Physical Displacement Research Articles

The specter of the “art-less city”: Locating artists in Philadelphia’s creative economy

ABSTRACT Artists and creativity are on the urban agenda. Scholars and policymakers have embraced the role of artists as key drivers of economic growth and urban vitality. Yet, accounts of artists’ agency often reduce artists to members of a creative class, rendering the arts an instrument for economic growth and erasing important class and racial differences in the field. This paper centers artists’ perspectives through four focus group discussions with artists in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Participatory mapping exercises produced narratives about artists’ experiences with two kinds of displacement: physical displacement from neighborhoods and places where artists live and work; and displacement from the creative cities narrative. Displacement raises the specter of what we call the “art-less” city, where a broad swath of art-making is evacuated from the city. We contrast this with the “artful” city, where artists are supported as workers with the means to produce their work and flourish in life.

Emplaced Displacement and Public Housing Redevelopment: From Physical Displacement to Social, Cultural, and Economic Replacement

ABSTRACT This article reports on a study of the Waterloo public housing estate in Sydney, Australia. In 2015, the state government announced the inner-city estate would be redeveloped to accommodate some affordable/social dwellings (30%) but with the majority of new dwellings being private market housing (70%). Based on ethnographic research conducted with residents of Waterloo between 2010 and 2017, we analyze the Waterloo redevelopment as an example of emplaced displacement. We draw on the work of geographer Doreen Massey and legal scholar Sarah Keenan to understand place as more than physical space, allowing us to conceptualize displacement as something more than simply the movement of people from one physical place to another. We bring to the fore the subjective experience of place, as articulated by public housing tenants, demonstrating that although they remain physically in place, the threat of eviction posed by the redevelopment significantly alters tenants’ spatial, sociocultural, and temporal relationship to place (i.e., the spaces tenants carry with them). The concept of embodied displacement seeks to capture the spatiotemporal diversity of low-income public renters’ experiences of loss of place.

Novel Surface Mechanomyography Sensor Assessment Of Hamstrings Contraction During A Neuromuscular Control Screening Task

PURPOSE: Hamstring strain is a common injury among athletes. Asymmetries in muscle balance and activation are potential injury risk factors. Surface mechanomyography (sMMG) sensors are wearable devices that when applied across a muscle group provide a novel measurement of physical muscle output during a contraction. The purpose of this study is to assess 1) the relationship of sMMG’s muscle bulk displacement measurement to force generation and 2) sMMG detection of hamstrings contraction timing compared to the clinical standard method of electromyography (EMG). METHODS: Healthy, active individuals (mean age= 30.0 ±10.77 y, n=9, 6 males, 3 females) underwent hamstrings neuromuscular control assessment with simultaneous recording of EMG and sMMG by sensors applied to the right hamstrings. Subjects performed a series of 3 resisted “make-test” isometric hamstring curls against a hand-held dynamometer (HHD). Raw sMMG data and 6th order Butterworth filter and TKEO processed EMG data were used in timing analyses. Paired T-tests and a Pearson correlation assessed relationships between measurement modalities. RESULTS: Peak hamstrings muscle bulk displacement detected by sMMG (mean= 4.02 ±1.04 mm) positively correlated with HHD maximum force generation (mean= 28.84 ±12.13 lb), r2= 0.850. There was no significant difference in the timing duration of muscle contraction between EMG (mean= 4.443 ±0.573 s) and sMMG (mean= 4.469 ±0.623 s), p= 0.279. CONCLUSIONS: Results are consistent with physiologic expectations that increased physical muscle bulk displacement during a contraction is associated with greater force. Similarity in time signatures with EMG support findings of successful sMMG detection of hamstrings contraction (Figure 1). The sMMG sensor may be helpful for assessing hamstrings muscle performance of both force output and timing as part of neuromuscular control screening for injury prevention, rehabilitation monitoring, or return-to-sport readiness.

Contrasting phase field method and pairwise force smoothed particle hydrodynamics method in simulating multiphase flow through fracture-vug medium

Strong heterogeneity and anisotropy result in complex flow and relatively low oil recovery in fractured-vuggy reservoirs. In this work, we assess the Cahn-Hilliard phase field method (PFM) and the pairwise force smoothed particle hydrodynamics (PF-SPH) method in modeling 2D multiphase flow through fracture-vug medium, in terms of different capillary numbers, mobility ratios, gravity, and wettability. Comparing the results of numerical simulations and physical experiments, the results of the PF-SPH method are closer to the physical experimental displacement process than those of the PFM, and the PF-SPH method is found to be computationally more efficient and accurate than the PFM. The experimental and numerical results reveal that when the injection velocity, represented via logarithm of the capillary number (LCN), is not greater than −4 (gas phase case) or −2.3 (water phase case) in the fracture-vug medium, the gravitative differentiation of the oil-gas or oil-water is significant, and the oil-gas or oil-water flow is a stable stratified flow. When the injection velocity LCN exceeds −3 (gas phase case) or −1.3 (water phase case) in the vertical section, the gravitative differentiation of the oil-gas or oil-water is not obvious, and the fluid flow pattern appears as an unstable jet flow.

Formation mechanism and location distribution of blockage during polymer flooding

The blockage produced during polymer flooding can lead to a significant decline in reservoir productivity. The composition of the oilfield scale is very complicated, and formation mechanism and location distribution of blockage are unclear. In this work, the composition of the oilfield scale produced during polymer flooding was analyzed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectrum analysis (FI-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy observation (SEM). The formation mechanism of the blockage was studied by means of water compatibility experiment, core flooding experiment, swelling experiment, and polymer retention experiment. The location distribution of blockage was explored by physical simulation displacement experiment using the long sand pack tube. The results show that the oilfield scale is composed of polymer, inorganic substances, water, and crude oil. Various components are interdependent and entangled in the scale. After the polymer solution is injected into the formation, the “fish eye” scale and inorganic salt crystal/polymer scale are produced in the near-injection well zone. Through scale migration and fine particle exfoliation, there occurs the complex composite scale combined by migrated scale and fine particles as well as the newly-generated fine particle/polymer flocculent scale. When the scale encounters with crude oil, the asphaltene from crude oil can be adsorbed and precipitated on the scale surface, leading to the oil-wrapped composite scale. Besides, the injected polymer can be adsorbed and captured in the oil layer, causing the decrease of the layer permeability. With decrease of oil layer permeability, various scale is deposited and bridge-blocked in the oil layer, causing the blockage during the polymer flooding process. After three displacement stages of water flooding, polymer flooding, and subsequent water flooding, blockage is produced in all zones of oil layer, with the most severe blockage in the middle zone near the injection well. The study can provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent research on the blockage-removing fluid systems suitable for polymer flooding reservoirs.

Deslocamento e reconfiguração de espaço no cinema brasileiro: o caso de Linha de passe e Que horas ela volta?

In the present article, I examine Daniela Thomas and Walter Salles's Linha de passe (2008) and Anna Muylaert's Que horas ela volta? (2015). I argue that these films create new representational possibilities for subjects withincontemporary Brazilian culture by breaking with the dominant model of the favela as a predominantly masculine space that is essentially "out of control." This renegotiation brings with it a valorization of the subjectivity of women who work in the city. I argue that this valorization takes place in both films through the physical displacement of those who traditionally do not enjoy subject status and yet dare to enter territories previously denied to them.

The Functions of Deictic Words in the Representation of Migrants’ Experiences in NoViolet Bulawayo’s We Need New Names (2013)

Literature is one of the arenas of discourse where the meaning potential of language can be explored. Interestingly, literary language is more figurative than denotative. One of the functions of language in literary discourse is to represent reality. The reality literature represents varies, depending on the historical time and social events a writer focuses on. Some aspects of global reality captured in current literature include transnational migration, border crossing and how migrants negotiate their identities in new cultures and spaces. For the African writer, the foregoing is a source of inspiration for what has become known as the African migrant novel. Against this background, this paper explores the representation of migrant experiences with particular attention paid to the use of language. An aspect of language explored in this paper is the use of deictic words in NoViolet Bulawayo’s We Need New Names and the deployment of deictic forms, such as pronouns, verbs, and adverbs in order to specify personal and collective identity, physical and psychological displacement and spatiotemporal referencing in the novel. M. A. K. Halliday’s and Roger Fowler’s functional linguistic models are adopted as a theoretical framework within a descriptive and qualitative methodology. This paper notes that the recurrent use of the first-person pronoun in singular form (I) foregrounds the text as a Bildungsroman. It also underscores the process of self-evolution of Darling, the protagonist, from an a priori subject to a self-conscious a posteriori subject. The paper shows that deictic words as deployed in the novel enabled Bulawayo, the author, to create distinct narrative voices, from a personal voice to a collective voice. A guiding assumption of this paper is that it is not enough to say that a narrative has a first, second, or third person narrative speaking voice without pointing to the text to show how it is realised with data drawn from the text. It is on that basis that this research contributes significantly to the multidisciplinary interconnection between the field of linguistics and literature (stylistics) to demonstrate how a writer can engage nouns and pronouns as linguistic resources for the construction of migrant experiences, whether encompassing personal or group identity, nostalgia and memory, dislocation, or hybridity.

Evaluating a gentrifying neighborhood's changing sense of place using participatory mapping

Participatory mapping techniques and social surveys are combined with spatial statistics to examine resident senses of place in a gentrifying neighborhood. Whereas recent debates on gentrification describe how physical displacement need not occur for an area's sense of place to change, there are few tools that test this presumption. Attitudes of current residents toward features of a gentrifying neighborhood are captured using polygons drawn in Collector for ArcGIS. The results were aggregated according to the social characteristics of the respondents (length of residency, education, and housing status). After testing for randomness, it was proven that highly educated newcomers have significantly different attitudes toward their neighborhood when compared to long-term residents. This study supports concerns that the emotional geographies of a gentrifying neighborhood can be disrupted without physical displacement of long-term residents and provides a novel combination of methods for evaluating between-group differences in a sense of place.

Relationship of Surface Mechanomyography to Force Production in an Assessment of Gastrocnemius Muscle Contraction

PURPOSEEfficient gastrocnemii force production is essential for performance of functional activities such as stair ascent/descent and athletic activities involving jumping or running. Appropriate neuromuscular control and timing of gastrocnemius contraction is also important for fatigue and injury prevention. Hand Held Dynamometry (HHD) is the clinical standard for assessing force production during a muscle contraction. However, HHD is unable to provide precise timing data on the muscle activation responsible for force generation or monitor fatigue during an activity. Surface mechanomyography (sMMG) sensors are novel wearable devices that can be applied across a muscle group to provide a measurement of physical muscle output during a contraction. The purpose of this study is 1) to assess the relationship of sMMG’s muscle bulk displacement measurement to force generation and 2) to confirm sMMG detection of gastrocnemius contraction compared to the clinical timing standard of electromyography (EMG).METHODSHealthy, athletic individuals (mean age= 32.56 ±10.57 y, n= 9, 7 males, 2 females) underwent a neuromuscular control assessment of the gastrocnemius. Subjects performed a series of 3 resisted “make‐test” isometric holds with the right leg supported on an exam table and the ankle plantar flexed at 90 degrees against a hand‐held dynamometer with simultaneous EMG and sMMG recording. The third trial was selected for analysis when available. EMG data was processed with a 6th order low‐pass Butterworth filter and a Teager‐Kaiser energy operator function. A threshold for detecting the time points of gastrocnemius activation and deactivation was set at 3 standard deviations of a resting calibration trial above the minimum value for each measurement modality. The relationship of sMMG signal output for physical muscle displacement was compared to muscle contraction force output via HHD and timing measured via EMG using paired T‐tests and a Pearson correlation.RESULTSPeak gastrocnemius muscle bulk displacement detected by sMMG (mean= 7.65 ±2.68 mm) positively correlated with maximum force generation detected by HHD during isometric contraction (mean= 58.43 ±13.12 lb), r2= 0.669. The duration of gastrocnemius muscle contraction during the isometric hold activity did not differ significantly between SMG (mean= 4.71 ±1.17 s) and EMG (mean= 4.53 ±1.17 s), p= 0.273.CONCLUSIONSCorrelation between HHD and sMMG support the findings that increased physical muscle bulk displacement of the gastrocnemius was associated with greater force production during a contraction. The similarity to EMG timing reinforces the ability of the sMMG sensor to consistently detect active gastrocnemius contraction without complex signal processing (Figure 1). sMMG sensors may be a useful measurement tool for assessment of gastrocnemius functional performance during neuromuscular control screenings for injury prevention and rehabilitation.Example comparison of signal output during a resisted isometric gastrocnemius hold between a hand‐held dynamometer [HHD, (A)], surface mechanomyography [sMMG, (B)], and electromyography [EMG, (C)]. Greenand redXs indicate calculated muscle activation and deactivation time points based on 3 standard deviations of a resting calibration trial above the minimum for each modality (Solonik et al., 2010).Figure 1

Laudon’s Garden

Abstract This article traces how processes of physical displacement (and its corollary, re-emplacement) have emerged during multiple periods and in distant locales associated with the history and legacy of the Habsburg Empire. It focuses on an eighteenth-century Turkish garden made from Field Marshal Gideon Ernst von Laudon’s spoils of war on the outskirts of Vienna. Utilizing Anthony Vidler’s concept of “warped space,” the article explores Laudon’s garden as an exemplary form of imperial space. It then proceeds to argue that imperial capitalism continued to produce warped spaces based on processes of displacement and dispossession, using the example of the short-lived Austro-Hungarian concession in Tianjin. In doing so, the article argues for an understanding of imperial subjectivity that takes into account the built space of empire.

A introdução do juiz das garantias no Brasil e o inquérito policial eletrônico

Considera-se “juiz das garantias” o magistrado que atua apenas na fase de investigação, avaliando a legalidade dos atos e decidindo medidas cautelares pessoais e reais. Sua adoção procura evitar a contaminação psicológica do magistrado que julgará eventual processo. Introduzido, no Brasil, pela Lei 13.964/2019, está sendo questionado em quatro ações diretas de inconstitucionalidade. Em decisão liminar, o ministro Fux acolheu a pretensão de suspensão das regras inseridas no Código de Processo Penal, por período indeterminado. Dentre elas, o art. 3º-D, que propõea criação de um sistema de rodízio de magistrados nas comarcas em que funcionar apenas um juiz, como solução para a viabilizar a presença do “juiz das garantias” no interior do país. O argumento central para essa decisão, foi a indevida ingerência do Poder Legislativo na autonomia orçamentária e de auto-gestão do Judiciário, somada, tanto ao elevado custo de contratação de novos magistrados, promotores, delegados e defensores públicos, quanto aos gastos rotineiros com diárias em deslocamentos físicos destes profissionais. O presente artigo visa a apresentar a adoção do inquérito policial eletrônico como atenuante para os custos de implantação do “juiz das garantias” no Brasil, neutralizando a discussão de constitucionalidade do art. 3º-D no Supremo Tribunal Federal.

Configurations of gentrification and displacement: chronic displacement as an effect of redevelopment in Seoul, South Korea

ABSTRACT Over the past two decades, gentrification scholarship has expanded to include larger and more diverse processes. At the same time, definitions of residential displacement have expanded from direct economic and physical displacement to include indirect price shadowing and the loss of a sense of place. These developments have complicated how scholars understand the relationship between gentrification and displacement, particularly as they apply to diverse gentrification processes. The paper uses metropolitan-scale redevelopment in Seoul and its attendant displacement patterns to interrogate this relationship. Analyses of the regulatory regimes, agents of change, and social geographies of redevelopment are combined with survey and interview data from displaced residents to demonstrate the relationship between metropolitan-scale redevelopment and the process of repeat and chronic displacement in Seoul. To more effectively conceptualize gentrification’s displacement impacts, more attention must be paid to investigating the complex relationship between varying development processes and the displacement they engender.

Cyber-Physical-Social-Mediated Communication

We introduce the concept of cyber-physical-social-mediated communication (CPS-C) and analyze why CPS-C is better than pure cyber-mediated communication for two popular applications: mobile social networks and mobile crowd sensing. CPS-C utilizes its unique characteristics (i.e., cyber-physical synchronization, human intelligence, and physical displacement) to bring benefits, including natural boundary of information exposure, tangible interaction, targeting receivers on the fly, decentralization, and piggybacking. As a result, energy efficiency and user experience are improved. We highlight the existence of human-machine intelligence in the communication process, which has rarely been addressed.

Walking Recognition in Mobile Devices.

Presently, smartphones are used more and more for purposes that have nothing to do with phone calls or simple data transfers. One example is the recognition of human activity, which is relevant information for many applications in the domains of medical diagnosis, elderly assistance, indoor localization, and navigation. The information captured by the inertial sensors of the phone (accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer) can be analyzed to determine the activity performed by the person who is carrying the device, in particular in the activity of walking. Nevertheless, the development of a standalone application able to detect the walking activity starting only from the data provided by these inertial sensors is a complex task. This complexity lies in the hardware disparity, noise on data, and mostly the many movements that the smartphone can experience and which have nothing to do with the physical displacement of the owner. In this work, we explore and compare several approaches for identifying the walking activity. We categorize them into two main groups: the first one uses features extracted from the inertial data, whereas the second one analyzes the characteristic shape of the time series made up of the sensors readings. Due to the lack of public datasets of inertial data from smartphones for the recognition of human activity under no constraints, we collected data from 77 different people who were not connected to this research. Using this dataset, which we published online, we performed an extensive experimental validation and comparison of our proposals.

Sindrom izgaranja na poslu kod terapeuta zaposlenih u bolnicama različitog tipa vlasništva u Iranu

As a complex and multidimensional problem, the occupational burnout causes absence, dissatisfaction, badtemper, physical and emotional exhaustion and displacement. This study aimed to investigate the levels of occupational burnout and its components in Mazandaran's hospitals by the kind of their ownership. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted as a cross-sectional research in 2018. The research population included all 2,850 therapeutic employees working in two teaching hospitals, one therapeutic hospital, one social security hospital and one private hospital, all located in Mazandaran province, Iran. In total, 569 questionnaires were completed; the research instrument was the Persianversion of Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Data were analyzed in SPSS 22 by applying statistical approaches with p < 0.05. The private hospital had the highest mean rate of emotional exhaustion (44.69 ± 8.50). The social security hospital had the highest mean rate of depersonalization (25.47 ± 4.59). Considering the reduced personal accomplishment, as a component, the private hospital had the highest rate (30.24 ± 7.16). The highest and lowest mean rates of occupational burnout were observed with the private hospital (95.48 ± 16.71) and teaching hospitals (85.25 ± 15.34). The difference was significant between the studied hospitals in this regard (p < 0.001). As the private hospital had a higher rate of occupational burnout than therapeutic, teaching, and social security hospitals, the managers of the private hospital can focus on removing various tensions in the workplace and preventing heavy work length as well as compensating for a pay decrease.

Medea the Refugee

AbstractThis essay reads Euripides'sMedea, the tragedy of filicide, as a critical investigation into the making of a refugee. Alongside the common claim that the drama depicting a wife murdering her children to punish an unfaithful husband is about gender inequity, I draw out another dimension: that the text's exploration of women's subordination doubles as a rendering of refuge seeking. Euripides introduces Medea as aphugas, the term for a person exiled, on the run, displaced, vulnerable, and in need of refuge. I adopt thephugasas a lens for interpreting the tragedy and generating enduring insights into dynamics of “forced” migration. Taking this political predicament as the organizing question of the text enables us to understand how dislocation from the gender-structured family can produce physical displacement and a need for asylum while casting the political meaning of Medea's kin violence in a new light.

Re-Settling Australia? Indigeneity, Indigenous Sovereignty, and the Postcolonial Nation in Kim Scott's Taboo

Based on a reading of Kim Scott's Taboo (2017), this article argues that only through a sincere acknowledgement of material and mental Indigenous sovereignty can postcolonial nations eventually attempt to move beyond embedded colonialist structures. Sovereignty, as the novel emphasises, relates not only to questions of physical displacement but also, importantly, to the issue of representation. This article contends that a dual approach informed by both postcolonial and Indigenous studies can be useful in challenging existing colonising elements in the construction of Indigeneity and offering alternatives. Employing Bob Hodge and Vijay Mishra's notion of "Aboriginalism," this article shows how postcolonial theory offers vital tools to identify, describe, and criticise ubiquitous colonialist images of Indigeneity and is hence able to raise an awareness of these structures and make change possible. With its insistence on the diversity and mutability of Indigenous identities, critical Indigenous theory, such as James Clifford's formulation of an "articulated Indigeneity," on the other hand, emphasises that recognising the complexity of Indigeneity represents an important step towards Indigenous sovereignty, as Taboo rightly identifies.

Estado nutricional y condición física en personas mayores activas vs. Sedentarias

The objective of the study was to know the relationship between nutritional status, adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the level of physical displacement of older people. 168 people older than 65 years participated (control group = 84 active people and experimental group = 84 sedentary people). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was measured with the MEDIS-FFQ questionnaire, the level of physical activity practice through a question created for that purpose, and the different physical tests with the specific instruments. The results revealed that 63.1% showed low adherence to the Mediterranean diet and 34.5% high, according to the sedentary subject’s greater adherence than the active ones (p≤0.05, 46.4% versus 22.6%). Active subjects have better physical income than sedentary people (p≤0.001). Therefore, most elderly people want to increase their adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the practice of physical activity as a mechanism to reduce their health.

Beyond Housing: Perceptions of Indirect Displacement, Displacement Risk, and Aging Precarity as Challenges to Aging in Place in Gentrifying Cities.

Neighborhoods within age-friendly cities and communities are an important factor in shaping the everyday lives of older adults. Yet, less is known about how neighborhoods experiencing change influence the ability to age in place. One type of rapid neighborhood change occurring across major cities nationally and globally is gentrification, a process whereby the culture of an existing neighborhood changes through the influx of more affluent residents and businesses. Few studies have considered the impact of gentrification on older adults, who are among the most vulnerable to economic and social pressures that often accompany gentrification. The current study explores one consequence of gentrification, indirect displacement. While gentrification-induced displacement can refer to the physical (e.g., direct) displacement of residents moving out of a neighborhood due to rising housing costs, it also references the replacement of the unique character and social identity of a neighborhood (e.g., indirect displacement). We examine perceptions of the latter, characterized by perceived cultural shifts and housing concerns among adults aging in place in a gentrifying neighborhood in New York City. The implications of indirect displacement for displacement risk and aging precarity are discussed as potential threats to aging in place in age-friendly cities.

Rent-seeking middle classes and the short-term rental business in inner-city Lima

Between 2007 and 2017, Lima experienced an unprecedented growth of the construction sector and an increase in high-rise condominiums. Urban land as a strategic resource has altered the spatial configuration of Lima’s central districts. This paper presents the results of a case study of Barranco, a central and emblematic district of Lima that underwent an intense real estate boom. In our assessment, we connect the recent touristification and gentrification debates to develop a new pattern of Latin American gentrification. We argue that Barranco’s consolidation as a tourist destination, along with the relaxation of local construction policies, has led to the development of one-bedroom apartments in high-rise condominiums destined mainly to be rented out to tourists and other types of floating population. This urban restructuring model has created new business opportunities for what we call a rent-seeking middle class, keen to invest in real estate as an alternative means to increase their income. By way of discussion, we argue that the case of Barranco exemplifies a new trend in Latin American gentrification which is not characterised by an influx of the urban middle class into central areas, nor by a massive physical displacement of lower-income residents, but by the growing purchasing power of a wealthier middle-class group investing in the short-term rental business in combination with other enabling factors.