Physical Harassment Research Articles

Violence against Women in India: An Intersectional Approach to Human Rights

Violence is physical and mental harassment which manifests in the forms of torture, harm, untouchably, insult, abuses, brutality, and many times in subtle forms. The women are generally suffered from this kind of violence not only in India and also in the entire world albeit reasons and forms of violence differ from regions to regions. The intersectional approach suggests that we will have to look at multiple forms of oppression and treat women as a heterogeneous category where factors like caste, class, region, locality, and language, and many others affects women in different ways and there is no single or only one form of oppression. For instance, the problem of Dalit women is completely different from upper-caste women. There is a tendency to treat women as a homogenous category and oversimplifying their oppression as something which affects all women across caste and class in the same manner. The rationale for such commonsense makes only sense when we consider women in relation to men as a whole. This reductionist approach to the question of women's oppression which ignores internal differences leads to later marginalization of marginalized among women and also creates new forms of discrimination and hierarchies which ultimately affects the lower strata of women and keeps their problem unheard and unanswered. Keeping this intersectional approach in mind paper will address the following questions: 1. What is the place of the question of violence against women within feminist discourse, to what extent they have been able to accommodate these issues? 2. To locate different areas of violence during a field survey in both rural and urban India which is to be selected based on violence-prone areas? 3. How and why the nature of violence is dynamic and how it differs among different sections of society?

Has the UK Brexit decision increased stress, anxiety and depression in UK Black, Asaian and minority ethnic communities and how would we know?

While there is a longstanding body of research on severe mental health issues such as psychosis and suicide amongst Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) communities, less attention is paid to the wider range of mental health issues for these communities such as depression, anxiety and stress. Often people may try to manage these issues through self-medicating (smoking, alcohol abuse or other substance abuse) or access to non-statutory services (including religious ministry) rather than visiting a GP. In the aftermath of the UK referendum to leave the European Union some have argued that mainstream media narratives have increasingly shifted towards ‘normalizing’ negative rhetoric about immigration. Although there is some evidence that across the UK racist physical assaults and harassment have increased there has been limited exploration of the mental health impact of this rhetoric

Workplace harassment among employees: An explorative study

Introduction: Workplace harassment is the belittling or threatening behavior directed at an individual worker or a group of workers. Matters of workplace harassment recently gained interest among practitioners and researchers as it is becoming one of the most sensitive areas of effective workplace management. Materials and Methods: Nonexperimental cross-sectional exploratory survey approach with quantitative design was adopted. Samples constituted both male and female employees 20–60 years working for minimum 6 h in an institution selected by random sampling technique. Data were collected using demographic tool and workplace harassment experience tool developed by the investigator. The Institutional Ethics Committee approval and the individual subject consent were also obtained. Results: Data obtained from 210 employees indicated that majority (20%) were between the age group of 30–35 years. Majority, 63.3%, of the employees had occasional harassment, 8.1% had mild harassment, 0.5% had severe harassment, and 28.1% reported no harassment at the workplace. Area-wise analysis indicated that highest possible area among participants was psychological (15.5 ± 7.26) and the lowest harassment was in the area of physical harassment (3.74 ± 1.75). Conclusion: Workplace harassment is a serious concern which requires immediate attention for better outcome. Although majority of the participants experience at least some form of harassment, they hesitate to objectively indicate the same due to fear of consequences of losing the job and facing further ramifications. The issue requires to be addressed with appropriate policies at the workplace. The study will help to plan the strategies to be implemented for building a healthy workplace environment.

Student activists’ affective strategies during the 2010-2011 siege of the University of Puerto Rico

Purpose On December 14, 2010, University of Puerto Rico (UPR) student activists initiated the second wave of their strike at a disadvantage. The presence of the police force inside the campus raised the stakes for the student movement. No longer did student activists have the “legal rights” or control of the university as a physical public space to hold their assemblies and coordinate their different events. As a result, student activists had to improvise and (re)construct their spaces of resistance by using emotional narratives, organizing non-violent civil disobedience acts at public places, fomenting lobbying groups, disseminating online petitions, and developing alternative proposals to the compulsory fee. This second wave continued until March 2011, when it came to a halt after an incident that involved physical harassment to the Chancellor, Ana Guadalupe, during one of the student demonstrations. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Building on Ron Eyerman’s (2005, p. 53) analysis on “the role of emotions in social movements with the aid of performance theory,” the author center this paper on examining student activists’ tactics and strategies in the development and maintenance of their emotional narratives and internet activism. By adapting Joshua Atkinson’s (2010) concept of resistance performance, the author argues that student activists’ resistance performances assisted them in (re)framing their collective identities by (re)constructing spaces of resistance and contention while immersed in violent confrontations with the police. Findings Ever since the establishment of the university as an institution, student activism has played a key role in shaping the political policies and history of many countries; “today, student actions continue to have direct effects on educational institutions and on national and international politics” (Edelman, 2001, p. 3). Consequently, and especially in times of economic and political crisis, student activism has occupied and constructed spaces of resistance and contention to protest and reveal the existing repressions of neoliberal governments serving as a (re)emergence of an international social movement to guarantee the accessibility to a public higher education of excellence. Thus, it is important to remember that the 2010-2011 UPR student activism’s success should not be measured by the sum of demands granted, but rather by the sense of community achieved and the establishment of social networks that have continued to create resistance and change in the island. Originality/value As of yet there is no thorough published analysis of the 2010-2011 UPR student strike, its implications, and how the university community currently perceives it. By elaborating on the concept of resistance performance, the author’s study illustrates how both traditional and alternative media (re)presentations of student activism can develop, maintain, adjust, or change the students’ collective identity(ies). The author’s work not only makes Puerto Rico visible in the research concerning social movements, student activism, and internet activism; in addition, it provides resistance performance as a concept to describe various degrees of participation in current social movements.

Investigating the Tourists' Harassment Effect on the Destination Choice (A Case Study: Egypt)

Harassment is a complex phenomenon that occurs throughout the world and on a daily basis. The feelings of vulnerability to harassment can create worries toward the destination. This may affect tourists' decision regarding the choice of such destination, and tourists may not return to or advise this destination to others if they have felt unsafe. The purposes of this study is to identify the types of tourists’ harassment, determine the factors leading to this problem in Egypt, and investigate the effects of harassment on tourists’ future decisions to travel to Egypt. Therefore, a survey has been conducted on 218 tourists in order to reflect their experience with harassment. The findings reveal that verbal harassment is the main type of harassment, followed by begging, vendor persistence, and physical harassment. Finally, the results illustrate that tourists' opinion about choosing Egypt as a tourist destination is negative. They have had a bad impression about Egypt. As being an unsafe tourist destination and they do not have the intention to revisit it.

Pendidikan Habituasi Ibadah Anak: Menelusuri Validitas dan Menangkap Pesan Hadits Perintah Shalat Anak

Abstract This paper discusses the message and examines the validity of Hadith commanding prayer for children who have not attained the age of puberty (baligh). Prayer for early children is extremely important for the parents or guardians to bear in mind, so they are accustomed to and do not feel as burden when they are in adulthood. Hence, through hadith the Prophet ordered the parents or whoever is responsible to order their children to perform prayers since the age which is actually still fairly early. However, the Hadith under discussion seems to be less synchronized with the concept of mukalaf and puberty in Islam, and also it highlights physical harassment that is considered irrelevant to the spirit of modern education. After examining the validity of the hadith by utilizing mustalah hadith, such as takhrij and jarh wa ta‘dil, and by analyzing the main message of the hadith tradition by utilizing relevant psychological approach, this paper proves that the hadith of prayer command is not contradictory with the concept of mukalaf and puberty, so relevant to the spirit of modern education

Alcohol Use and Latent Profiles of Intimate Partner Violence

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a widespread social problem that is associated with alcohol misuse. Victim-survivors (n = 1,045) were interviewed after police-involved IPV incidents. Latent profile analysis resulted in 2 classes of IPV perpetrators. The severe IPV class was characterized by more frequent and severe physical violence, stalking and harassment, risk of future homicide, and increased psychological consequences of IPV for the victim-survivor. Logistic regression found that the frequency of perpetrator alcohol misuse was associated with membership in the severe IPV class. Social workers must intervene effectively when cooccurring alcohol misuse and IPV perpetration are present.

Dimensions of Peer Sexual Harassment Victimization and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Study in a Swedish Sample.

Sexual harassment is commonly considered unwanted sexual attention and a form of gender-based violence that can take physical, verbal and visual forms and it is assumed to cause later depression in adolescents. There is a dearth of research explicitly testing this assumption and the directional pathway remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to use a feminist theoretical framework to test competing models in respect of the direction of the relationships between dimensions of peer sexual harassment victimization and dimensions of depressive symptoms from ages 14 to 16 in adolescents. The study also aimed to investigate gender differences in these pathways. Cross-lagged models were conducted using a three-wave (2010, 2011 and 2012) longitudinal study of 2330 students (51 % females) from Sweden, adjusted for social background. Girls subjected to sexual harassment in grade seven continued to experience sexual harassment the following 2 years. There was weaker evidence of repeated experience of sexual harassment among boys. Depressive symptoms were stable over time in both genders. Sexual name-calling was the dimension that had the strongest associations to all dimensions of depressive symptoms irrespective of gender. In girls, name-calling was associated with later somatic symptoms and negative affect, while anhedonia (reduced ability to experience pleasure) preceded later name-calling. Physical sexual harassment had a reciprocal relationship to somatic symptoms in girls. In boys, name-calling was preceded by all dimensions of depressive symptoms. It is an urgent matter to prevent sexual harassment victimization, as it is most likely to both cause depressive symptoms or a reciprocal cycle of victimization and depression symptoms in girls as well as boys.

Workplace violence against nursing staff in a Saudi university hospital.

Violence against nurses is a major challenge for healthcare administrators. It is gaining more attention because it has a negative impact on nurses, the quality of health care and health organization. Common types of violence include physical harassment, sexual abuse, aggression, mobbing and bullying. Patients, their relatives and co-workers are considered the main perpetrators. To determine the prevalence rate of workplace violence against nursing professionals in a university hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, most frequent type and perpetrators as well as the contributing factors. This quantitative cross-sectional study adapted a survey questionnaire from the Massachusetts Nurses Association Survey on Workplace Violence/Abuse to collect data from a quota sample of 370 nursing personnel. Almost half of the participants had experienced violence in the professional setting during the 12months prior to the study. The majority of subjects perceived workplace violence as verbal abuse. Nearly all nursing professionals identified patients as the leading cause. Slightly more than half mentioned understaffing, misunderstandings, long waits for service and lack of staff training and policies for preventing crisis as contributing factors. The prevalence rate is extremely high among nurses in the targeted Saudi university hospital. Saudi health as well as university hospitals' administration and policy makers should adopt and introduce a 'zero tolerance policy', set standards and develop practical measures for preventing the incidence and for controlling the prevalence of violence against nurses. Besides, healthcare organizations, particularly hospitals, can fulfil their obligations to provide both staff and patients with more secure environment. Further research on the topic is needed.

A study on social factors and magnitude of mental health problem among women with marital disharmony

Background: Marital disharmony is a widespread phenomenon that is largely hidden. The single most important factor that determines the quality of the family is the quality of marriage that supports it. Rapid socio-economic transitions in our society have led to increasing trends in marital disharmony thus emerging as an important social problem with grave consequences. This study was undertaken to identify the key social factors which contributed towards development of mental health problems among the affected women . Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted at a family counselling centre located in Davangere city where a total of 53 participants, who registered and availed the short term stay facility in the centre and who consented to participate in the study were administered a questionnaire to assess socio-demographic factors and were interviewed using Goldberg’s 12 item general health questionnaire (GHQ) as a screening tool for the presence of psychiatric morbidity. Hamilton’s rating scales for anxiety and depression were then used for confirmation. Results: Each of the female subjects mostly in the age group 22-26 years (35.8%) were facing some degree of marital discord; the largest proportion (47.2%) facing problems for periods greater than a year. The commonest reasons for discord were found to be physical harassment (32.1%) and dowry-seeking (20.8%).56.6% of the women suffered from mild to moderate degree of depression. Among the spouses, addictions were seen in 60.4 %. After counseling, 81% were willing for a compromise, with the remaining 19% strongly rooting for separation from their spouses. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, it was seen that there was a strong correlation between social and familial factors and psychiatric morbidity. Conclusions: In our study we found that the overall psychiatric morbidity rates were very high; depression being the commonest. Dowry and physical harassment from the husband were the most common reasons leading to disharmony. We found that counselling works as an effective measure to sort out the issues affecting the marriage. Post personality assessment of the spouse, which could be beneficial in solving such matters should be implemented. Also, establishment of social support centers for socially dependent women could be a useful approach in managing cases of marital disharmony.

Girlhood and Ethics

Our concern is with the ethical issues related to girlhood and bodily integrity-The right to be free from physical harm and harassment and to experience freedom and security in relation to the body. We defend agency, positive self-relations, and health as basic elements of bodily integrity and we advocate that this normative concept be used as a conceptual tool for the protection of the rights of girls. We assume the capability approach developed by Martha Nussbaum as an ethical framework that enables us to evaluate girls' well-being and well-becoming in relation to the potential, and often subtle, threats they face. The capability approach can be understood as a theory of justice, and, therefore, as an ethical and political approach. An enriched concept of bodily integrity can help in the design of better policies to address gender biases against girls because it could contribute to seeing them as active agents and valid participants.

The Association of Partner Abuse Types and Suicidal Ideation Among Men and Women College Students.

Despite the well-documented relations between intimate partner violence and suicidal ideation, gender differences regarding the relationships between intimate partner violence types and suicidal ideation are less understood. In addition, few studies have examined the risk that harassment may confer for suicidal ideation in the context of intimate partner violence. This study examined gender differences in the associations of harassment, emotional, and physical intimate partner violence with suicidal ideation in 502 college students, while controlling for the influence of depressive symptoms. Results indicated that physical abuse, but not harassment or emotional abuse, was associated with increased suicidal ideation in men. In contrast, emotional abuse, but not physical abuse or harassment, was associated with increased suicidal ideation in women. Clinicians should consider potential gender differences in the impact of intimate partner violence on suicidal ideation when assessing suicide risk.

Condition & Problems of Female Domestic Workers (With Special Reference to L.D.A. Colony in Lucknow City, India)

Condition & Problems of Female Domestic Workers (With Special Reference to L.D.A. Colony in Lucknow City, India) Rufina Augustine; Dr. Rupesh Kumar Singh Abstract Female domestic workers are the part of unorganized workforce of India. This trend of keeping females as a domestic worker has increased day by day this could be because of lack of education, Unemployment and lack of other Vocational skills. This study highlights the “Condition & problems of female domestic workers” which basically focuses on the “condition of work” & “working conditions” and problems related to health, wages, work security, family related problems because of work, mental, physical & sexual harassment at workplace. The study also reveals the awareness of the respondents about the Governmental Organizations (GO’s) & Non- Governmental Organization (NGO’s) working for their welfare. The results and discussion part gives a clear picture of the “Condition & Problems of the female domestic workers of that area”. The suggestions given in the study can be cited to improve the conditions of Female domestic workers in India. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jssw.v4n2a11

All in one Intelligent Safety System for Women Security

According to the reports of WHO, NCRB-social-government organization 35%Women all over the world are facing a lot of unethical physical harassment in public places such as railway-bus stands, foot paths etc. In this paper the authors have reviewed of various existing systems on women security. The authors have felt a need of advanced women security system to provides the safety measure in public places as well as travelling alone through public transports (school buses, company vehicle etc). This paper proposed a new model for the women security in public places which aims to provide the 100% safe environment.

Substance Abuse and Other Adverse Outcomes for Military-Connected Youth in California: Results From a Large-Scale Normative Population Survey.

Military families and military-connected youth exhibit significant strengths; however, a sizeable proportion of these families appear to be struggling in the face of war-related stressors. Understanding the consequences of war is critical as a public health concern and because additional resources may be needed to support military families. To determine whether rates of adverse outcomes are higher for military-connected adolescents during war compared with nonmilitary peers. This study is a secondary data analysis of a large, normative, and geographically comprehensive administrative data set (2013 California Healthy Kids Survey) to determine whether military-connected youth are at risk for adverse outcomes, including substance use, experiencing violence and harassment, and weapon carrying, during wartime. These outcomes are of particular concern because they affect socioemotional adjustment and academic success. Data were collected in March and April 2013 and participants included 54,679 military-connected and 634,034 nonmilitary-connected secondary school students from public civilian schools in every county and almost all school districts in California. Outcomes included lifetime and recent use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, prescription medications, and other drugs, as well as experiences of physical and nonphysical violence and harassment and weapon carrying during the last year. Multivariable logistic regression models indicated that military-connected youth had greater odds of substance use, experience of physical violence and nonphysical harassment, and weapon carrying. For example, military-connected youth had 73% greater odds of recent other drug use (eg, cocaine and lysergic acid diethylamide; odds ratio [OR], 1.73; 95% CI, 1.66-1.80) and twice the odds of bringing a gun to school (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 2.10-2.30) compared with nonmilitary-connected peers. Their odds of being threatened with a weapon or being in a fight were also significantly higher than their civilian counterparts (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.80-1.95 and OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.62-1.71, respectively). Most military-connected youth demonstrate resilience. However, results suggest that during wartime, military-connected youth are at increased risk for adverse outcomes. Further, when compared with data from 2011, the rates of these negative outcomes appear to be increasing. These findings suggest a need to identify and intervene with military-connected adolescents and reflect a larger concern regarding the well-being of military families during wartime.

Implementation of a confidential helpline for men having sex with men in India.

BackgroundIn India, men who have sex with men (MSM) often face physical violence and harassment from police and the general society. Many MSM may not openly disclose their sexual identity, especially if they are married to women and have families. Due to pervasive stigma and discrimination, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention programs are unable to reach many MSM effectively.ObjectiveThe objective of this paper was to describe the design, operations, and monitoring of the Sahaay helpline, a mHealth intervention for the MSM population of India.MethodsWe established the “Sahaay” mHealth intervention in 2013; a MSM-dedicated helpline whose main goal was to increase access to comprehensive, community-based HIV prevention services and improve knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of MSM towards HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STI) in three states of India (Chhattisgarh, Delhi, and Maharashtra). The helpline provided a 24x7 confidential and easy to use interactive voice response system (IVRS) to callers. IVRS function was monitored through an online dashboard of indicators. The system also provided real-time reporting on callers and services provided.ResultsThe helpline received more than 100,000 calls from 39,800 callers during the first nine months of operation. The helpline maintained an operational uptime of 99.81% (6450/6462 hours); and answered more than 81.33% (83,050/102,115) of all calls. More than three-fourths of the calls came between 9:00 am-12:00 pm. The most successful promotional activity was “interpersonal communication” (reported by 70.05%, 27,880/39,800, of the callers). Nearly three-fourths of the callers self-identified as MSM, including 17.05% (6786/39,800) as rural MSM and 5.03% (2001/39,800) as a married MSM. Most callers (93.10%, 37,055/39,800) requested information, while some (27.01%, 10,750/39,800) requested counseling on HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), STIs, and other health and nonhealth issues. There were 38.97% (15,509/39,800) of the callers that were provided contacts of different HIV/AIDS referral services. Many MSM clients reported increased self-esteem in dealing with their sexual identity and disclosing the same with their family and spouse; and an increase in HIV/AIDS risk-reduction behaviors like consistent condom use and HIV testing.ConclusionsNational HIV/AIDS prevention interventions for MSM in India should consider scaling-up this helpline service across the country. The helpline may serve as an important mechanism for accessing hard-to-reach MSM, and thus improving HIV prevention programing.

Prevalence of physical, verbal and nonverbal sexual harassments and their association with psychological distress among Jimma University female students: a cross-sectional study.

A number of studies conducted on sexual harassment focused on general magnitude rather than specific details of the various forms of sexual harassment and their effect on psychological health. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence rates of the various forms of sexual harassments and their associations with psychological distress among Jimma University female students. Three hundred and eighty five (385) female participants were selected from all colleges using stratified and systematic sampling techniques. A structured questionnaire consisting of items on the various forms of sexual harassment and psychological distress was administered. The prevalence rates of physical, verbal and nonverbal sexual harassments were 78.2%, 90.4% and 80.0%, respectively, while the prevalence rate of psychological distress among students who had experienced sexual harassment was 63.0%. The multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that students who were physically [adjusted OR = 3.950, 95% CI = (1.979, 7.884)] and nonverbally [(adjusted OR = 12.099, 95% CI= (5.190, 28.205] harassed were 4 and 12 times more likely to experience psychological distress, respectively, adjusted for all other variables. The prevalence of various forms of sexual harassment were higher and strongly associated with psychological distress. Important implications for University officials and policy makers including creating harassment free University have been drawn. Otherwise, female students tend to dropout and their academic achievements suffer a lot as a result of psychological distress; and the government's effort for realizing the gender parity in education would be compromised.

Worker harassment in garment industries: a study of select garment industries in Bengaluru

The present study is aimed assessing the extent of harassment experienced by employees of various garment industries in and around Bengaluru city. A total of 480 garment workers were randomly selected from 5 garment factories including men and women. They were administered a semi-structured schedule developed by the researcher with the help of experts in the field. The schedule elicited the information on Harassment & abuse and types of abuse. Data collection was done in one setting by the researcher for a span of 6 months. Chi-square tests were applied for the responses obtained by the respondents. Results revealed that On the whole 12.5% of the respondents indicated one of the forms of Physical, psychological, sexual, and verbal harassment in their workplace. of the 12.5% of the employees reported harassment, majority of the respondents (86.7%) agreed that Verbal harassment by supervisors existed. Majority of the respondents were of the opinion that they didn't have fixed targets (93.0%) and 97.7% of them indicated that they were warnings if targets were not achieved. A large majority of them indicated (97.7%) that they leave the company at their will and there existed defined disciplinary system (97.7%). Lastly, suggestions for reducing harassment and abuse have been delineated.

Influence of prosthetic crowns on gingival fluid

Purpose: Evaluation of the impact that a foreign body has in the gingival sulcus, expressed in scale to cause significant gingival infection. Material and Methods: In a sample of 10 clinical cases with fixed prosthetic appliances in the oral cavity, the levels of gingival fluid to bridge anchoring teeth are measured and compared to the same opposite respective teeth in the mandible and in the maxilla. Measurement of gingival fluid was done with the blue coloured absorbent paper, kept in the gingival sulcus for 60 seconds. With the technique of centrifugation the respective values of gingival fluid were found. Result: Levels of gingival fluid were distinguishably different around the anchor teeth of bridges compared to natural teeth. Conclusions: Signs of primary infection onset are manifested by an increased gingival fluid. The presence of a foreign body caused an increase of gingival fluid in the sulcus, as a sign of physical harassment, possibly causing an initial stage of gingival inflammation.

Non-suicidal self-injury in trans people: associations with psychological symptoms, victimization, interpersonal functioning, and perceived social support.

There is a paucity of systematic research in the area of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in trans people. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of NSSI in trans people and the associations with intra- and interpersonal problems. Participants were 155 untreated individuals with a diagnosis of transsexualism (according to International Classification of Disease-10 criteria) attending a national gender identity clinic. All participants completed the Self-Injury Questionnaire, the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Hamburg Body Drawing Scale, the Experiences of Transphobia Scale, the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems-32, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. The sample consisted of 66.5% trans women and 33.5% trans men and 36.8% of them had a history of engaging in NSSI. The prevalence of NSSI was significantly higher in trans men (57.7%) compared with trans women (26.2%). Trans individuals with NSSI reported more psychological and interpersonal problems and perceived less social support compared with trans individuals without NSSI. Moreover, the probability of having experienced physical harassment related to being trans was highest in trans women with NSSI (compared with those without NSSI). The study found that with respect to psychological symptoms, trans women reported significantly more intrapersonal and interpersonal symptoms compared with trans men. Finally, the results of the regression analysis showed that the probability of engaging in NSSI by trans individuals was significantly positively related to a younger age, being trans male, and reporting more psychological symptoms. The high levels of NSSI behavior and its association with interpersonal and interpersonal difficulties and lack of social support need to be taken into consideration when assessing trans individuals. The effect of cross-sex hormones and sex reassignment surgery on psychological functioning, including NSSI behavior, as part of the transitional journey of trans individuals should be explored in future studies.