Physical Essence Research Articles

Two Physical Levels of Fundamental Particles That Determine Essence and Natural Independence of Electricity and Magnetism

The experiments of F. Ehrenhaft, as well as the experimental and theoretical studies of the author, showed that it is the magnetic elementary particles (magnetic charges) that are the direct sources of the magnetic field and all magnetic manifestations in Nature. Eddy currents of magnetic charges (the rotating magnetic dipoles), which actually exist in the structures of a substance and are untwisted by means of an electric current in conductors, are direct sources of the well-known eddy magnetic field rotH. Together with electric charges, magnetic charges make up the shells of atoms, which are actually electromagnetic not electronic. It is the electromagnetic shells of atoms that are the sources of the vortex electromagnetic (gravitational) field, which is described by the vortex vector rot[E – H]. The main reason for ignoring magnetic charges, as well as true anti-electrons in physical science, is the harsh conditions for their retention in atoms and matter, which are fundamentally different from the retention of electrons.     The introduction of magnetic charges into basic physics showed that the real Physical World is formed by three global phases: Matter, Antimatter and Energo-medium which make up the world Physical Triad. Each of the noted phases is formed by its own fundamental particles. The material phase or Matter is formed by spinor (charged) particles of electrical and magnetic nature with a negative charge. The antimaterial phase or Antimatter is formed by magnetic and electric particles with a positive charge. The third phase of the Physical Triad is a super-dense Energo- medium (Energo-ether), which fills the entire space of the real World and consists of its own ultra-small elementary particles, which received the author's name - energions. Energions are massless and spinless particles moving in all directions at near-light speeds. The author showed that particles-energions in the composition of the Energo-medium are divided into two natural groups: Electro-energions and Magneto-energions. In addition, the energions in each of the marked groups differ in the direction of their own rotation which can be either left or right. Thus, the particles of the Energo-medium are doubly degenerate which, together with the discovered magnetic charges and true anti-electrons, determines the physical essence of electricity and magnetism, as well as their natural independence. The vector character of the gravitational field is in many respects similar to the vortex magnetic field, which has been known for hundreds of years, but no one has come up with the version of spatial magnetic waves. Therefore, the version of gravitational waves, according to the author, is another fake, inspired by crooked physics, in which real magnetic charges are ignored and, as a result, there is no representation of the real physics of the gravitational field.

IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF FINISHING

The issues of finishing operations of machining and providing a reasonable choice of optimal options, taking into account the distribution between the removal of material by the tool and the friction of the ligament at the contact. At the same time it is necessary to ensure the greatest possible protrusion of the tops of the grains above the level of ligament of the circle, as well as the timely removal of blunt grains from the working surface of the circle. The use of tools with increased physical and mechanical capabilities for processing with exfoliation of the surface layer of the workpiece is proposed. The essence of the process is that it concentrates all the removal of material on a narrow contact length, while providing maximum speed with the lowest specific grinding energy. When grinding by exfoliation in the area of removal of the removal allowance is an order of magnitude higher than when conventional grinding. The contribution of friction and plowing energy becomes a small part of the total specific energy of grinding. The heat released during grinding is reduced, its dissipation conditions in the process of spot grinding are improved. These studies allow us to understand the physical essence of the process, to determine the modes of processing, as well as ways to optimize the technological parameters of spot grinding

MODEL OF SHEAR RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE ELEMENTS REINFORCED WITH FRP BARS

Introduction. The problem of shear resistance of reinforced concrete elements without transverse reinforcement remains, as before, one of the most controversial in the theory of concrete structures. A new interest in the problem arose in connection with the use of polymer composite (FRP) bars as longitudinal reinforcement in concrete structures. The models of shear resistance included in the regulatory documents and formulated as proposals for elements reinforced with steel bars and FRP bars are considered. It is shown that the critical shear crack theory (CSCT) can be adopted as a basis for formulating a model of shear resistance of FRP-reinforced elements. However, its provisions cannot be applied directly without appropriate adjustments, in particular, regarding the determination of the width of the opening of a critical crack. Materials and methods. To determine the shear strength of self-stressed concrete elements reinforced with FRP bars, a modified model has been developed. This model, using an iterative procedure, makes it possible to determine a separate contribution to the total shear strength of each of its main components, taking into account the shape of the potential inclined crack, adopted in accordance with the provisions of the Critical Shear Crack Theory (CSCT), as well as the width of the opening of the inclined crack at the level of the longitudinal reinforcement, determined according to the law of "bond-slip" for FRP bars. Results. The reliability of the proposed modified shear resistance model is confirmed by comparing the calculation results with the results of our own experimental data, and with the results of research by various authors (database). Based on the results of a parametric study, a phenomenological shear resistance criterion for flexible elements reinforced with polymer composite bars was proposed, on the basis of which a simplified design model was developed that allows determining the shear resistance of concrete elements reinforced with FRP bars without the need to calculate all components of the shear force. Conclusions. The proposed model of shear resistance of flexible self-stressed elements reinforced with FRP bars reflects the physical essence of the shear phenomenon and is applicable to various cases and loading schemes.

Quantum Technology as an Object of Law

One of the strategic directions for the development of end-to-end information innovations identified quantum technologies that provide in the future global technological competitiveness of the State. However, in the Russian Federation the legal provision of the quantum technology sphere is fragmentary, non-systematic, including, the legal essence of quantum technology is not defined, there is no definite apparatus, are not properly fixed types of quantum technologies, etc. Therefore, the study of legal features of quantum technology with the allocation of species components, the identification of negative factors that hinder the development of the sphere of quantum technologies and the proposal of definition of «quantum technology» and its individual species as legal categories seems to be a promising direction. The author’s definition of quantum technology as a set of processes, tools, methods of data collection, processing and transmission using quantum phenomena (quantum effects) is proposed as the main conclusions the main difference between quantum technologies and other information technologies developed on the basis of mathematical platforms and algorithms, in their physical (natural) essence, based on quantum effects (quantum phenomena).

МЕТОДИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИВЧЕННЯ ОСНОВ ТЕОРІЇ ФЛУКТУАЦІЙ У КУРСІ ТЕОРЕТИЧНОЇ ФІЗИКИ ПЕДАГОГІЧНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ

The article deals with the theoretical aspects and practical implementation of the author's methodological approach in teaching the basics of fluctuation theory of the course of theoretical physics in Pedagogical University, which is important in the fundamental training of pre-service physics teachers. It is noted that despite the availability of various literary sources, methodological value and originality of the author's approaches in covering the main issues of the course, the need to improve the methodology of its teaching in modern conditions of modernization of higher pedagogical education in the context of European requirements and realities is quite obvious and natural. It is noted that the effective mastery of the basic principles of the theory of fluctuations of theoretical physics, taking into account the principles of fundamentality and professional orientation will contribute to the maximum conciseness of the mathematical apparatus, content compactness, unity, clarity and consistency of teaching material. The author proposes to study the fluctuations of the basic thermodynamic quantities of a macrosystem (energy, volume, density, temperature, entropy, pressure) using two Gibbs lemmas. Molecular scattering of light and its consequences are elucidated according to Rayleigh's law, in conditions when the dimensions of the inhomogeneities of the strucure due to the thermal motion of particles is small in comparison with the wavelength of light. The derivation of the Einstein-Smolukhovsky formula for Brownian motion is proposed according to primary sources with emphasis on the analysis of its physical essence, connection with the second law of thermodynamics, experimental determination based on it in the early twentieth century Boltzmann's constant as a decisive argument in favour of the molecular kinetic theory of the structure of matter and the whole concept of statistical physics. The organization of the educational process on the basis of the methodological approach that was proposed by the author testifies to its effectiveness, which is confirmed by the level of cognitive activity and the results of the final modular control of applicants in recent years. Key words: professional competence of pre-service physics teacher, theoretical physics, theory of fluctuations.

Numerical study on the surface signature of internal solitary waves

The propagation of internal solitary waves (ISWs) underwater and their interactions with surface waves can affect the sea surface state and generate distinct surface signatures of bright–dark striped patterns in remote sensing imagery. These patterns have been one of the most important methods for wide coverage detection and observation of ISWs. This study establishes a fully nonlinear numerical model for ISW–surface wave interaction simulation based on the multi-domain boundary element method. By numerical simulation, the formation mechanism, characteristics, and influencing factors of ISW surface signatures are revealed. The physical essence of the ISW surface signature is the spatially inhomogeneous wavelength and roughness changes in the surface waves due to the convergence and divergence effects of the ISW. Based on the surface wave wavelength changes, the surface area affected by an ISW is divided into three regions from front to back—the converging, diverging, and restoring regions—corresponding to the regions where the surface waves are compressed, stretched, and recover, respectively. By comparing different cases, it is found that the ISW amplitude, surface wave amplitude, and surface wave wavelength are the main factors influencing the ISW surface signature. ISWs with larger amplitudes have stronger convergence and divergence effects on surface waves, making the overall scale of the ISW surface signature larger. Larger surface wave amplitudes provide stronger resistance to the ISW divergence effect and lead to smaller diverging regions, and larger surface wave wavelengths make the converging region larger and the diverging and restoring regions smaller.

An Alternative Interpretation of the Franck-Hertz Experiment

An alternative interpretation of the general mechanism of generation of the cur-rent-voltage characteristic of the electronic conductivity of mercury vapor, formed from the standpoint of technical cybernetics, is considered. An original substantiation of the physical essence of the phenomenon under consideration is proposed, based on the relativistic model of spectral orbits of hydrogen-like systems.

Visible-NIR hyperspectral classification of grass based on multivariate smooth mapping and extreme active learning approach

Grass community classification is the basis for the development of animal husbandry and dynamic monitoring of environment, which has become a critical problem to further strengthen the intelligent management of grassland. Compared with grass survey based on satellite remote sensing, the visible near infrared (NIR) hyperspectral not only monitor dynamically in a short distance, but also have high dimensions and detailed spectral information in each pixel. However, the hyperspectral labeled sample for classification is expensive and manual selection is more subjective. In order to solve above limitations, we proposed a visible-NIR hyperspectral classification model for grass based on multivariate smooth mapping and extreme active learning (MSM–EAL). Firstly, MSM is used to preprocess and reconstruct the spectrum. Secondly, by jointing XGBoost and active learning (AL), the advanced samples with the largest amount of information are actively selected to improve the performance of target classification. Innovation lies in: (1) MSM global enhanced preprocessing spectral reconstruction algorithm is proposed, in which isometric feature mapping is effectively applied to the grass hyperspectral for the first time. (2) EAL framework is constructed to solve the issue of high cost and small number for hyperspectral labeled samples, at the same time, enhance the physical essence behind spectral classification more intuitively. A field hyperspectral collection platform is assembled to establish nm resolution visible-NIR hyperspectral dataset of grass, Grass1, containing 750 samples, which to verify the effectiveness of the model. Experiments on the Grass1 dataset confirmed that compared with the full spectrum, the time consumption of MSM was reduced by 9.471 s with guaranteed overall accuracy (OA). Comparing EAL with AL, and other classification algorithms, EAL improves OA 22.2% over AL, and XAL has the best performance value on Kappa, Macro, Recall and F1-score, respectively. Altogether, the lightweight MSM–EAL model realizes intelligent and real-time classification, providing a new method for obtaining high-precision inter group classification of grass.

Necessarily the Old Riddle Necessary Connections and the Problem of Induction

Abstract In this paper, I will discuss accounts to solve the problem of induction by introducing necessary connections. The basic idea is this: if we know that there are necessary connections between properties F and G such that F -ness necessarily brings about G-ness, then we are justified to infer that all, including future or unobserved, F s will be Gs. To solve the problem of induction with ontology has been proposed by David Armstrong and Brian Ellis. In this paper, I will argue that these attempts to solve the problem of induction fail. Necessary connections fail to reliably imply the respective regularities for two main reasons: Firstly, according to an argument originally presented by Helen Beebee, the respective necessary connections might be time-limited, and hence do not warrant inferences about future cases. As I will discuss, arguments against the possibility or explanatory power of time-limited necessary connections fail. Secondly, even time-unlimited necessary connections do not entail strict or non-strict regularities, and nor do they allow inferences about individual cases, which is an important function of inductive reasoning. Moreover, the proposed solution to the problem of induction would only apply to a tiny minority of inductive inferences. I argue that most inductive inferences are not easily reducible to the proposed inference pattern, as the vast majority of everyday inductive inferences do not involve necessary connections between fundamental physical properties or essences.

Features of the legal status of individuals in international private law: theoretical and legal research

The article investigates the current state of problems associated with the legal regulation of individuals in international private law, is that recognition of a person to a higher value involves the implementation of the state protection of its rights and freedoms, the creation of systems of guaranteeing rights and legitimate interests on the basis of generally recognized Principles and norms of international law, constitutional regulations that determine the content of the legal status of the individual.
 The issues of legal entity in international private law were studied and investigated, since taking into account the existence of conflicting norms that determine the legal status of individual actors and the presence of a conflictive method of regulation of the industry, approaches to determining the elements of the legal personality of individuals, legal and the state. Each of the listed persons are inherent in its peculiarities in the end of its rights and the duties of the state by selecting the relevant legal regime and fixing it at the normative level. This is due to both physical and legal essence of the status of these subjects. However, it will still be collecting such a law and order that the relevant person has the closest connection and on the basis of which it is possible to use more effective means to protect the subjective rights of one or another subject.
 The peculiarity of the legal status of an individual is that, in another state, it is subject to two law enforcement: - to its domestic (law of citizenship (IEC Ratgiae) or the law of a permanent place of residence (IEH Domyslii), since it preserves legal connection with the state of its own Citizenship or permanent place of residence, the legal status of a citizen of his state, enjoys its protection, obey its laws, - the law and order of the state of stay (of that state, in which the individual is at a specific point).

APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCE FOR MULTI-CRETIRIAL ASSESSMENT OF LABOR SAFETY AS AN OBJECT OF QUALIMETRY

The subject matter of the article is the method of multi-criteria assessment of the indicator of labor safety in production. The goal of the work is to develop a methodology for applying functional dependence for multi-criteria assessment of labor safety in production, taking into account the characteristics of the system of harmful and dangerous production factors. The following task is solved in the article: to explore the possibility of using a functional dependence to obtain estimates of different-dimensional labor safety indicators on a dimensionless scale, while taking into account its unevenness and coordinating it with the characteristics of hazardous factors in production. Methods are used: qualimetry and mathematical statistics; expert. The following results were obtained: the existing functional dependencies between the measured values of quality indicators and their assessment on a dimensionless scale, which were used to evaluate qualimetry objects of various natures, were analyzed. It is shown that for an objective assessment of qualimetry objects, as a rule, nonlinear dependencies should be used. The main task of the researcher is to choose the type of nonlinear dependence; this requires additional scientific research. The tool for choosing one or another non-linear relationship is the understanding of the physical essence of the qualimetry object, that is, the understanding of the patterns of the relationship between the measured value of the qualimetry indicators and their assessment. For this, it is important to use the methods of expert assessments, because usually such patterns are unknown. The functional dependence used to obtain estimates of labor safety indicators in production is stepwise and includes a form parameter. By changing the shape parameter, the curvature of the dependence changes, thereby changing the estimate on the dimensionless scale. This feature of the applied dependence allows us to develop a universal methodology, that is, by changing the shape parameter, this dependence can be applied to various indicators of labor safety in any production. As an example, the article considers metallurgical production, while assessing the most dangerous factors. A step-by-step methodology for determining a generalized indicator of labor safety in production and an example of measured numerical values of hazardous factors has been developed, its effectiveness and versatility have been shown. Conclusions: to determine the generalized indicator of occupational safety at work, it is proposed to use the functional relationship between individual indicators of harmful production factors and their values on a dimensionless scale, which gives a quantitative assessment of occupational safety at work. With the help of the proposed method, you can make management decisions, which minimizes the deviation of the actual values of harmful factors from the optimal ones.

ADVANCED METHOD OF PROTECTION OF CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION FROM INTERCEPTION BY HIGH-FREQUENCY IMPOSITION METHODS

The processes of formation of technical channels of leakage of confidential information on objects of information activity by methods of high-frequency imposition, physical essence of process of formation of dangerous signals by modulation of probing high-frequency signal by acoustic signals, conditions of formation of basic and auxiliary technical means and systems of dangerous signals are considered. As a basis for improvement, a method of blocking information interception channels by high-frequency imposition is used, in which target active noise protection signals are introduced into the medium used to supply probing oscillations, aimed at destroying informative parameters of dangerous signal with different types of carrier modulation. It is proposed to form a set of protective signals for the destruction of informative parameters of dangerous signals both on the fundamental frequency and on the combinational harmonics of the probing signal, which provides more effective protection of confidential information from interception. The parameters of effective noise protection signals, capable of destroying the informative parameters of dangerous signals of high-frequency imposition on the fundamental frequency and combinational harmonics of the probing signal, have been determined by mathematical and simulation modelling. Basic recommendations for the formation of protective signals are formulated.

Physical mechanism interpretation of polycrystalline metals’ yield strength via a data-driven method: A novel Hall–Petch relationship

The Hall–Petch relationship σy=σ0+kyd−0.5 is widely used to describe the relationship between yield strength and grain size of polycrystalline metals, and the material constants σ0 and ky fitted by experimental data are interpreted as lattice friction resistance and coefficient of grain boundary resistance, respectively. The frequent deviations from the Hall–Petch relationship between σy and d in coarser or finer grains, as well as the physical essence of σ0 and ky, have always been the focus of material scientists. In this study, intrinsic factors of the fitted constants σ0 and ky in the traditional Hall–Petch relationship are mined via a data-driven machine learning method, which reveals that the key physical quantities affecting σ0 are valence electron distance (S), cohesive energy (W), and coefficient of linear thermal expansion (lt); meanwhile, the key physical quantities affecting ky are grain boundary interface energy (γ), Young's modulus (E) and coefficient of linear thermal expansion (lt). Then, a novel Hall–Petch model σy=79W/(S3lt)+1.2γE/ltd−0.5 with satisfying prediction accuracy is constructed by symbolic regression methods. There is no experimental fitting constant term in the novel model, which can directly predict the yield strength of polycrystalline metals by key physical quantities. The novel Hall–Petch model has an excellent generalization ability and can be extended to the correlation calculation between the composition, grain structure and mechanical properties of single-phase alloys, which provides a theoretical method for the trans-scale calculation of metallic materials.

Plastic Solution of the Main Heroine's Image in J. Bizet's Opera "Carmen"

The author of the article considered the peculiarities of the plastic interpretation of Carmen image in Bizet's opera in terms of the concept of "Soul and body: opposition or harmony?". The urgency of the study is due to the need to rethink the image of the protagonist in the new paradigm of theatrical art. The purpose of the study is to determine the stylistic features of the plastic solution of the image of the main character in the evolutionary development of the role-playing game. The author of the research applied the methodology based on an integrated approaches conditioned by the synthesis of the comparative method (innovative approaches of the composer to the opera), genrestylistic method (specifics of dance in opera), analytical method (characteristic features of Carmen's image), interpretive method (plastic interpretation of the metamorphoses of the spiritual and physical principles of the protagonist). The scientific novelty lies in the delineation of significant changes in the relationship between the spiritual and the corporeal in the plastic communication of Jose and Carmen. J. Bizet's innovative approaches to the composition of the opera "Carmen" are clarified which consists in identifying the following points: the creation of a realistic psychological drama, its expansion beyond the genre of comic opera; choosing a new type of the main character, who acts as herald of female images cult in the decadence era. The author emphasizes the important place of dance in the plastic images of the main characters of the opera, its effectiveness in the development of the plot line of the work in contrast to the illustrative divertissement samples of previous operas. The "exotic" type of the main heroine is outlined, whose appearance in theatrical themes became an announcer of the formation of the fundamental beginnings of the Art Nouveau style. The symbolic moments of plastic communication between Jose (rhythmic pantomime) and Carmen (dance pantomime) prove the gradual evolution of the spiritual and physical essences of the main character from opposition to harmony. Prospects for further explorations in terms of compositional and architectural solutions of mass ballet scenes in accordance with modern realities are predicted.

Quantum Computing in a Statistical Context

Quantum computing is widely considered a frontier of interdisciplinary research and involves fields ranging from computer science to physics and from chemistry to engineering. On the one hand, the stochastic essence of quantum physics results in the random nature of quantum computing; thus, there is an important role for statistics to play in the development of quantum computing. On the other hand, quantum computing has great potential to revolutionize computational statistics and data science. This article provides an overview of the statistical aspect of quantum computing. We review the basic concepts of quantum computing and introduce quantum research topics such as quantum annealing and quantum machine learning, which require statistics to be understood.

The Asymptotic Structure of Strained Chain-Branching Premixed Flames

ABSTRACT The asymptotic structure of stretched chain-branching premixed flames with unity Lewis numbers is analyzed with the Zel’dovich-Liñán two-step mechanism, including (I) temperature-sensitive autocatalytic chain-branching step and (II) first-order chain-recombination step with combustion heat release. Depending on the order-of-magnitude of the Damköhler number ratio between the branching and recombination reactions, three distinct asymptotic limits, namely the fast, intermediate and slow recombination regimes, emerge with their own distinct multi-layer asymptotic structures. Our attention is focused on the asymptotic chain-branching flame-structure analysis within the framework of the intermediate recombination regime, in which the recombination layer is asymptotically thicker than the branching layer, but thinner than the outer convective-diffusive layer. The multi-layer asymptotics, involving the Damköhler number asymptotics for the recombination layer and the activation-energy asymptotics for the branching layer, yields the chain-branching flame-structure solution. The calculation results reveal the unique characteristics of strained chain-branching flames. First, the chain-carrier concentration and temperature at the branching reaction sheet are found to be constant irrespective of the strain rate. The chain-carrier concentration increases as the recombination reaction becomes slower. Moreover, the chain-carrier concentration at the branching reaction sheet is found to be proportional to the laminar flame speed. However, no quasisteady extinction was observed in any calculation results because the branching-reaction rate manages to maintain its strength thanks to the invariant branching-layer temperature. It is worthwhile to note that the present two-step model for chain-branching flames is perhaps the simplest asymptotic model, involving the minimum number of kinetic parameters to properly describe the asymptotic structure without losing any physical essence.

Irreversibility evaluation for transport processes revisited

The entropy generation has been widely used for evaluating irreversibility of transport processes and optimize their performance. However, there still exist challenges against this methodology. This work revisits the irreversibility evaluation in typical transport processes. The irreversibility indicator of transport processes is proposed combining aspects of physical essence and practical application. It is expected to be able to recover the constitutive relation, characterize the evolution direction of process, and optimize standalone transport processes. The entropy generation rate is examined against these conditions, and results show that it fails to meet them. These failures challenge the legitimacy of entropy generation rate in characterizing transport processes’ irreversibility. In contrast, the irreversibility of heat, mass, and momentum diffusion processes can be measured by the entransy dissipation, mass entransy dissipation, and momentum entransy dissipation, respectively. A one-dimensional “volume-to-point” heat conduction and a mass diffusion optimization problem are numerically studied, respectively. Results show that the entransy dissipation-based optimization reduces the average temperature by 3–5 K, giving a better performance than entropy generation optimization, which increases the average temperature up to 17.55 K. In the mass diffusion problem, the mass entransy dissipation-based optimization reduces the average concentration by 3.67%, showing a much better performance than the entropy generation optimization, which yields a 26% increase. Finally, these irreversibility indicators are found to be equivalent to their corresponding energy dissipations.

Bearing Capacity near Support Areas of Continuous Reinforced Concrete Beams and High Grillages

This work presents a proposed engineering method for calculating the bearing capacity of the supporting sections of continuous monolithic reinforced concrete tape beams, which combine pressed or driven reinforced concrete piles into a single foundation design. According to the mechanics of reinforced concrete, it is recommended to consider the grillage to be a continuous reinforced concrete beam, which, as a rule, collapses according to the punching scheme above the middle support (pile caps), with the possible formation of a plastic hinge above it. The justification for the proposed method included the results of experimental studies, comparisons of the experimental tensile shear force with the results of calculations according to the design standards of developed countries, and modeling of the stress-strain state of the continuous beam grillage in the extreme span and above the middle support-pile adverse transverse load in the form of concentrated forces. The work is important, as it reveals the physical essence of the phenomenon and significantly clarifies the physical model of the operation of inclined sections over the middle support. The authors assessed the influence of design factors in continuous research elements, and on the basis of this, the work of the investigated elements under a transverse load was simulated in the Lira-Sapr PC to clarify the stress-strain state and confirm the scheme of their destruction adopted in the physical model by the finite element method in nonlinear formulation. Based on the analysis and comparison of the experimental and simulation results, a design model was proposed for bearing capacity near the supporting sections of continuous reinforced concrete beams and high grillages that is capable of adequately determining their strength.

Physical and Biological Essence of Coefficients in the Willis Equation for Study of Algal Compositions in Mountain Lakes of East Siberia

Physical and Biological Essence of Coefficients in the Willis Equation for Study of Algal Compositions in Mountain Lakes of East Siberia

Review on Parad Doshaand its Shodhana

Rasa shastra has given an auspicious position to Paradaas it has been considered as the physical essence of Lord Shiva. Vedas also consider Parada as a gift of nature. The classical test Rasaratna Samucchaya states that “Siddhae rase Karishyami Nirdraaridrayam agadam jagat” exposes the magical effect of Parada. Even though, administration of Asudha Paradacauses severe illness than that of poison. As it is associated with a lot of impurities, it is advised to do both Samanya Shodhana, and Visesha Shodhana(general and specific purificatory methods before its internal administration. Otherwise these impurities may cause various toxic effects in body ranging from mild fever to death. Hence Rasa acharyas mentioned a number of purificatory procedures both general and specific to eliminate the doshas associated with Parada. As per modern science Mercury comes inthree forms (Elemental, inorganic and organic), each with its own set of symptoms. The brain is the primary target organ for breathed mercury vapor, whereas mercurous and mercuric salts harm the gut lining and kidneys, confirming persistent exposure and methyl mercury are widely disseminated throughout the body.This article focuses on various doshas associated with Parada and its purificatory procedures.