Physical Equivalence Research Articles

Применение нейроморфных электроактивных макроячеек для повышения надежности пространственной ориентации

Neural network architecture based on polymer macrocells acting as neural elements and capable to generate electrically conductive synaptic junctions is developed. The architecture of a neural network processor where each component can record and produce a response to energy effects of different nature: electrical, optical and electrostatic has been developed. This function of the neural network eliminates the limitations related to the perception of the input information only by the input layer of the neural network processor. The impact of the influence of different input data representations on the information processing by the macrocell has been studied. The efficiency of temporal and electrical degradation of a neural network macrocell as a complex phenomenon directed on adaptation of a neural network to this process and generation of an algorithm for distribution of elements of a tutorial sample evenly over the total volume of available neural cells has been studied. The article studies a method of generation of episodic circulating memory, which significantly improves the speed of generation of a solution by the network, taking into account the gravitational interaction with macrocells. The revealed specific nature of the influence of the gravitational field on the functioning of neural network clusters was the basis for natural selection of cells by the performed properties depending on the spatial position in the neural network architecture. A method of exposure of the cell to physical equivalents of tutorial sample elements converted into different energy patterns to control the configuration of the macrocell using all available modes of information perception has been provided. Each exposure containing information on the tutorial element (optical and electrostatic) supports the generated generalising abilities of the neural macrocells composition. Practical significance of the performed research comprises the designed neural network system, which achieves an increase in performance due to self-organising oscillating neural clusters. The developed neural network model is used to reduce radio deviation and associated navigation errors due to conductive obstacles or atmospheric formations.

Perspektywa mitoznawcza w naukach historyczno-prawnych

The notion of myth is used in legal science very rarely. When it appears, it usually happens in simplified, popular science publications. Basic, “classical” traces of such kind constitute rather linguistic ornaments than scientific explanations. However, in legal science we relatively often deal with statements or phenomena that do not have simple physical or material equivalents. This opens up a mythological perspective, an introduction to the world of duty, obligation, promise. The paper aims at presenting and defining myth in a way that allows one to use it in legal history without diverting its traditional meaning established in religious studies and social anthropology. The author believes that the myth is an inseparable part of the definition of law, certain views of natural law and notions of justice and human rights.

Lunar regolith water ice simulation method and characterization

The exploration of lunar water resources has always been a cutting-edge topic in human space exploration. This paper presents a method for gas deposition and ice formation to simulate the mixture of ice and regolith in lunar polar shadowed regions. Following the principles of “physical structure equivalence and environmental parameter approximation,” based on the principle of water molecule deposition and adsorption in a cold trap environment, water ice is converted into water vapor by raising the temperature in a vacuum environment. Then, water molecules deposit and adsorb on the surface of dry, low-temperature mineral particles, forming an ice film under the action of the cold trap capture principle. The morphology and occurrence status of the particle surface ice film has been obtained through microscopic characterization of the samples in a cold environment. Vacuum pressure monitoring equipment is used to verify the pressure changes of water during the sublimation and deposition, and the phase diagram of water is analyzed to understand its state changes within the simulated setup. Samples are retrieved from a high-purity nitrogen glove box, and their water content is verified using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effectiveness of the proposed lunar regolith simulation method is validated through macroscopic and microscopic approaches. This method provides high-fidelity samples for lunar water resource utilization, scientific exploration, and payload development on the Moon.

A three-dimensional numerical model for computing the actual voltage induced in a Barkhausen surface coil

This investigation presents a novel three-dimensional simulation model designed for the analysis of Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN). The model’s formulation is directly deduced from Maxwell’s equations, establishing a Boundary Value Problem (BVP) with boundary conditions tailored to a specific configuration involving a lengthy steel rod encased within a solenoid, subjected to sinusoidal current excitation, all contained within an air enclosure. This chosen configuration holds physical equivalence to the majority of setups commonly utilized in Barkhausen experiments. Utilizing the proposed three-dimensional model, it became feasible, for the first time, to computationally assess the voltage induced in the coil by the flux emanating from all spatial directions. The findings indicate that the MBN signal is primarily generated by the flux rate aligned with the direction of the applied field. Nevertheless, simulations confirm additional contributions to the signal originating from magnetic flux in directions significantly deviating from the applied field direction. It is demonstrated that these contributions from lateral flux significantly influence the angular dependence of the Barkhausen signal energy, showcasing a notable alignment between the proposed model and experimental results. The results underscore the capability of the proposed model to facilitate the simulation of Barkhausen Noise.

Shaping the future of industry: Understanding the dynamics of industrial digital twins

A digital twin (DT) is a representation of anything in the real-world that gets updates from both its physical and environmental equivalents. As a result, it is seen as the cornerstone of Industry 4.0 and the wave of innovation to come since it connects virtual cyberspace with actual physical entities. Virtualization of machinery control, use of data analysis in decision-making, and information flow through the Internet are some trends in Industrial Digital Twins (IDTs). IDT is one of the possible digital technologies that are currently being developed to facilitate digital transformation and decision-making in many industrial sectors. Even after more than two decades, the concept of digital twin is continuously developing, taking new forms like IDT as it permeates industries and applications. This has led to an ever-growing diversity of definitions, which poses a danger to the concept’s clarity and might result in the technology’s use ineffectively. To define what qualifies an IDT and what does not, there is a requirement for a comprehensive description with well-defined criteria. A digital representation of a physical process enables safe management, remote control, and simulations of the process. This paper offers recommendations for creating a Digital Twin architecture that incorporates the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and modern technology, integrating aforementioned features in an experimental application. Additionally, the article concentrates on the IDT characteristics, major technological practices behind IDT, related sustainable solutions, and major use-cases. Furthermore, the existing challenges are explored with a specific focus on the open issues and related future opportunities.

The Hole Argument without the notion of isomorphism

In this paper, I argue that the Hole Argument can be formulated without using the notion of isomorphism, and for this reason it is not threatened by the criticism of Halvorson and Manchak (Br J Philos Sci, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1086/719193). Following Earman and Norton (Br J Philos Sci 38, pp. 515–525, 1987), I divide the Hole Argument into two steps: the proof of the Gauge Theorem and the transition from the Gauge Theorem to the conclusion of radical indeterminism. In the analaysis of the first step, I argue that the Gauge Theorem does not rely on the notion of isomorphism but on the notion of the diffeomorphism-invariance of the equations of local spacetime theories; however, for this approach to work, the definition of local spacetime theories needs certain amendments with respect to Earman and Norton’s formulation. In the analysis of the second step, I postulate that we should use the notion of radical indeterminism instead of indeterminism simpliciter and that we should not decide in advance what kind of maps are to be used in comparing models. Instead, we can tentatively choose some kind of maps for this purpose and check whether a given choice leads to radical indeterminism involving empirically indistinguishable models. In this way, the use of the notion of isomorphism is also avoided in the second step of the Hole Argument. A general picture is that physical equivalence can be established by means of an iterative procedure in which we examine various candidate classes of maps, and, depending on the outcomes, we need to broaden or narrow these classes. The Hole Argument can be viewed as a particular instance of this procedure.

Symmetries and Representation

AbstractIt is often said in physics that if two models of a theory are related by a symmetry, then the two models provide (or could provide) two different representations of the very same situation, alike the case of two maps of different color for the very same city. It is also said that the situations represented by two models of a theory are indiscernible in some ways when the models in question are related by a symmetry of the theory, just like the situation in the interior of the cabin of a train when the train is at rest in the station is empirically indiscernible from the situation in the interior when the train is moving uniformly (in classical mechanics, these two situations are represented by two models related by a boost). In recent years, philosophers of physics have focused a lot of attention in developing various principles that aim to elucidate these and similar remarks on symmetries, models, physical equivalence, and representation that are widespread in physics practice. The goal of the current article is to provide a critical review of these principles, and suggest a new framework for thinking about these kinds of questions. One important upshot of the paper is that questions of indiscernibility, and questions of the representational capacity of models, must be distinguished from one another.

Physical activity dose for generalized anxiety disorder & worry: Results from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing

The lowest moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) dose that conveys protection for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and worry is unknown. This study quantified associations of weekly accumulated MVPA doses with GAD and worry across 10 years using data from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Continuous MVPA (metabolic equivalent of task [MET] minutes per week [MET.min.week−1]; e.g., moderate-intensity brisk walking = 4METs), three-dose and, more precise, five-dose MVPA categories were examined. Worry symptoms and GAD status were measured using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire-Abbreviated and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Multivariable negative random effect binomial regression and logistic models adjusted for relevant covariates quantified associations across time. Among the 7,650 participants, compared to no MVPA (0 MET.min.week−1), 18 % (OR: 0.82; 95 %CI: [0.69–0.98]), 22 % (OR: 0.78; [ 0.64–0.95]) and 31 % (OR: 0.69; [0.59–0.79]) lower odds of GAD were found for the doses of 1-<600, 600-<1,200 and ≥2,400 MET.min.week−1 respectively. Post-hoc analysis demonstrated 47 % lower odds (OR: 0.53; (0.36–0.78) of GAD for 1-<200 MET.min.week1 compared to inactivity. Compared to no activity, engaging in even minimal physical activity equivalent of 10 min/day for five days/week of moderate-intensity activity (e.g., brisk walking), may lower the risk of GAD over time among older adults.

Study on physical explosion equivalent of large diameter and high pressure natural gas pipeline

High pressure natural gas pipelines are prone to material failure and explosion due to various reasons. Over the years, scholars have done in-depth research on the process of chemical explosion. In this paper, the energy components of high-pressure trunk natural gas pipeline under normal operation state were derived. Based on the assumption of adiabatic non isentropic, the pressure distribution in the pipeline within a period of time after the pipeline cracks was derived, and the energy released by the physical explosion of the pipeline was further derived. To verify the theoretical results, an original size pipe explosion experiment was organized, and the pressure distribution obtained from the experiment was found to be in good agreement with the theoretical calculation results. Through the crack propagation time and the duration of ground motion obtained from the experiment, the range of the duration of the pipeline burst crack impact was obtained, and the equivalent range of the pipeline explosion was further calculated. At the same time, through the regression analysis of ground motion, the equivalent of the pipe explosion in this experiment was about 177 kg TNT, which was consistent with the theoretical results. Further, the theoretical model and experimental results were verified by numerical simulation, and deeply studied the influence factors of buried depth on the explosion equivalent, as well as the relationship between the environment of the pipeline and the explosion damage mode and hazard range of the pipeline. The research results of this paper give the calculation method and magnitude range of physical explosion equivalent of high-pressure trunk natural gas pipeline. It provides a reference for the formulation of safety standards for high-pressure trunk natural gas pipelines and inert gas pressure vessels.

ПРОИЗВОДСТВО ГОЛУБИКИ И КЛУБНИКИ В РАМКАХ ЯГОДНОГО ПОДКОМПЛЕКСА

Until 2014, due to the growth of income and, as a result, demand, there was a positive trend towards an increase in the physical equivalent of the market size of fruit and berry crops with incredible import rates. As we remember, Russian agriculture was systematically recovering after the recession in the 1990s. The cultivation of fruit and berry crops is one of the central directions of providing the Russian population with a vitamin complex, which is important for the normalization of lifestyle. This article analyzes the profitability of growing berries within the berry subcomplex on the example of strawberries, as one of the most common crops, and blueberries, as a fairly new crop in our country.

Effect of Low-Pass Filtering on Passivity and Rendering Performance of Series Elastic Actuation.

We study the effect of low-pass filtering on the passivity and performance of series elastic actuation (SEA) under velocity-sourced impedance control (VSIC) while rendering virtual linear springs and the null impedance. We analytically derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for the passivity of SEA under VSIC with filters in the loop. We demonstrate that low-pass filtered velocity feedback of the inner motion controller amplifies the noise at the outer force loop, necessitating the force controller also be equipped with low-pass filtering. We derive passive physical equivalents of the closed-loop systems to provide intuitive explanations of the passivity bounds and to rigorously compare the performance of controllers with and without low-pass filtering. We show that, while low-pass filtering improves the rendering performance by decreasing the parasitic damping effects and allowing for higher motion controller gains, it also introduces more strict bounds on the range of passively renderable stiffness. We experimentally verify the passive stiffness rendering bounds and performance improvements for SEA under VSIC with filtered velocity feedback.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome, its continuous severity score, and correlated cardiovascular risk among postmenopausal women of a selected rural area of Bangladesh

Background: Our primary objective was to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among postmenopausal women (PMW) and evaluate the correlation of its severity score with the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In addition, we compared the distribution of CVD risk and risk factors among PMW with or without MetS. Methods: We recruited 265 PMW of 40-70 years of age from February to December 2016 who had no CVD. The MetS was defined according to modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and MetS severity score was constructed using a standardized Z score. CVD risk was assessed using the lab-based Globorisk score. Results: About 35.1% of the PMW had MetS. The proportion of central obesity, generalized obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes, and hypertension were higher among those with MetS than those without. A highly significant CVD risk score difference (P&lt;0.001) was observed between the subjects with or without MetS. Similarly, CVD risk showed a significant linear correlation (P&lt;0.001) with the MetS severity score, which was adjusted for several confounders. Conclusion: One-third of PMW in a selected rural area of Bangladesh had MetS and its severity score showed a significant correlation with CVD risk. A large-scale study is warranted to confirm the current findings with more precision. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal 2023;16(3): 133-138

A multiscale optimization methodology for cyclic elastoplastic performance of beam-pile joint member in pile-supported wharf

A material-member-structure multiscale optimization methodology, which can be utilized for improving the elastoplastic behaviour of the beam-pile joint member in pile-supported wharf under cyclic loading, was developed on the base of the application of high-specific stiffness material. Based on the representative volume element (RVE) method, the parameterized relations between the mesoscale phases (e.g., steel fibers, interfacial transition zone, and matrix) and macroscale homogenized elastoplasticity of ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) reinforced with steel fibers were obtained under periodic boundary conditions. The physical equivalence relation between material scale and member scale was established by utilizing the refined constitutive model with the macroscopic mechanical parameters and exponential decay damage evolution factors. UHPC material property tests and cyclic loading tests of small-scale beam-pile joint specimens were performed respectively, and the results were analyzed and utilized to validate the numerical model and multiscale optimization method. Using the computational platform ABAQUS, the cyclic elastoplastic performances of the novel beam-pile joint members were evaluated numerically by pseudo-static hysteretic loading. As an illustration, a multiscale modelling approach for the pile-supported wharf frame system was presented and employed to assess the seismic performance improvement through the optimization of the beam-pile joint members. The coupled solution of refined member damage and large-scale structural bearing capacity was realized by utilizing the deformation coordination condition and force balance equation, which bridges the member scale and structure scale. This study aims to provide a reference for future design and optimization of the joint members in marine frame structures, to enhance cyclic bearing capacities and reduce reinforcement consumptions.

Motivationalism vs. interpretationalism about symmetries: some options overlooked in the debate about the relationship between symmetries and physical equivalence

In the recent philosophical debate about the relationship between symmetries and physical equivalence, two approaches have been distinguished: motivationalism and interpretationalism. In this paper, I point out that there are variants of interpretationalism that have not been taken into account by the proponents of motivationalism. I also argue that some of these overlooked variants of interpretationalism are not prone to the motivationalists’ criticism and overall are the most attractive positions available.

Estimation of [ldquo]Physical Activity Level Equivalence[rdquo] of Energy Expenditure in Adults with Severe and Complicated Obesity

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

The Effect of a Physical Activity Program Using WhatsApp on Adolescents' Exercise Behavior.

This study aims to demonstrate the effect of a transtheoretical model (TTM)-based physical activity program on the exercise behavior of adolescents using WhatsApp. The study was conducted with high school students (N = 185) in a pre-/posttest, quasi-experimental design. TTM-based text messages were sent to the intervention group (n = 95) over WhatsApp every day for 8 weeks. The intervention group demonstrated more statistically significant progression in the exercising stages of change compared to the control group (n = 90) (χ2 = 20.10; p = .00). It was also found that this group had a higher exercising self-efficacy score (t = 2.647; p = .009) and a higher physical activity total metabolic equivalent of task score (Z = -3.521; p = .000). There was no significant difference in BMI and perception of pros and cons (p > .05). The program was found to be effective in terms of recording progress in the exercising stages of change, increasing exercising self-efficacy, and maintaining a physical activity program.

7-Instant Discrete-Time Synthesis Model Solving Future Different-Level Linear Matrix System via Equivalency of Zeroing Neural Network

Differing from the common linear matrix equation, the future different-level linear matrix system is considered, which is much more interesting and challenging. Because of its complicated structure and future-computation characteristic, traditional methods for static and same-level systems may not be effective on this occasion. For solving this difficult future different-level linear matrix system, the continuous different-level linear matrix system is first considered. On the basis of the zeroing neural network (ZNN), the physical mathematical equivalency is thus proposed, which is called ZNN equivalency (ZE), and it is compared with the traditional concept of mathematical equivalence. Then, on the basis of ZE, the continuous-time synthesis (CTS) model is further developed. To satisfy the future-computation requirement of the future different-level linear matrix system, the 7-instant discrete-time synthesis (DTS) model is further attained by utilizing the high-precision 7-instant Zhang et al. discretization (ZeaD) formula. For a comparison, three different DTS models using three conventional ZeaD formulas are also presented. Meanwhile, the efficacy of the 7-instant DTS model is testified by the theoretical analyses. Finally, experimental results verify the brilliant performance of the 7-instant DTS model in solving the future different-level linear matrix system.

Fashion and game design as hybrid practices: approaches in education to creating fashion-related experiences in digital worlds

ABSTRACT Collaborations between fashion and digital game design practitioners are intended to provide new fashion-related experiences in digital worlds, yet often result in garment designs that resemble physical equivalents rather than constituting innovative experiences. This research aimed to investigate possible criteria for developing digital design practices in higher education in fashion design that are informed by industry experts’ experiences of fashion and digital game design. Specialists from both industries were interviewed to investigate how fashion design practices can create meaningful content for digital worlds. The findings suggest that fashion design practitioners in higher-education need to better understand the technical and socio-dynamic peculiarities of digital worlds to create meaningful fashion-related outcomes, rather than recreating physical fashion in the digital realm. The findings further suggest that fashion designers would benefit from learning about digital software, tools, and methods that are shared by digital-native design disciplines to allow for connected workflows.

Mass-area equivalence in classical physics and aspects of mutual shielding of objects

The physical and mathematical aspects of the mutual spatial shielding of interacting elements in the framework of classical physics are considered. The mass-area equivalence is introduced for the formal unification of the Newtonian theory of gravity with the kinetic theories of Descartes-Fatio-Le Sage. A mathematical equation describing the dependence of the mutual shielding of objects on their size, number and relative location is proposed. Spatial mutual shielding is considered for mass-forming elements—nucleons in the atomic nucleus and atomic nuclei in ordinary substances. The close shielding is distinguished when the distance between the shielding elements is commensurate with their size, which is typical for nucleons in atomic nuclei and the far shielding, when the distance between the elements is much larger than their size, which is typical for atomic nuclei in ordinary substances. An analytical expression for the binding energy of nucleons in atomic nucleus is obtained. It allows us to estimate the distance between nucleons in the nucleus and consider stability of nuclei as a function of the distance between nucleons, which increases due to an increase in the Coulomb repulsion force with an increase in the number of protons. One of the three ideas of Dirac, presented by him for the further development of the physical theory, is implemented: taking into account the sizes of elementary particles—nucleons.

Restored saltmarshes have low beta diversity due to limited topographic variation, but this can be countered by management

Abstract Spatial heterogeneity of species (beta diversity) is an important attribute of ecological communities, but is less frequently considered when assessing restoration success than other aspects of diversity (gamma and alpha). Differences in beta diversity between restored and natural sites may arise due to differences in environmental heterogeneity. We used a nested sampling design to survey plant communities and environmental conditions (elevation, redox potential and metrics of topography) on four pairs of restored and natural saltmarshes. We assessed whether there were differences in both alpha and beta diversity between natural and restored sites and analysed their environmental drivers. Topography was an important driver of plant alpha diversity and beta diversity on saltmarshes. The effects of topography were partly indirect, mediated though changes in redox potential, but topography also influenced plant communities independently of both elevation and redox. Restored saltmarshes were less heterogeneous in topography than natural marshes. This reduced topography was reflected in lower beta diversity; plant communities 1 m apart in natural marshes were as dissimilar as those found 20 m apart in restored marshes. Large‐scale topographic manipulation carried out at one site a decade after initial restoration successfully increased topographic heterogeneity and increased beta diversity when surveyed 3 years after manipulation. These changes were still evident when resurveyed after a further 2 years. Synthesis and applications. Increasing environmental heterogeneity can improve restoration outcomes by increasing beta diversity on restored sites. The effect of environmental heterogeneity is likely to be particularly strong within intertidal habitats such as saltmarshes, where small changes in topography can determine whether a species can occur at a given location. Topographic manipulation is a feasible post‐restoration technique that can be applied to ensure restored saltmarshes better meet policy targets of biological, physical and functional equivalence with natural marshes.