Physical Gauges Research Articles

AI BASED FEATURE SELECTION MODEL FOR SOCCER SPORTS MANAGEMENT

Due to swift development of data mining as well as machine-learning technology and the flare- up of big sports data mining expansion challenges, sports data mining cannot merely use data statistical methods such as how to club machine learning and data mining technology for efficient mining and analysis of the sports data, to supply useful advice for the public physical exercise, and this is an vital need to study. It is a kind of effective sports data mining work through feature selection algorithm. Around the tricky problems existing in the study of the sports effect, given the drawback of existing data sets and conventional research methods, this paper begins from data mining algorithm, construct the sports effect evaluation database, based on the feature selection scheme, using elastic system network algorithm, random forest algorithm, and the impact of sports on the outcome of physical gauges. The evaluation algorithm presents machine learning techniques and the feature selection algorithm to guide sports effect evaluation research. When studying this evaluation problem of the sports effect, according to created sports effect evaluation database, elastic system algorithm is appended to regularize, realize and optimize the feature selection. When selecting features of different sports skills using the information gains marked to rank the significance of characteristics, which can systematically and accurately provide the influence degree of the sports on diverse physical indicators, bring the physical fitness research little more scientific, and can uncover the effect of the sports as much as possible. Experimental results demonstrate that the selected features as well as ground-truth both have good accuracy and good evaluation as match up to the baseline method.

Development and Deployment of a Virtual Water Gauge System Utilizing the ResNet-50 Convolutional Neural Network for Real-Time River Water Level Monitoring: A Case Study of the Keelung River in Taiwan

Climate change has exacerbated severe rainfall events, leading to rapid and unpredictable fluctuations in river water levels. This environment necessitates the development of real-time, automated systems for water level detection. Due to degradation, traditional methods relying on physical river gauges are becoming progressively unreliable. This paper presents an innovative methodology that leverages ResNet-50, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model, to identify distinct water level features in Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) river imagery of the Chengmei Bridge on the Keelung River in Neihu District, Taiwan, under various weather conditions. This methodology creates a virtual water gauge system for the precise and timely detection of water levels, thereby eliminating the need for dependable physical gauges. Our study utilized image data from 1 March 2022 to 28 February 2023. This river, crucial to the ecosystems and economies of numerous cities, could instigate a range of consequences due to rapid increases in water levels. The proposed system integrates grid-based methods with infrastructure like CCTV cameras and Raspberry Pi devices for data processing. This integration facilitates real-time water level monitoring, even without physical gauges, thus reducing deployment costs. Preliminary results indicate an accuracy range of 83.6% to 96%, with clear days providing the highest accuracy and heavy rainfall the lowest. Future work will refine the model to boost accuracy during rainy conditions. This research introduces a promising real-time river water level monitoring solution, significantly contributing to flood control and disaster management strategies.

Bottom-Up Generated Height Gauges for Silicon-Based Nanometrology.

Steady progress in integrated circuit design has forced basic metrology to adopt silicon lattice parameter as a secondary realization of the SI meter that lacks convenient physical gauges for precise surface measurements at a nanoscale. To employ this fundamental shift in nanoscience and nanotechnology, we propose a set of self-organized silicon surface morphologies as a gauge for height measurements within the whole nanoscale (0.3-100 nm) range. Using 2 nm sharp atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes, we have measured the roughness of wide (up to 230 μm in diameter) singular terraces and the height of monatomic steps on the step-bunched and amphitheater-like Si(111) surfaces. For both types of self-organized surface morphology, the root-mean-square terrace roughness exceeds 70 pm but has a little effect on step height measurements having 10 pm accuracy for AFM technique in air. We implement a step-free 230-μm-wide singular terrace as a reference mirror in an optical interferometer to reduce the systematic error of height measurements from >5 nm to about 0.12 nm, which allows visualizing 136-pm-high monatomic steps on the Si(001) surface. Then, using a "pit-patterned" extremely wide terrace with dense but counted monatomic steps in a pit wall, we have optically measured mean Si(111) interplanar spacing (313.8 ± 0.4 pm) that agrees well with the most precise metrological data (313.56 pm). This opens up avenues for the creation of silicon-based height gauges using bottom-up approaches and advances optical interferometry among techniques for metrology-grade nanoscale height measurements.

Poisson's ratio bounds in orthotropic materials. Application to natural composites: wood, bamboo and Arundo donax

The paper discusses the restrictions the positive definite character of the strain energy imposes to the values of the Poisson's ratios in a linear elastic orthotropic constitutive law. By exploiting the reciprocity principle and the conservation of energy, non-trivial constraints arise, leading to a particularly expressive form of the domain of existence, named Tetrahedron-Ellipsoid locus, in the space of three independent Poisson's ratios.The presented analysis establishes several notable restrictions for the elastic behavior of orthotropic composite materials, in all the cases in which there are great differences in the Young's moduli. For instance, near the edge of this locus, some Poisson ratios may belong to an interval not including the zero value; a very interesting peculiarity, perhaps not yet figured out in literature. In order to assess the coerciveness of the formulation, the results are applied to common wood essences, to several Italian growing species of bamboo and Arundo donax, natural composite functionally graded orthotropic materials. In the latter cases, an extensive experimental investigation is carried out to detect several Poisson's ratios, not studied in literature. Poisson ratios are obtained directly by strains measured by means of both physical strain gauges and Digital Image Correlation (DIC).

Value of Crowd‐Based Water Level Class Observations for Hydrological Model Calibration

AbstractWhile hydrological models generally rely on continuous streamflow data for calibration, previous studies have shown that a few measurements can be sufficient to constrain model parameters. Other studies have shown that continuous water level or water level class (WL‐class) data can be informative for model calibration. In this study, we combined these approaches and explored the potential value of a limited number of WL‐class observations for calibration of a bucket‐type runoff model (HBV) for four catchments in Switzerland. We generated synthetic data to represent citizen science data and examined the effects of the temporal resolution of the observations, the numbers of WL‐classes, and the magnitude of the errors in the WL‐class observations on the model validation performance. Our results indicate that on average one observation per week for a 1‐year period can significantly improve model performance compared to the situation without any streamflow data. Furthermore, the validation performance for model parameters calibrated with WL‐class observations was similar to the performance of the calibration with precise water level measurements. The number of WL‐classes did not influence the validation performance noticeably when at least four WL‐classes were used. The impact of typical errors for citizen science‐based estimates of WL‐classes on the model performance was small. These results are encouraging for citizen science projects where citizens observe water levels for otherwise ungauged streams using virtual or physical staff gauges.

Metrology of fluorescent analysis in Russia and abroad

Article contains overview of Russian and foreign reference materials of fluorescent properties, and possibility of their metrology using. Principle of sensitivity analysis for fluorescent instruments based on scaled relative fluorescence units are discussed. Technical and metrological characteristics of developed and certified in The All-Russian Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements fluorescence gauges kit based on organic dyes with various concentration are given.

Azimuth selection for sea level measurements using geodetic GPS receivers

Based on analysis of Global Positioning System (GPS) multipath signals recorded by a geodetic GPS receiver, GPS Reflectometry (GPS-R) has demonstrated unique advantages in relation to sea level monitoring. Founded on multipath reflectometry theory, sea level changes can be measured by GPS-R through spectral analysis of recorded signal-to-noise ratio data. However, prior to estimating multipath parameters, it is necessary to define azimuth and elevation angle mask to ensure the reflecting zones are on water. Here, a method is presented to address azimuth selection, a topic currently under active development in the field of GPS-R. Data from three test sites: the Kachemak Bay GPS site PBAY in Alaska (USA), Friday Harbor GPS site SC02 in the San Juan Islands (USA), and Brest Harbor GPS site BRST in Brest (France) are analyzed. These sites are located in different multipath environments, from a rural coastal area to a busy harbor, and they experience different tidal ranges. Estimates by the GPS tide gauges at azimuths selected by the presented method are compared with measurements from physical tide gauges and acceptable correspondence found for all three sites.

Modelling assessment of farmers workload

The article presents the principles of modeling the physical load assessment of farmers using Bayesian Network technology. Despite rapid development of mechanization and automation of work processes in agriculture, many farmers use their own physical strength, such as manual handling of loads. There are periods in which a farmer performs several or even a dozen of variety activities during the 24 hours. It often happens that all these activities do in a hurry, without rest, working after several hours a day, which further strengthens his physical load. The variety of activities often causes problems with the use indicators to assess the physical load gauges, so Bayesian Network technology was used to develop the evaluation model.

Infrared divergences, mass shell singularities and gauge dependence of the dynamical fermion mass

We study the behavior of the dynamical fermion mass when infrared divergences and mass shell singularities are present in a gauge theory. In particular, in the massive Schwinger model in covariant gauges we find that the pole of the fermion propagator is divergent and gauge dependent at one loop, but the leading singularities cancel in the quenched rainbow approximation. On the other hand, in physical gauges, we find that the dynamical fermion mass is finite and gauge independent at least up to one loop.

幾何学ゲージ持ち回り比較の問題 ボールプレート２国間国際比較を通して

All sort of measurements ought to be traceable to the standard The equivalence of the standards used in different places is ascertained by round-robin comparisons. In the comparisons of the geometrical quantities, physical gauges (artifacts) are circulated and measured by all participants, and the measurement results are compared. The important matter is the shape and the dimension of the artifact do not change throughout the circulation. In this paper, the calibration procedure of the ball-plate and the estimation of the measurement uncertainty are studied. Finally, problems on the round-robin comparisons mainly about the stability of the artifact are discussed according to our experiences of international comparisons of a ball-plate.

Comment on “Infrared and pinching singularities in out of equilibrium QCD plasmas”

Analyzing the dilepton production from out of equilibrium quark-gluon plasma, Le Bellac and Mabilat have recently pointed out that, in the reaction rate, the cancellation of mass (collinear) singularities takes place only in physical gauges, and not in covariant gauges. They then have estimated the contribution involving pinching singularities. After giving a general argument for the gauge independence of the production rate, we explicitly confirm the gauge independence of the mass-singular part. The contribution involving pinching singularities develops mass singularities, which is also gauge dependent. This “additional” contribution to the singular part is responsible for the gauge independence of the “total” singular part.

Numerical Gauge Approach to Water-Level Datum Determination

In the United States, water-level datums are computed by applying National Ocean Service algorithms to records obtained at fixed gauges. These physical gauges are expensive to install and maintain, and they suffer certain practical limitations such as requiring a storm-resistant platform and convenient access. As a supplement to physical gauges, in this paper a modeling approach is explored whereby physical gauges at boundaries drive a calibrated numerical model from which the calculated time series of water level at any internal grid point may be considered as a “numerical” gauge. A proof-of-concept study for the upper Laguna Madre, Texas, is described that compares monthly and annual tidal datums and range determined from a co-located numerical gauge and physical gauge. The favorable comparison indicates the viability of the numerical gauge concept.

GAUGE DEPENDENCE OF THE EFFECTIVE AVERAGE ACTION IN EINSTEIN GRAVITY

We study the gauge dependence of the effective average action Γk and Newtonian gravitational constant using the RG equation for Γk. Then we truncate the space of action functionals to get a solution of this equation. We solve the truncated evolution equation for the Einstein gravity in the De Sitter background for a general gauge parameter α and obtain a system of equatons for the cosmological and Newtonian constants. Analyaing the running of the gravitational constant we find that the Newtonian constant depends strongly on the gauge parameter. This leads to the appearance of antiscreening and screening behavior of the quantum gravity. The resolution of the gauge dependence problem is suggested. For physical gauges like the Landau–DeWitt gauge the Newtonian constant shows an antiscreening.

Comment on “Infrared and pinching singularities in out of equilibrium QCD plasmas”

Analyzing the dilepton production from out of equilibrium quark-gluon plasma, Le Bellac and Mabilat have recently pointed out that, in the reaction rate, the cancellation of mass (collinear) singularities takes place only in physical gauges, and not in covariant gauges. They then have estimated the contribution involving pinching singularities. After giving a general argument for the gauge independence of the production rate, we explicitly confirm the gauge independence of the mass-singular part. The contribution involving pinching singularities develops mass singularities, which is also gauge dependent. This `` additional'' contribution to the singular part is responsible for the gauge independence of the `` total'' singular part. We give a sufficient condition, under which cancellation of mass singularities takes place.

Gauge-invariant effective potentials and Higgs boson mass bounds

The problem of defining a gauge-invariant effective potential with a strict energetic interpretation is examined in the context of spontaneously broken gauge theories. It is shown that such a potential can be defined in terms of a composite gauge-invariant order parameter in physical gauges. This effective potential is computed through one-loop order in a model with scalars and fermions coupled to an Abelian gauge theory, which serves as a simple model of the situation in electroweak theory, where vacuum stability arguments based on the scalar effective potential have been used to place lower bounds on the Higgs boson mass.

Invariants at fixed and arbitrary energy. A unified geometric approach

Invariants at arbitrary and fixed energy (strongly and weakly conserved quantities) for two-dimensional Hamiltonian systems are treated in a unified way. This is achieved by utilizing the Jacobi metric geometrization of the dynamics. Using Killing tensors we obtain an integrability condition for quadratic invariants which involves an arbitrary analytic function S(z). For invariants at arbitrary energy the function S(z) is a second-degree polynomial with real second derivative. The integrability condition then reduces to Darboux's condition for quadratic invariants at arbitrary energy. The four types of classical quadratic invariants for positive-definite two-dimensional Hamiltonians are shown to correspond to certain conformal transformations. We derive the explicit relation between invariants in the physical and Jacobi time gauges. In this way knowledge about the invariant in the physical time gauge enables one to write down directly the components of the corresponding Killing tensor for the Jacobi metric. We also discuss the possibility of searching for linear and quadratic invariants at fixed energy and its connection with the problem of the third integral in galactic dynamics. In our approach linear and quadratic invariants at fixed energy can be found by solving a linear ordinary differential equation of the first or second degree, respectively.

Standard substances, physical quantity gauges, and standard specimens

Standard substances, physical quantity gauges, and standard specimens

Unified-gauge formalism at two loops for a class of physical gauges

A unifying prescription for axial-type gauges (light-cone, axial, temporal) is tested in Yang-Mills theory to two-loop order by evaluating a self-energy diagram and analyzing its corresponding pole structure. The calculation is free of ambiguities, but features a large number of overlapping divergences.

Lattice Hamiltonian in physical gauges.

The form of the lattice Hamiltonian for an arbitrary non-Abelian lattice gauge theory is derived in an arbitrary physical gauge, using the transfer-matrix formalism. The final result is shown to be manifestly Hermitian and polynomial in the link variables.

Quantization of anomalous two-dimensional models

Classes of anomalous two-dimensional theories are solved. In physical gauges the spectrum is not relativistic. Anomalous models in covariant gauges are equivalent to adding Wess-Zumino terms and going to a certain unitary gauge. The hamiltonian is generally not bounded from below.