Physical Neighborhoods Research Articles

Secularity and Urban Gentrification: A Spatial Analysis of Downtown Buddhist Temples in Shanghai

This essay examines the process of revival of Han Buddhist communities since 1978 under the state-planned acceleration of urban gentrification in Shanghai. After examining data from 120 temples together with ethnographic research in two downtown temples, the author finds two key changes in urban Buddhism: First, political constructions cause an increasing divide between the city center and suburban areas in the religious spaces of Buddhism. The mainstreaming of Buddhism in the downtown areas has appeared under a new drive of economic and cultural gentrification that has generated different physical and social neighborhoods. Second, not confined to being iconized as tourist sites, temple-centered Buddhism led by abbots is engaged in “niche-switching” between attracting commuters and visitors and attending to temple-based devotees, thereby negotiating their social positions in the commercial zones. The results indicate how the neighborhood has become less important once temples extend their membership’s non-geographic ties.

Construct validity of the physical activity neighborhood environment scale-Oman.

This study aims to examine the construct validity of Physical Activity Neighborhoods Environment Scales, Oman (PANES-O), and compare the subjective perceptions with objective measures in Muscat, the capital area of Oman. Walkability index scores using GIS maps were calculated for 35 study areas in Muscat based on which five low and 5 high walkable study areas were randomly selected. A community survey was then conducted in November 2020 in each study area using the 16-item PANES-O instrument to measure the participants' perception of neighborhood density, land use mix, infrastructure, safety, aesthetics, and street connectivity. Due to pandemic restrictions, a social media-based purposive sampling strategy was utilized to reach community-based networks and complete digital data collection. Significant differences between the low and high walkablehigh-walkable neighborhoods were observed for 2 of 3 macroenvironment subscales, density and land use. Respondents in high walkable neighborhoods perceived their areas as having more twin villas (P = 0.001) and apartment buildings (P < 0.001), greater access to destinations (like more shops, and places to go within walking distance; P < 0.001), easy access to public transport (P < 0.001), and more places to be active (P < 0.001); than their counterparts in low walkable neighborhoods. In terms of microenvironmental attributes, respondents in high walkablehigh-walkable neighborhoods perceived their areas to have better infrastructure, better aesthetic qualities, and better social environment than their counterparts in low walkablelow-walkable neighborhoods. Significant differences in perceptions across 12 of the 16-item PANES tool confirmed that 6 of the 7 subscales were significantly sensitive to built environment attributes between the low and high walkable study areas. Respondents in high walkable neighborhoods perceived their areas as having greater access to destinations (like more shops, places to go within walking distance; P ≤ 0.001), easy access to public transport (P ≤ 0.001), more places to be active (P ≤ 0.001), better infrastructure (like more sidewalks, facilities to bicycle; P ≤ 0.001), and better aesthetic qualities (P ≤ 0.001). PANES-O also was able to rate high walkable neighborhoods to be higher in residential density and land-use mix compared to the low walkable neighborhoods demonstrating its sensitivity to the GIS maps' objective measures. These results provide preliminary strong support for the construct validity of PANES-O, suggestingconfirming that it is a promising tool for assessing macroenvironmental perceptions related to physical activity in Oman. Further research using objective measures of microenvironments and device-based physical activity scores is needed to confirm the criterion validity of the 10 micro-environmental attributes of PANES-O using objective measures for the microenvironment. PANES-O could be used to generate and develop the needed evidence on the most appropriate approaches to improving the built environment to promote physical activity and urban planning in Omanthe country.

Secularity and Urban Gentrification: An Spatial Analysis of Downtown Buddhist Temples in Shanghai

This essay examines the relationship between the processes of urban change and the politically and commercially constructed nature of Buddhism since 1978 in Shanghai. After examining data from 120 temples together with ethnographic research in two downtown temples, the author finds two key changes in urban Buddhism: First, political constructions cause an increasing divide between the city center and suburban areas in the religious spaces of Buddhism. The mainstreaming of Buddhism in the downtown areas has emerged with the new trend of economic and cultural gentrification that has generated different physical and social neighborhoods. Second, not confined to being iconized as tourist sites, Buddhist temples led by powerful abbots are engaged in “niche-switching” between attracting commuters and visitors and attending to temple-based devotees. With new spatial strategies, such as the development of cultural philanthropy and interprovincial pilgrimages, temple-based clergy have to negotiate their social positions in the commercial zones. The results indicate how the neighborhood has become less important once temples extend their members’ nongeographic ties.

Evaluating the degree of physical resilience of Babol against earthqakes

The management of natural disasters requires understanding their essence, making accurate assessments, planning, and providing appropriate solutions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the physical resilience of the 22 neighborhoods of Babol located in the north of Iran against earthquakes. The methodology of this applied research study is descriptive-analytical. In this regard, by initially studying similar national and international studies, using the expert opinion of seismology and urban planning specialists and interviewing experienced urban managers in the field of crisis management, 30 effective indices on physical resilience against earthquake risk were extracted. Then, using analytic functions of GIS software and multi-criteria models including AHP, TOPSIS, VIKOR and COPRAS, the physical resilience of Babol against earthquakes was evaluated. Then, in order to obtain accurate results, using the integration models including the Statistic, BORDA and COPELAND, the physical resilience of Babol's 22 neighborhoods was evaluated. The analysis of the final GIS maps shows that neighborhoods 2, 3, 4, 5, and 11 have very high physical resilience and neighborhoods 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 have very low physical resilience against earthquakes.

Where We Live Matters: Residential Influences on Health and Well-Being

Growing evidence indicates that residential contexts are implicated in the health and well-being of older adults. Operationalization of these contexts varies and includes psychosocial, physical and socioeconomic neighborhoods, and more proximal contexts (e.g., home environment). We aim to bring together a diverse set of papers focused on the living environment to understand how contextual factors are associated with individual outcomes. Muñoz and colleagues applied a lifespan perspective by evaluating associations between current and childhood neighborhood perceptions on cognitive health. Their results indicated that the association between perceived neighborhoods and cognition in adulthood was moderated by childhood neighborhoods. García and Ailshire contextualized the types of neighborhoods in which older Latinos live and how these influenced diabetes risk. They identified neighborhood clusters characterized by racial/ethnic and socioeconomic compositions and found that predominantly Latino neighborhoods with low SES were more likely to have diabetes compared to other neighborhood clusters. This symposium will also focus on the more proximal environment. Lee and Ailshire examined the neighborhood and home environment and found that the home’s proximity to green space and level of clutter within the home was associated with increased fall risks in older adults. Fingerman and colleagues coded older adults’ living spaces and found that personality type was associated with room conditions. Altogether, the presentations highlight the relevance of context measured across multiple levels of analyses and dimensions of well-being outcomes in aging individuals. Dr. Markus Schafer will provide a discussion of these findings and address the challenges and opportunities for future research.

American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Children's Body Mass Index: Diminished Returns of Parental Education and Family Income.

Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with several health-related outcomes, such as obesity and body mass index (BMI). However, we do not know whether SES is associated differently with children's BMI from American Indian and Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (AIAN/NHPI) families when compared to non-Hispanic White (NHW) families. To compare AIAN/NHPI and NHW families for associations between parental education, family income, and children's BMI in the United States (U.S). This cross-sectional investigation used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study data. Participants (n = 8580) included 63 AIAN/NHPI and 8517 NHW children between ages 9 and 10. The independent variables were parental education and family income. The primary outcome was BMI. Race was the moderator. Age, sex, and family structure were covariates. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis. In the pooled sample, higher parental education and family income were associated with lower children's BMI. We found interactions between race and parental education and family income indicating weaker associations between parental education and family income and children's BMI in AIAN/NHPI families than in NHW families. The salience of parental education and family income as social determinants of children's BMI is diminished for AIAN/NHPI families than NHW families. As a result, AIAN/NHPI children with high SES remain at risk for high BMI, while high-SES NHW children show the lowest BMI. Future research should test if obesogenic environments, food options, and physical activity-friendly neighborhoods can explain higher-than-expected BMI in high-SES AIAN/NHPI children. In other terms, more research is needed to understand if residential segregation, discrimination, and historical trauma explain the observed differences in the social patterning of childhood BMI in AIAN/NHPI and NHW communities.

KETERCAPAIAN PERWUJUDAN LINGKUNGAN PERMUKIMAN LAYAK HUNI DALAM RANGKA PROGRAM PENATAAN LINGKUNGAN PERMUKIMAN BERBASIS KOMUNITAS (PLPBK) DI KABUPATEN KARANGANYAR

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Poverty and slums are two things that can not be separated and a problem that often occurs in a region. Just as Karanganyar which has a fairly high level of poverty, it also illustrates the low quality of life. therefore implemented PLPBK program as a form of government intervention in housing issues. However, in practice there are problems that the program is considered less able to resolve the housing problem. This study was conducted to determine how the program realizes a good settlement in the framework of the program PLPBK in Karanganyar. This study not only look at the extent to which an increase in physical conditions that occur after the implementation of the program, but also how the level of the physical condition of the environmental suitability criteria habitable settlements are seen on the circumstances of each physical element neighborhoods include commercial facilities, educational facilities, health facilities, public service facilities, open space facilities, roads, drainage, sewage, garbage and water. The conclusion by looking at the physical condition of the environment in the study area is known that the physical condition of the environment has increased high at 74.3%, while for the level of suitability of the physical condition of settlements with settlement criteria livable rated high at 87.2%. So that the known increase in the level of suitability and physical condition of neighborhoods, achievement embodiment livable neighborhoods in order PLPBK program in Karanganyar assessed achieved&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keyword :&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;em&gt;livable, settlements, PLPBK&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Why do residents participate in neighborhood associations? The case of apartment neighborhood associations in Seoul, South Korea

ABSTRACTPrivate governments are organized by residents to resolve collective action problems in neighborhoods and provide services that are public in nature for the community residents. This article builds knowledge of private governments by examining apartment complexes in Seoul, South Korea, and explores the determinants of citizen engagement in neighborhood associations. Apartment complexes in Seoul are forming physical neighborhoods that make its segregated life boundary distinct. This research proposes that the neighborhood associations in Seoul may create social spaces where people pursue human values and social goods and promote civic engagement in the community. To explain factors that affect residents who participate in neighborhood associations, we analyzed the Apartment Community Survey in Seoul. The results indicate that residents who participate in social groups and community programs and live in communities for a long time are more likely to participate in neighborhood associations

Human mate choice is a complex system

AbstractFrom a psychological perspective, human mate choice has been viewed as a problem of identifying the individual cognitive preferences and decisions that explain empirical results such as similarity in attractiveness between mates and the right‐skewed unimodal marriage hazard curves for marriage rates. Agent‐based models provide a powerful theoretical tool for investigating this relationship, but until now have not considered the effects of local neighborhoods or mobility on emergent population dynamics. In failing to do so, they have effectively ruled out the population‐level complexity inherent in human mate choice. Real people live in physical space, and their interactions are constrained by their location in and mobility among physical neighborhoods and social networks. We developed a general model of human mate choice in which agents are localized in space, interact with close neighbors, and tend to range either near or far. At the individual level, our model uses two oft‐used but incompletely understood decision rules: one based on preferences for similar partners, the other for maximally attractive partners. We show that space and mobility can interact nonlinearly with these individual decision rules and nonspatial aspects of the population structure. In particular, local interactions and limited mobility decrease interpair matching and increase mate search time. We also show that it is too easy to fit various model configurations to the scant available data. More data and more specific predictions are required. Human mate choice is a complex system with properties that emerge from space, mobility, and other factors that structure social dynamics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2011.

Rebuilding Physical Activity-Promoting Neighborhoods in New Orleans

Rebuilding Physical Activity-Promoting Neighborhoods in New Orleans

Testing reconfigured RAM's and scrambled address RAM's for pattern sensitive faults

State-of-the-art RAM chips are designed with spare rows and columns for reconfiguration purposes. After a RAM chip is reconfigured, physically adjacent spare cells may no longer have consecutive logical addresses. Another aspect that results in distinct logical and physical neighborhoods in RAM's is the scrambling of address lines, necessitated by the need to minimize the overall silicon area and the critical path lengths. Test algorithms used to test reconfigured RAM's and scrambled address RAM's for the detection of physical neighborhood pattern sensitive faults have to consider that the physical and logical neighborhoods are different and that the address mapping of the reconfigured RAM is no longer available. In this paper, we present a test algorithm that detects static five-cell physical neighborhood pattern sensitive faults in reconfigured RAMs and RAMs with scrambled address lines. This algorithm is based on the widely used MSCAN and Marching test algorithms, and requires only O(N[log/sub 2/N]) reads and writes to test an N-bit RAM array.

The neighborhood of a compact group of galaxies

view Abstract Citations (61) References (15) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS The Neighborhood of a Compact Group of Galaxies Rood, Herbert J. ; Williams, B. A. Abstract Complete and statistical samples of galaxies in well defined neighborhoods surrounding the 100 Hickson compact groups have been identified and structural properties estimated by visual inspection of Palomar Sky Survey prints. Among these 100 neighborhoods, two-thirds are statistically indistinguishable from superposed field galaxies, but one-third contain galaxies in the physical neighborhood of the compact group. The morphological types of the galaxies in these physical neighborhoods are statistically later than the galaxy types in the compact groups. We also obtained three independent empirical results which suggest that the Hickson compact groups tend to be located in regions of the sky with smaller than average surface density of field galaxies. Publication: The Astrophysical Journal Pub Date: April 1989 DOI: 10.1086/167335 Bibcode: 1989ApJ...339..772R Keywords: Galactic Clusters; Galactic Structure; Sky Surveys (Astronomy); Brightness Distribution; Red Shift; Signal To Noise Ratios; Tables (Data); Astrophysics; GALAXIES: CLUSTERING; GALAXIES: STRUCTURE full text sources ADS | data products NED (243) SIMBAD (87)