 5 treatment planning variables: prescription dose (Rx), coverage, selectivity, gradient index, and number of shots. Linear regression and power-law formulations were performed to determine which parameters were the most accurate predictors of V12. The power model is dependent on a conceptualized "pseudo surface area" (PSA), defined as the surface area of a sphere with a diameter of LAD of a lesion (PSA = π*LAD2). At the aggregate patient level, the model predicts total brain V12 by summing the V12 values for each singular lesion only by using LAD and Rx as input variables. Tumor SA was the best univariate linear predictor of V12 (adjR2 = 0.770), followed by LAD (adjR2 = 0.755) and V (adjR2 = 0.745). The SA predictive model improves for lesions that have high sphericity > 0.85 (adjR2 = 0.837), with a measure of 1 indicating a perfect sphere. Using bivariable regression analysis, we formulated a single term power model that even more accurately predicts for V12 (V12 = 0.0137 * Rx1.5 * LAD2, adjR2 = 0.906) and is proportional to PSA. At the patient level, this model also accurately predicts for total brain V12 (adjR2 = 0.896) and V12 > 10.9 cm3 (Sensitivity = 99.1%, Specificity = 90.5%). Conceptually, SA univariately predicts for V12 more accurately than other tumor physical dimensions or treatment planning parameters, while the best bivariable power model involves PSA. We provide a preplan model for brain metastases that can help better estimate radionecrosis risk, determine prescription doses given a target V12, and provide safe dose escalation strategies without the use of any planning software.

Mitigation of IMRT/SBRT Treatment Planning Errors on the First Biology-Guided Radiotherapy System Using FMEA within Six Sigma Framework

Utilize the Six Sigma methodology and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) to prevent and mitigate errors in IMRT/SBRT treatment planning with the first clinical installation of biology-guided radiotherapy (BgRT) system. The Six Sigma approach consisted of five phases: Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control. The Define-Measure-Analyze phases consisted of process mapping and an FMEA of the IMRT/SBRT treatment planning process on the BgRT system. The multidisciplinary team outlined the workflow process and identified the failure modes associated with the plan check items using AAPM TG-100 recommendations. Items with the highest average risk priority numbers (RPN) and Severity ≥7 were prioritized for automation using the treatment planning system scripting API (ESAPI). The Improve phase consisted of developing ESAPI scripts prior to the launch of the BgRT system to improve efficiency and safety. In the Control phase, the FMEA ranking was re-evaluated 1-year post-clinical launch. Overall, 100 plan check items were identified where the RPN values ranged from 10.2 to 429.0. Fifty of these items (50%) were suitable for automation within ESAPI. Of the 10 highest-risk items (Table 1), 8 were suitable for automation. Based on the results of the FMEA, two scripts were developed: Planning Assistant used by the planner during preparation for planning and the Automated Plan Check used by the planner and the plan checker during plan preparation for treatment. At 1-year post-clinical launch, the scripts were used for 80 patients successfully treated in 1747 fractions. During this period only 3 errors were reported: omitted bolus during treatment, nomenclature error in the BgRT system plan prescription, and dose tracking plan not approved following physics plan check. The average RPN pre-scripts was 138.0 compared to the average post-scripts RPN of 47.8 (p < 0.05) signifying a safer process. Implementing new technology into the clinic can be an error-prone process where the likelihood of errors increases with increasing pressure to implement the technology quickly. To limit errors in the clinical implementation of the first BgRT system, the Six Sigma methodology was utilized to identify failure modes, establish quality control checks, and re-evaluate these checks 1-year post-clinical launch.

Exploration of Physical Education Teaching Design and Student Ability and Character Cultivation Based on Positive Psychological Influence

Physical education is an educational process that cultivates people. In happy, lively, and rich physical education classroom, students can achieve significant development in moral character, intelligence, physical fitness, skills, interpersonal communication, and other aspects. Design of physical education curriculum teaching based on positive psychological influence applies positive psychological influence in the process of physical education teaching and constructs a correlation model between teaching content of physical education curriculum and the cultivation of students' quality, ability, and personality quality. Embed positive psychological influencing factors into the content of the physical education teaching section, use scientific process control theory for sports training to monitor and personalize student health data (optimal heart rate), and design innovative physical education curriculum teaching plans. Organic integration of physical education teaching content with the cultivation of students' abilities and personality qualities, followed by the design, process organization, and implementation of physical education teaching, is an innovative path for the future development of physical education teaching.

An Assessment of the Physical Fitness of Senior High School Learners: Basis for the Development of a Home-Based Physical Fitness Plan

An Assessment of the Physical Fitness of Senior High School Learners: Basis for the Development of a Home-Based Physical Fitness Plan

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a multimodal, physiotherapist-led, vocational intervention in people with inflammatory arthritis: study protocol of the Physiotherapy WORKs trial

BackgroundAlthough reduced work ability is a substantial problem among people with inflammatory arthritis (IA), work ability is an underexposed area in clinical practice. Evidence on vocational interventions in IA is limited, but favourable results of delivery by a physiotherapist (PT) warrant the need for further research. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the (cost-)effectiveness of a multimodal, PT-led, vocational intervention in (self-)employed people with IA compared to usual care.MethodsThis randomized controlled trial will include 140 people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) who are (self-)employed and have reduced work ability (Work Ability Index – Single Item Scale (WAS) ≤ 7/10) and/or RA/axSpA related sick leave (≤ 6 months). Participants will be randomized 1:1 to the intervention or control condition (usual care). The intervention, delivered by primary care PTs, will be personalized to each patient, consisting of 10 to 21 sessions over 12 months. The intervention will be multimodal, comprising of 1) exercise therapy and a physical activity plan, 2) education/self-management support, 3) work-roadmap to guide participants in finding relevant other care, with optionally 4) online self-management course and 5) workplace examination. Assessments will be performed at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months. The primary outcome measure of effectiveness is work ability, as measured with the WAS at 12 months. For the cost-effectiveness analysis, the EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L), self-reported healthcare use, sick leave and productivity while at work will be used to estimate the trial based cost-utility from a societal perspective. A process evaluation, including assessments of adherence and treatment fidelity, will be undertaken using the registrations of the PTs and semi-structured interviews at 12 months follow-up in a random sample of the intervention group.DiscussionThe results of this study will provide insights in the (cost-)effectiveness of a multimodal, PT-led, vocational intervention in people with IA and a reduced work ability.Trial registrationThis study is registered in the International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ICTRP) under number NL9343.

Muscle Properties, Gross Motor Performance, and Quality of Life in Children With Sickle Cell Disease.

To explore muscle properties, gross motor performance, and quality of life (QoL) in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) compared with controls and to assess relationships among these outcomes. A cross-sectional study of 24 children assessed muscle properties including: knee extension strength by dynamometry; vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscle thickness by ultrasonography; and VL and RF neuromuscular activation (rate of muscle activation [RoA]) by electromyography (EMG). Gross motor performance and QoL were assessed by standardized tests and questionnaires. Children with SCD had impaired knee extension strength, VL EMG RoA, gross motor performance, and QoL compared with children without SCD. Relationships among muscle properties, gross motor performance, and QoL were identified. These findings indicate that comprehensive muscle properties, gross motor performance, and QoL assessments should be considered to support and develop individualized physical therapy plans for children with SCD.

Determination of Indicators for Livable Communities in Malaysia's Sustainable Development

Emerges since the 1950s, the livability concept has gained significant attention internationally and locally. In Malaysia, albeit the growing recognition of the livable community or livable development, for that matter, however, the definitive criteria of what constitutes livable remain ambiguous, particularly from the angle of community and sustainable development. With this in mind, this exploratory paper was designed to identify the livable community indicators related explicitly to Malaysia as a case study and has a substantial nexus to sustainable development. To do that, the paper employs a qualitative method or content analysis or, to be precise, a technique to identify the livable criteria. In this sense, this research identifies the livable keyword and its synonymous terminologies. This study examined official national documents, namely the Twelfth Malaysia Plan (RMK12), Fourth National Physical Plan (RFN4), National Community Policy (DKN), National Urbanization Policy 2 (DPN2), National Rural Physical Planning Policy 2030 (DPF Desa Negara 2030), Shared Prosperity Vision 2030 (WKB2030) and Rural Development Policy (DPLB). Eight indicators in assessing livability in Malaysia are infrastructure, health, housing, air quality, education, public participation, transportation, and recreation/leisure. Besides expanding our knowledge horizon concerning livability criteria to the community in the context of sustainable development, this paper offers society's contribution via baseline variables essential for community sustainability.

The Cholesterol Properties of Indonesian Ruminant By-Product

Products of the Ongole Crossbreed Cattle (OCC) and the Kacang Goat (KG). The research materials used consisted of red offal (RO), white offal (WO), and dark offal (DO). Through laboratory analysis using random purposive sampling and quantitative descriptively analyzed data, the cholesterol content of Indonesian ruminant by-products of OCC and KG was found to be relatively low. This discovery means that these by-products have the potential to be processed into high-quality livestock products. The results showed that the cholesterol content of OCC and KG was relatively low, with the mean cholesterol content of male and female OCC and KG ranging from 21.127 mg/100 g to 235.374 mg/100 g. These findings suggest that Indonesian ruminant by-products of OCC and KG could be developed further into livestock products. The studies decided the LDL cholesterol houses of Indonesian Ruminant By-Products of the Ongole Crossbreed Cattle (OCC) and the Kacang Goat (KG) intensively rearing in Lamongan District, Indonesia. The studies substances had been purple offal (RO), along with the liver, kidney, heart, tongue, trachea, lung, and spleen); white offal (WO) along with rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon), and dark offal (DO) turned into head pores and skin of male and lady OCC and KG. The studies method used laboratory evaluation with random purposive sampling. The statistics had been analyzed the use of quantitative descriptively. The consequences confirmed the suggest of male LDL cholesterol OCC turned into RO of one hundred.513±11.314, WO of 97.586±31.078, and DO turned into 70.423 mg/one hundred g. The suggest of lady LDL cholesterol OCC turned into RO of 95.573±43.193, WO of 116.197±9.707, and DO of 21.127 mg/one hundred g. The suggest of lady LDL cholesterol KG turned into RO of 109.658±26.925, WO of 119.718±8.131, and DO turned into 77.465 mg/one hundred g. The suggest of male ldl cholesterol KG turned into RO of 235.374±130.960, WO of 194.558±94.837, and DO of 57.143 mg/one hundred g. The LDL cholesterol content material of Indonesian ruminant by-merchandise of OCC and KG turned into fairly low and will be processed into the improvement cattle product.

Planner-led collaborative governance and the urban form of urban villages in redevelopment: The case of Yangji Village in Guangzhou, China

While urban redevelopment has been a global phenomenon for many decades, the redevelopment of urban villages (villages-in-the-city or chengzhongcun) in China has attracted increasing scholarly attention in recent years. However, few studies focus on urban planning forces and their impacts on the redevelopment of urban villages, especially the transformation of open spaces. This paper therefore examines how urban planning transforms the space of urban villages through a case study of Yangji Village in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province. The large increase in public spaces related to the transformation of Yangji results from collaborative governance driven by trends in urbanization and the work of urban planners. The latter are empowered by their strategic use of state support, professional knowledge and public interest incentives. However, in the Yangji redevelopment, as a state-hegemonic project, such planner-led collaborative governance remains limited in scope amid the exclusion of migrant tenants from decision-making. Although rarely regarded in the literature as playing a key role in redeveloping urban villages, this paper highlights urban planners as a salient force in the morphology of urban villages. Without challenging the hegemonic substance of urban village redevelopment, planners can coordinate with and occasionally manipulate other stakeholders to legitimate and facilitate negotiation during physical planning. Hence, redeveloped urban forms, rather than stakeholders' economic profits in short-term redevelopment, may influence urban lives in the long term due to planners' efforts.

Investigating the impact of breast positioning control on physical treatment parameters in multi-catheter breast brachytherapy

PurposeTo assess the effects of a workflow for reproducible patient and breast positioning on implant stability during high-dose-rate multi-catheter breast brachytherapy.MethodsThirty patients were treated with our new positioning control workflow. Implant stability was evaluated based on a comparison of planning-CTs to control-CTs acquired halfway through the treatment. To assess geometric stability, button–button distance variations as well as Euclidean dwell position deviations were evaluated. The latter were also quantified within various separated regions within the breast to investigate the location-dependency of implant alterations. Furthermore, dosimetric variations to target volume and organs at risk (ribs, skin) as well as isodose volume changes were analyzed. Results were compared to a previously treated cohort of 100 patients.ResultsWith the introduced workflow, the patient fraction affected by button–button distance variations > 5 mm and by dwell position deviations > 7 mm were reduced from 37% to 10% and from 30% to 6.6%, respectively. Implant stability improved the most in the lateral to medial breast regions. Only small stability enhancements were observed regarding target volume dosimetry, but the stability of organ at risk exposure became substantially higher. D0.2ccm skin dose variations > 12.4% and D0.1ccm rib dose variations > 6.7% were reduced from 11% to 0% and from 16% to 3.3% of all patients, respectively.ConclusionBreast positioning control improved geometric and dosimetric implant stability for individual patients, and thus enhanced physical plan validity in these cases.

Eğitim Yönetiminde Örgütsel Kültürü Oluşturan Dinamiklerin Temel Öğelerinin İncelenmesi

The aim of this study is to examine the basic elements of the dynamics formed by the education culture. Criteria when evaluating organizational members, events, situations and values in the organization. These criteria express values. Organizational principles of good-bad, right-wrong are proportional to values. Organizational distinctions express the values of common thoughts and beliefs about what to do and what not to do. There may be values such as protection, savings, hard work, obeying the rules, and honesty in organizations. The organization creates the norms of behavior rules and criteria that it accepts by developing discrimination. Norms are also expressed as rules that are expected to comply with organizational rules. In case of non-compliance with the rules of the non-organizational organization, the sanctions are again determined by the norms. Norms, which contain more concrete expressions than values, guide people. The norms accepted by the organization's foreign rules are generally accepted by unwritten amateur organization members. General beliefs in organizations have an important room in achieving organizational goals. It is the beliefs at the beginning of the abstract elements that are not easy to direct and change the members of the organization. Beliefs are one of the factors that benefit from organizations. Beliefs provide incomplete integration by being a source of values. Hostility, loyalty, and similar beliefs outside the organization make the organization strong. Symbols can show concrete expressions such as clothes, objects, logos, flags or abstract expressions such as the chairman of the board of directors, the general manager in the life of the organization. The first areas where organizational culture will be seen in an organization are symbols. They are also areas of first impressions about organizations. It is also used to consider status within the group of symbols. The physical planning in the organizations, the layout of the office, the structure of the office show the distribution of power within the furniture organizations. Key Words: Educational Management, Organizational Culture, Basic Elements

Paris, origin of urban modernism

ABSTRACT The significant change in urban space in Paris during the Second French Empire is an example of modern urban and architectural planning. Paris was modernized by a powerful planning entity, represented by the state, as well as a clear goal and consistent plan to realize the city beautification plan. The modernization process of Paris was a high-level movement that created a new urban culture through physical urban space planning, which is a combination of ‘urbanism’, meaning French urban planning, and ‘modernism’, meaning urban art movement. The modernization of Paris is defined by the concept of ‘urban modernism’. The urban modernism of Paris is a movement with strong norms aimed at city beautification that has sustainable characteristics in urban space planning. Consequently, urban modernism remains the basis of modern and future Paris city planning and plays an important role in maintaining the unique urban cultural identity of Paris.

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in the indoor air and surfaces of subway trains in Mashhad, Iran.

Millions of passengers around the world are concerned with the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 contamination on public transportation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in indoor air and subway surfaces in Mashhad. In this study, air and surface sampling were done at two times in the morning (7-8:30 a.m.) and evening (3:30-5 p.m.), simultaneously in two wagons for men and women in line 1 of Mashhad Metro in March 2021 to detect the virus and measure the concentration of particulate matter. Totally, 30 air and 30 metro samples were collected and examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that three and two cases in the air and surface samples were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the mean concentration of suspended particles PM1 (particulate matter smaller than 1 μm) with PM2.5 (particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm) and PM10 (particulate matter smaller than 10 μm) (p < 0. 05). There was also a significant relationship between the mean concentration of suspended particles PM2.5 and PM10. The results showed that the mean PM2.5 measured in the indoor air of the Mashhad metro wagon had a significant relationship with WHO and US EPA and national standards, and its value was higher than the standards (p < 0.05). The average particle concentrations of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 were equal to 40.46, 42.61, and 48.31 μg/m3. According to the results of the pollution detected in this study, COVID-19 may be transmitted by air and environmental surfaces. Our study emphasizes the need for continuous assessment of the presence of the virus in public transportation. Detection of viral RNA in subways indicates the necessity of adequate disinfection in public settings, strictness in disinfection methods, strengthening of educational activities for sanitary measures, physical spacing plan, and increasing ventilation of wagons.