Physical Harassment Research Articles

Estado del arte sobre el acoso sexual callejero: un estudio sobre aproximaciones teóricas y formas de resistencia frente a un tipo de violencia basada en género en América Latina desde el 2002 hasta el 2020

El acoso sexual callejero es una forma de interacción que se da en lugares públicos y comprende exhibicionismo, persecuciones, acoso expresivo, físico y verbal de contenido sexual y no correspondido. Este estudio indaga las aproximaciones teóricas e iniciativas sociales sobre el acoso sexual callejero como un tipo de violencia de género en Latinoamérica. Para ello, se desarrolló una búsqueda en fuentes de información utilizando ciertos criterios, tales como: espacio público, ciudadanía sexual, violencia y ciudades seguras. A partir de los textos encontrados se hace una conceptualización del acoso como término y como un tipo de violencia; además se clasifica de acuerdo con sus modalidades y su diferencia con otros tipos de acoso según las relaciones de poder, el anonimato, el contexto público, el consentimiento y la connotación sexual. Se concluye que el acoso es un tipo de violencia sexual que afecta el uso del espacio público en condiciones de igualdad.

Workplace violence in nursing: A concept analysis.

ObjectivesTo clarify the concept of workplace violence in nursing and propose an operational definition of the concept.MethodsThe review method used was Walker and Avant's eight‐step method.ResultsIdentification of the key attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents of the concept resulted in an operational definition of the concept. The proposed operational definition identifies workplace violence experienced by nurses as any act or threat of verbal or physical violence, harassment, intimidation, or other threatening disruptive behavior that occurs at the worksite with the intention of abusing or injuring the target.ConclusionsDeveloping insights into the concept will assist in the design of new research scales that can effectively measure the underlying issues, provide a framework that facilitates nursing interventions, and improve the validity of future studies.

Overcoming Physical, Financial, Mental and Sexual Harassment in Postgraduate Medical Residency in India

Overcoming Physical, Financial, Mental and Sexual Harassment in Postgraduate Medical Residency in India

Verantwortung von unternehmen bei verletzung der privatsphäre –verantwortung von und in netzwerken

Certain technological improvements mean the obvious rethinking of the boundaries of the private sphere. This process has made a legislative response necessary. In this sense, Act LIII of 2018 can be highlighted, which states in its preamble that the modern devices of info communication have laid new foundation for the everyday communication, hence the protection of private life extends beyond the physical harassment to Internet. An important factor in the protection of privacy is the responsibility of companies, which must ensure the protection of the privacy rights of entities using their online interfaces.

Assessing the Prevalence and Factors Affecting Sexual Harassment Among Female Staffs of a Supermarket in Kathmandu, Nepal

This cross sectional study was carried out to assess the prevalence and factors affecting sexual harassment (SH) among female staffs of a supermarket in Kathmandu, Nepal. The data were collected with self-administered questionnaire from 170 staffs. Uni-variate (descriptive detail) and bivariate (statistical detail) analyses were the methods applied. Among 24.1% of sexually harassed respondents, the most common was 15-30 years' age group. Moreover, 80.5% of the victims were harassed verbally, 39% non-verbally and 48.8% physically. The harassment occurred either when they were alone (non-verbal 56.5% and physical 78.3%) or when the shop was crowded (non-verbal 29.3% and physical 88.2%). Most of the victims accepted the problem (non-verbal 55.6% and physical 94.4%) due to fear of being fired and social stigma. Non-verbal (53.8%) and physical (100%) harassments mostly occurred during night shift whereas verbal harassment (63.4%) occurred during day shift. Out of 6 selected predictors: age, dress, place, shift, perpetrator and acceptance of the incident, the verbal harassment was statistically associated with shift (63.6% in day, p-val.= 0.007), non-verbal harassment was associated with age (25% of age 15-30 years, p-val.=0.002) and the physical harassment was statistically associated with age (35% of age 15-30 years, p-val.=0.000), shift (35.0% at night, p-val.=0.000), prepatrators (25% of age 15-30 years, p-val.=0.003), acceptance (40.0% due fear of being fired/ social stigma, p-val.=0.000). In order to reduce sexual harassment among female staffs of supermarkets, there must be awareness programs for all the staff, advocacy programs against SH for customers and staffs, punishment for the perpetrators must be legal.

Sexual Harassment of Law Enforcement Officers: Findings From a Nationally Representative Survey

Sexual harassment continues to be a consistent destructive feature of American life and workplaces, especially in fields for which women are under-represented, such as law enforcement. We use one of the first nationally representative cross-sectional surveys (n = 2,867) of female and male law enforcement officers (LEOs) to assess the prevalence of workplace sexual harassment victimization. Next, we assess how risk factors are related to this harassment through multivariable modeling. We observed large differences between rates of sexual harassment for female compared to male officers on both our measures of non-physical and physical workplace sexual harassment (sexual assault). Our combined measure of non-physical sexual harassment and sexual assault of female officers (71%) was in the range found in prior research and our 41% rate for male officers is also not trivial and requires attention from law enforcement leaders. We tested two competing hypotheses on whether female officers (and possibly some male officers not meeting certain definitions of masculinity) viewed as the most threatening by virtue of their job role in the male-dominated hierarchy will have the highest probability of being a victim of workplace sexual harassment (power-threat model) or whether those viewed as the most vulnerable officers will have the highest probability of sexual harassment victimization (vulnerable-victim model). We found greater support for the vulnerable-victim model. We discuss the implications of these results for guiding training and prevention strategies to address sexual harassment in the law enforcement workplace.

A Comprehensive Review of Embracing the Normality of Rape Culture: Time to Put a Stop to Victim Blaming

Abstract Gender discrimination against women is a prevalent issue in Bangladesh, but sometimes it is concealed. Rape cases, also known as ―sexual abuse‖ in many cultures, are a special insidious type of sexual harassment. In other contexts, when you are familiarizing with the lifestyle of women, as a social worker it is likely to see victims of sexual abuse due to a large number of abusive offenders. Global WHO figures suggest that about 1 in 3 (35%) of women around the world endure physical and sexually intimate relationships or non-partner sexual abuse during their lives. Domestic abuse is the most heinous form of violence. Approximately one third (30%) of all women who have a relationship comment on physical and sexual harassment witnessed by their intimate partner nationwide. This review investigates several peer-reviewed journals and articles that have been developed for the comprehensive understanding of domestic abuse as rape. Still, this issue of rape must be addressed within and outside the scope of domestic violence. More experiments are conducted with a focus for future studies. The major argument of this review is that while raped women are suffering from the permanent effects of psychological and emotional damage, the issue of rape is not the problem of women. It is squarely a man’s problem. As a society, victim allegation is preached as a flame, but the issue is with ancestors and older generations’ minds and opinions. On a conclusive note, strategies for rape prevention have been discussed. It is crucial to recognize and increasingly teach young children about the effects of sexual harassment and how traditions can be changed to avoid social stigma. Keywords: rape victims, sexual assault, social work, victim-blaming, prevention

A New Pedagogy to Enhance the Safety and Resilience of Journalists in Dangerous Environments Globally

Risks to journalists are rising with disasters, epidemics, physical, mental and digital harassment all increasing globally. Some 1382 journalists have been killed since 1992 and 246 are imprisoned. However, the threat type has been changing, with the majority of journalists killed annually being ones working in their own country, often who are targeted for assassination. In response, UNESCO and others have called for research into best practice for safety education to halt this and the consequential decline in global media freedom. This five-year award winning project, A Holistic Humanitarian Approach to Enhance the Safety and Resilience of Journalists Globally, tested the hypothesis that a new pedagogy based on a ‘holistic humanitarian’ philosophy would be more effective in protecting journalists working in dangerous domains globally than existing provisions. The little-changed 30-year-old dominant international provision, the ‘military battlefield’ pedagogy, is used by the world’s major news organizations like BBC, CNN and the New York Times. This new pedagogy adapted and customized best practice from other professions and used Taylor’s 2020 Competencies for Disaster Healthcare professionals. A new program was devised and the two international cohorts who took it in 2018 and 2019 judged that it ‘very significantly’ enhanced their resilience and safety skills. Its concentration on group and individual physical and mental resilience building, risk mitigation, psychology, communication, self-defence, and digital security skill acquisition was a paradigm shift in training internationally for news professionals in dangerous environments. The research, thus, proved the study’s hypotheses.

A qualitative examination of alcohol use and IPV among Nepali couples in a violence prevention intervention

ABSTRACT Intimate partner violence (IPV) impacts the physical and mental health of one in three women globally, with equally high rates in rural Nepal. The risk of physical violence, stalking, harassment, and homicide between intimate partners increases when alcohol is used by the perpetrator. This study evaluates the impact of Change Starts at Home, a nine-month intervention to prevent IPV in which 360 married couples in the Terai region of Nepal listened to a serial radio drama and engaged in Listening Group Discussions. A sub-sample of 18 couples were selected for individual in-depth interviews that were taken at the end of the intervention and 16 months later. Participants strongly and consistently associated alcohol use with IPV against women in their own and others’ relationships. Husbands and wives agreed that men sustained reductions in alcohol use, conflict, and perpetration of IPV, attributed to improvements in communication, conflict resolution, and a reduction in alcohol expenditure following the intervention. The results of this study suggest that integrating programming on alcohol reduction within IPV prevention interventions in the Terai region of Nepal has benefits on couple functioning, alcohol consumption, and IPV perpetration.

"At Your Service": Sexual Harassment of Female Bartenders and Its Acceptance As "Norm" in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria.

Notwithstanding the pervasiveness of sexual harassment in the bar and restaurant industry, limited attention has been paid to empirically examining the dynamics of sexual crimes committed in the industry. To address this, a qualitative study was conducted with female bartenders in drinking bars within Lagos metropolis to explore the nature and patterns of sexual harassments they experienced, as well as their response, coping measures and bar management's positions. Forty-seven interviews were conducted, and a thematic analysis of the narratives was carried out. Findings indicated that participants experienced a variety of unwanted sexual behavior from customers, coworkers and managers, including verbal expressions, signs, gestures and physical harassment that are sexual in nature. Although sexual harassment is ubiquitous, there was appreciable recognition of it as being undesirable and problematic with feelings of anger, fear, humiliation, shame, guilt, violation, powerlessness and loss of control. Participants hinged their vulnerability to being harassed on gender inequality, discrimination, feminization of poverty and sexual objectification of women in Nigerian society. These findings have important practical and policy implications if the sexual maltreatments of working women in Nigeria, especially in the low-income earning occupations, are to be acknowledged and addressed.

Prevalence of Workplace Bullying and Its Associated Factors at a Multi-Regional Saudi Arabian Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundWorkplace bullying (WPB) refers to any form of repeated and unreasonable verbal, physical or sexual harassment that an employee endures by a person or a group. In healthcare settings, practitioners are occasionally victims of WPB incidents. The aim of this study was to survey victims of WPB and determine factors associated with being a victim of WPB at a multiregional health care facility in Saudi Arabia.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018, by distributing a self-administered questionnaire via a private electronic mail to all fulltime healthcare practitioners within a multi-regional hospital in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare practitioners included physicians, nurses, allied healthcare professionals and pharmacists who reported being exposed to WPB in the past year. Study outcomes were the prevalence rate ratio of WPB and its associated factors, such as victim, perpetrator and incident characteristics.ResultsWPB has been reported by 684 participants. Perpetrators were mainly patients (36.1%), their families/relatives (29.5%), and hospital staff (27.2%) or managers/supervisors (7.2%). The type of WPB incident was mostly verbal abuse (98.1%) followed by physical harassment (11.8%) and sexual connotations (5.8%). WPB was 30% more prevalent among younger nurses and 24% less prevalent among higher educated nurses compared to their counter groups, P<0.001 each. Among technicians and administrative employees, WPB was 54% more prevalent among females, 36% more prevalent among the younger group, and 25% more prevalent among expatriate workers compared to their counter groups P<0.014, P<0.001 and P=0.017, respectively. WPB was 20% less prevalent among higher educated allied health professionals, P=0.002. Among physicians, WPB was 33% more prevalent among females, P=0.041 and was 47% more prevalent among higher educated physicians compared to their counter groups, P=0.018.ConclusionWPB might occur any time, anywhere and by any person within health care facilities. The prevalence of WPB varies within health occupational groups. Gender, age, educational level, and nationality were significantly associated factors with WPB.

“We always tell them, but they don’t do anything about it!” Middle School Black girls Experiences with Sexual Harassment at an Urban Middle School

Black women and girls are frequently left out of narratives on sexual harassment/sexual violence due to pervasive racism and sexism. Schools contribute to this silence by continuing to overlook the exceptional needs and experiences of Black girls. Therefore, this qualitative study used an intersectional lens to examine Black girls’ experiences with sexual harassment in an urban middle school. Results indicated participants experienced both physical and verbal sexual harassment and felt their concerns were largely ignored or/or minimized by teachers school administrators. Recommendations for creating safe spaces for Black girls in urban middle schools are provided.

Uniting Against the Tides: Filipino ‘Shefarers’ Organising Against Sexual Harassment

In the Philippines, seafaring has been associated with men since the sixteenth century. However, in the 1990s, Filipino women started to enter this male-dominated world. But it has not been smooth sailing. Based on interviews with Filipino women seafarers, this article shows how they have experienced various forms of sexual harassment from their male colleagues and senior officers. Women seafarers who have been victims of sexual harassment have been unable to file complaints against their aggressor/s because of technical difficulties in pursuing a case, especially when the incidents happen on board international ships and the perpetrators are foreign nationals. This article discusses how a group of Filipino women seafarers have decided to organise to fight sexual harassment. With the setting up of a women’s committee of the male-dominated seafarers’ union, women ‘shefarers’ have started talking about verbal and physical sexual harassment in order to raise awareness of the problem.

Fear for All Women: European women's fear of harassment and aggression in public spaces.

This work is based on the inequality that women suffer in public spaces, with fear being a constant in their lives. Women must learn to live to accept a limited and constrained existence. Based on this approach, this research establishes a European description and comparison of the insecurities, fears, or concerns expressed by women facing the risk of aggression/harassment, and the prevalence of sexual harassment in public spaces. For this, we used the Survey on Violence Against Women in the European Union (EU; 2012). In the fieldwork, we performed a factorial analysis, as well as a logistic regression analysis between the sociodemographic variables (age, educational level, income, and habitat) and prevalence of physical or virtual sexual harassment. In general, while European women report that they have suffered harassment to a considerable extent, there are even greater concerns or fear of abuse or aggression in public spaces. A fundamental fact is that there is a significant correlation between the prevalence of harassment and per capita income, such that those countries with the highest economic development show a higher incidence of harassment towards women. Similarly, European countries with higher standards of equality show a greater incidence and prevention against the risk of harassment or aggression, particularly among young women. Some results suggest that more than half of Europeans avoid certain spaces or places for fear of being attacked. The main European powers, which have higher standards of equality, report the most harmful instances of behavior against women in public spaces in relation to harassment or fear. The results obtained prompt the conclusion that socialization towards European women is both victimizing and discriminatory.

Harassment At Workplaces: Experiences Of Working Women

Harassment is a susceptible theme in socialization. It is the threatening behavior by any person or group at any place and workplace harassment is one of them. Workplace harassment is one of very sensitive areas and gaining attention by professionals and researchers. Dealing with workplace harassment is one of key indicator of effective organization. As per studies &amp; observations harassment happens in the workplaces but no proper record. The complete study on main theme was the thesis/research work with primary objective to study the experiences of working women regarding harassment at educational institutions from School level to University level, since the current paper is one part from the thesis work which only explores the experiences of working women at School levels consequently this research paper was to study the experiences of working women regarding harassment while working with the heads and the colleagues in public schools, consequently the study was descriptive by nature, survey method was used for data collection. The population of the study was the working women of the public schools of SBA District. Sixty five percent working women were selected as sample by the convenient random sampling for the collection of data. The Study was initiated on the basis of seven research questions which based on seven main themes related to harassment, so the items of the tool based on these themes as a result questionnaire with five points Likert was developed for data collection which was analyzed statistically. Study revealed level of experiences of women regarding verbal, physical, psychological, discriminatory, religious, cyber and immoral harassment in workplace while teaching, attending meetings, communicating with heads, colleagues and staff members. They were sometimes targeted and teased by shouting, humiliating and degrading behavior, abusive languages, frequently jokes, bullying, attacks and assaults or threats within selected Schools. It was mainly recommended that the enforcement of the law should be made sure and the heads of the institutions should provide harassment free environment for the working women.

Workplace violence, early neurological symptoms, and metabolic or psychiatric disorders

Abstract Workplace violence is ubiquitous. Neuropsychological symptoms, such as headaches and sleep problems, may be the earliest consequences of violent acts, and in turn are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders. Systematic research on this topic can help treatment and prevention. 905 health &amp; social workers (male 331, 36.6%; mean age 46 + 11.4 years), during their periodical medical examination in the workplace, were asked to fill in a standardized questionnaire containing the Violent Incident Form on the episodes of violence suffered, the Headache Impact Test on headache and the PSQI on sleep problems. Anxiety and depression were evaluated with the Goldberg scale. Workers reported having suffered physical assaults (5.2%), threats (11.5%), and harassment (10.2%) in the previous year. Workers who experienced violence had an increased risk of headaches (OR 2.80, CI95% 1.55-5.05 for physical violence, OR 1.83 CI95% 1.21-2.78 for threats, OR 2.46 CI95% 1.59-3.96 for harassment) and of sleep problems (OR 2.46, CI95% 1.33-4.57 for physical violence, OR 2.81 CI95% 1.82-4.33 for threats, OR 5.09 CI95% 3.04-8.51 for harassment). Headache and sleep problems were significantly correlated with the components of the metabolic syndrome (hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycaemia, obesity): Pearson's r was 0.069 for headache (p &amp;lt; 0.05), 0.142 for sleep quality (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Head and sleep problems were also correlated with anxiety (r = 0.519 and 0.670, respectively) and with depression (r = 0.457 and 0.619). Violence at work was associated with an increased risk of headaches and sleep problems. These symptoms were associated with the components of the metabolic syndrome, with anxiety and with depression. Early detection of symptoms such as headaches and sleep problems allows individual treatment measures to be put in place. The identification of the causes of these morbid phenomena allows to implement primary prevention measures in the workplace. Key messages Workplace violence causes headache and sleep problems, which, in turn, are associated with metabolic and psychiatric disorders. Periodic surveillance of workers is useful for improving public health.

“Being Born like This, I Have No Right to Make Anybody Listen to Me”: Understanding Different Forms of Stigma among Thai Transgender Women Living with HIV in Thailand

ABSTRACT This study explores the ways Thai transgender women are affected by internalized, perceived, vicarious and enacted stigma. Participants were eleven Thai transgender women living with HIV, who were asked about experiences of stigma in their daily lives. Various forms of verbal, psychological and physical harassment were reported. Internalized stigma and stigma within the transgender community itself were significant. Participants tended not to blame their family members or others in their social structure for their experiences of stigma. They tended to see the solution to tackle the problem of stigma mainly in changes in the behavior of transgender women themselves. This paper suggests that transgender people themselves should better understand how the structure, culture and institutions of mainstream society instill, reinforce and perpetuate stigma against, within and among them. There is a need for advocacy directed toward manifesting societal emancipation of Thai transgender people—starting with legal reform.

Youth Employment Insecurity and Development in Nigeria

The alarming rate of employment crisis among the youths is one of the manifestations of insecurity in Nigeria which has negatively eaten deep into developmental project of Nigeria. Youths are generally considered as the bedrock, prime-mover and cornerstone for achieving progressive development in any nations, Once, youths are denied opportunity to gainful employment they easily turn to negative innovations that may be detrimental to nation development. Unemployment as a social milieu will negate socio-political, economic and educational development of the nation. However, average Nigerian goes to sleep at night with one eye closed while other opened which may lead to poor manpower development, physical harassment delinquency, criminal activities, psychological trauma as a result of civil unrest among others.. Content systematic method of analysis was adopted in reviewing relevant publications from different search engines such as EMBASE, PDF, Scholarly Google, Scopus, JSTORS to supports the outcome of the inquiry. Social Contract Theory by Auguste Comte, Classical and neo-classical theories by Schumpeter, Boulding, were adopted to justify the causes, consequences and solutions to youths unemployment in Nigeria. On this ground, the following recommendations were made the Nigerian government, philanthropists and Non-governmental organizations should learn more on the value associated with social contract as the main determinant of social development Also, more recreational vocational and formal learning centers should be institutionalized to make room for employment accessibility, flexibility and employability among youths for creativity among others.

Cultural Religious Challenges in Handling Sexual Violence Cases in Indonesian Islamic Institutions

Religiosity is often seen as preventing potential cases of sexual violence. However, on the other hand, the religious aspect can be a challenge when with regards to cases of sexual violence. This is because religious and cultural aspects are assumed to hamper the victim’s ability to seek justice. This research involved students of Islamic institutions in Indonesia. Based on the results of the questionnaire and interview, it was found that most victims of sexual violence were women in the early and middle years of their studies. Forms of sexual violence are dominated by verbal, physical, visual and signaling harassment. The victim acknowledged dissatisfaction in processing complaints due to distrust of the institution. Socio-cultural dogma and religious aspects also prevent openness in handling cases because victims tend to protect their names and their institutions. Further efforts are needed in the form of education to reduce the risk of sexual violence. In addition, this study produced a number of recommendations regarding the handling cases of sexual violence in Islamic institutions in Indonesia.&#x0D; Keywords: culture religious challenges, Islamic institution, sexual violence

Street harassment is marketplace discrimination: The impact of street harassment on young female consumers’ marketplace experiences

This study brings street harassment to the retailing and consumer services literature streams. Street harassment describes unwanted interactions in public spaces between strangers or customers and is often motivated by a person’s gender, sexual orientation, or gender expression. To date, marketers have overlooked the occurrence of street harassment in retail establishments and consumer service domains, such as in theaters, public markets, recreational areas, and shopping malls. This work empirically demonstrates the extent to which young women in Nepal experience harassment from men in the marketplace and the various tactics they employ to lessen it. Furthermore, this research exposes the extent to which Nepali men admit to participating in verbal, physical, or visual harassment of women in various retailing and service settings. The article concludes with a discussion of theoretical, managerial, and societal implications and encourages public policy officials to treat street harassment as a criminal offense.