МЕТОДИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИВЧЕННЯ ОСНОВ ТЕОРІЇ ФЛУКТУАЦІЙ У КУРСІ ТЕОРЕТИЧНОЇ ФІЗИКИ ПЕДАГОГІЧНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ

Abstract

The article deals with the theoretical aspects and practical implementation of the author's methodological approach in teaching the basics of fluctuation theory of the course of theoretical physics in Pedagogical University, which is important in the fundamental training of pre-service physics teachers. It is noted that despite the availability of various literary sources, methodological value and originality of the author's approaches in covering the main issues of the course, the need to improve the methodology of its teaching in modern conditions of modernization of higher pedagogical education in the context of European requirements and realities is quite obvious and natural. It is noted that the effective mastery of the basic principles of the theory of fluctuations of theoretical physics, taking into account the principles of fundamentality and professional orientation will contribute to the maximum conciseness of the mathematical apparatus, content compactness, unity, clarity and consistency of teaching material. The author proposes to study the fluctuations of the basic thermodynamic quantities of a macrosystem (energy, volume, density, temperature, entropy, pressure) using two Gibbs lemmas. Molecular scattering of light and its consequences are elucidated according to Rayleigh's law, in conditions when the dimensions of the inhomogeneities of the strucure due to the thermal motion of particles is small in comparison with the wavelength of light. The derivation of the Einstein-Smolukhovsky formula for Brownian motion is proposed according to primary sources with emphasis on the analysis of its physical essence, connection with the second law of thermodynamics, experimental determination based on it in the early twentieth century Boltzmann's constant as a decisive argument in favour of the molecular kinetic theory of the structure of matter and the whole concept of statistical physics. The organization of the educational process on the basis of the methodological approach that was proposed by the author testifies to its effectiveness, which is confirmed by the level of cognitive activity and the results of the final modular control of applicants in recent years. Key words: professional competence of pre-service physics teacher, theoretical physics, theory of fluctuations.