Physical Characteristics Of Water Research Articles

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANOPHELES BREEDING PLACES IN DAHIAN TAMBUK VILLAGE, GUNUNG MAS DISTRICT, CENTRAL KALIMANTAN

Background: Malaria cases in Dahian Tambuk Village have been ranked first for four consecutive years in Gunung Mas District. Purpose: This study aims to describe the physical and chemical characteristics of Anopheles breeding places in Dahian Tambuk Village, Gunung Mas District. Method: It is a descriptive study using a survey method. The characteristics studied were Anopheles species, number, temperature, salinity, breeding sites, and density of larvae found in each breeding site. Result: Seven breeding places were found positive to contain Anopheles larvae, consisting of puddles, fish ponds, and sewers. The sewer was predominantly found. Physical characteristics of water showed a temperature ranging from 29.9 0C - 35 0C, pH levels between 5.35 - 6, and a salinity of 0 ppt, with a density level of 9 larvae/2 dippers. The species of Anopheles larvae found in all breeding sites was identified as Anopheles kochi. Conclusion: Seven breeding sites found in the studied area consisted of puddles, fish ponds, and sewers, with physical characteristics that qualify for Anopheles larvae in general An. kochi was the only species of larvae found in all breeding sites.

Is the Pyrenean newt (<em>Calotriton asper</em>) a thermoconformer? Cloacal and water temperature in two different thermal periods in a Pre-Pyrenean stream population

In ectothermic animals, heat seems to be a determining factor because it influences many vital activities such as locomotion, the ability to escape, feeding, and reproduction, among others. In aquatic environments, physical characteristics of water prevent small ectotherms from thermoregulating and therefore it is expected that their body temperature remains similar to water temperature. Throughout its distribution and annual cycle, the Pyrenean newt (Calotriton asper) is exposed to a wide range of water temperatures that affect its biological and ecological traits like the standard metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, activity period and growth pattern. This study analyses the relationship between the cloacal and water temperatures in a Pre-Pyrenean population of C. asper in two periods with well differentiated water temperatures (July and September). The aims are to establish if there are differences between sexes in cloacal temperature, whether reproductive activity modifies cloacal temperature, and to analyse the degree of thermoconformity of the species. The results indicate that cloacal temperature depends on the water temperature, corroborating the idea that C. asper is mainly a thermoconformer, as it corresponds to an aquatic ectotherm. However, the cloacal temperature of newts was slightly higher than water temperature. In individuals in amplexus, cloacal temperature was significantly higher than in specimens that are not in this mating position, and in July, females showed much greater dispersion in cloacal temperature than males, which is probably related to spawning behaviour.

Mathematical model of the process of mixing and separation in a microfluid channel with five outlets

The article presents the results of mathematical modeling in a two-dimensional formulation of the mixing process by mutual diffusion and separation of flows of Newtonian fluids in a microfluidic mixing channel with five outlets. Branches are used to separate flows into fractions with a given concentration of one of the components in the mixture. The diffusion process occurs in a laminar flow regime, without chemical and thermal interaction. The mixture flow model was set up in a two-dimensional formulation. One component of the mixture flows through the main channel 1 mm wide, then at a distance of 5 mm from the entry point to the channel perpendicular to it, there are two more entrances also 1 mm wide, through which the second component is fed. At the outlet, there are five taps with dimensions of 0.2 mm to take the mixture of the desired concentration. Four outlets for the intake of the mixture are located opposite each other in pairs. Liquids with the physical characteristics of water and ethyl alcohol were taken as miscible components. The problem was solved using the ANSYS-Fluent software package.

Diversity of aquatic insects in the euphrates River/ Najaf province-Iraq

Five locations were sampled with three duplicates from each throughout the course of a six-month period, from November 2021 to April 2022, in order to assess the biodiversity of crustaceans. Water was also included in the samples. Certain chemical and physical characteristics of water are measured. the overall density of aquatic insects varied from (1–257) individuals/L, the month of April had the greatest density. According to the findings of the isolation and identification of water insects, Chironomidae larvae were the most numerous throughout the research period, followed by Chironomide pupa, Zygoptera nymph, Odonata larvae, and Belostoma corodofanum. According to the relative abundance index for aquatic insects, the Zygoptera nymph species was most prevalent in the first location, whereas Chironomidae larvae were more prevalent in the other sites. The constancy species index (S) of aquatic insects, Chironomidae larvae and Chironomide pupa, were the most constancy across all research locations and throughout the course of the study period. The values of the species richness index (D*) ranged from 0-3.84.While the Shanon-Weiner index ranged between 0-1.361 bit/ind. While the values of the species uniformity index (E) ranged between 0-0.845.

An Investigation of the Hydrography of Chabahar Bay Using FVCOM Model and EOF Analysis

Chabahar Bay is a semi-enclosed and shallow omega-shaped bay, located on the south-eastern coasts of Iran. The 3D unstructured-grid Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model was employed to study the physical characteristics of water in Chabahar Bay. The correlation coefficients between the model and available measurements were 0.99 and 0.84 for water level and current velocity, respectively. The numerical results show that the depth averaged temperature of the Bay generally decreases from north to south and varies between 20-26 °C during the year. The basin average of annual salinity is 36.1 psu. Hence, the density increases from north to south and is strongly affected by temperature changes. The vertically average of sigma-t varies between 21.5-24.0 kg/m3. In the northern half of the Bay a warm center eddy is formed from March; during July, it strengthened and peaked in August. With Applying EOFs analysis on model surface temperature four principal patterns were determined. EOF1 corresponds to the bathymetry of the region and shows the heat capacity of the Bay, it is in accordance with the monsoon conditions. EOF2, 3, and 4 are corresponding to the effect of the wind. Due to dominant winds a strong upwelling was determined along the western coast.

Avaliação trófica de quatro reservatórios tropicais usando gêneros fitoplanctônicos

Abstract: Aim Monitoring the trophic state of reservoirs requires indices that provide a quick report of the ecosystem to decision makers. This study aimed to develop a system of trophic status indicators for tropical mountain reservoirs using phytoplankton genera. Methods Between 2004 and 2010, four reservoirs for water supply in Bogotá (Colombia), which have different trophic statuses and hydraulic management, were monitored. Samples were collected for the analysis of physical and chemical variables and phytoplankton community. Through multivariate analysis, the significance of the relationships between environmental variables and phytoplankton species and genera was established. Subsequently, trophic indices were proposed as relevant variables. The global trophic index was calculated as the sum of the partial indices. Results Analysis of the main components showed that reservoirs varied chemically depending on trophic status. Phytoplankton were composed of 63 genera, 59% of which were present in the four reservoirs. Although the physical characteristics of water, such as temperature and total solids content, explained a large part of the variation in the genera, a significant relationship between the genera and variables related to trophic state was observed in each reservoir. The multivariate analyses grouping the data by genera showed a behavior similar to the analysis using information at the species level. Plankton indices of trophic state were developed for phosphorus (TP), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total organic carbon (TOC), and Secchi disk (SD) using data grouped by genera. The indices were significantly correlated with the values of each variable in each reservoir. Linear regression models showed a significant prediction of chlorophyll-a using TP, TKN, and SD indices in the three reservoirs with the highest trophic level. In addition, the global index showed a significant relationship with variables related to the trophic state. Conclusions Phytoplankton data at the genus level can be used to assess trophic status. The models for SD, TP, and TKN could be used as indicators of the trophic status of the studied reservoirs.

Performance of the agarophyte Gracilariopsis tenuifrons in a multi-trophic aquaculture system with Litopenaeus vannamei using water recirculation

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the red alga Gracilariopsis tenuifrons as a biofilter in a multi-trophic cultivation system with Litopenaeus vannamei, using recirculation by zero water exchange. The species were cultivated for 4 weeks, while measurements were taken of the chemical and physical characteristics of water, the development of the cultivated organisms (biomass and growth rate), and the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content assimilated by the seaweeds. The water enrichment produced by shrimp farming favored the seaweed development, which increased on average by 2.6 % day-1 ± 0.24 (0.4 to 4.08 % day-1). The seaweed species was able to remove up to 35.1% of the ammonium ion and increased its tissue nitrogen by about 4.8 times by the end of the experiment (1.2–4.8%). The shrimp presented an increase in biomass (8.0 to 12.7 g), with an average growth rate of 1.7% day-1 ± 0.1 and a survival of 100% at the end of the experiment. Based on these results, the cultivation of L. vannamei in a recirculating water system using Gp. tenuifrons as a biofilter can be an advantageous alternative, helping to reduce water usage and remove the main metabolites produced by shrimp cultivation.

Designing an economical slow sand filter for households to improve water quality parameters

Abstract Fresh and clean water is basic need for human health. However unclean and impure water creates access to illness and many diseases which influence the economic growth of the country. A very traditional method i.e. SSF has been used for removing fine suspended particles, microbes, minerals and flocs present in water. The aim of this research article is to invent and install an economic and non-conventional slow sand filter for treating water to resolve the issues related with impure water. Deigned SSF has been operated under the hydraulic loading of 4.6296 L/sec/m2 and an operational period of one hour. Cross sectional area of bed has been taken as 0.0576 m2. This technique is a small-scale scheme and easily employed for intermittent use that made it suitable for household purpose. Four processes namely Mechanical trappings, Predation, Adsorption and Natural death that has been taken place during the filtration process has been widely discussed in this paper. Various chemical and physical characteristics of water has been tested. Major parameters like pH, TDS, turbidity, Salinity, conductivity and salinity of filtered water have been tested for raw water and test results has been compared with Indian standard parameters. Various results from SSF revealed the successful removal of suspended solids, natural and organic materials from raw water. Test results shows that designed SSF is highly efficient for improving the household water quality parameters. Designed SSF removes large number of impurities as compared to other filters and it is socially acceptable.

ASYMTOTIC PROPERTIES OF THE GENERALIZED SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR PROBLEM FOR THE PSEUDOPARABOLIC EQUATION WITH p,q-LAPLACIAN STRUCTURE

The development of modern science and technology requires accurate and comprehensive mathematical modeling of physical and hydrodynamic processes of continuous media. For example, experimental studies show that the presence of even small amounts of polymeric substances in a viscous medium can significantly affect to motion of fluid. A comparison of the physical characteristics of water and weak aqueous solutions of polymers showed that at almost the same density and viscosity, these fluids sharply differ in their relaxation properties. In recent years, the investigation of solvability and qualitative properties such as blow up and extinction of a solution in a finite time, large time behavior of a solution of the problems in various statements for pseudo-parabolic equations has been rapidly developing. This is confirmed by publications have been publishing in world ranking scientific journals. This paper is devoted to the study of a mathematical model of the one-dimensional motion of a Kelvin-Voigt fluid with complex rheological properties, which describes by a nonlinear pseudo-parabolic equation (Sobolev type equation) with p-Laplacian. The study of pseudo-parabolic equations was first started by Sobolev in [1] for the linear version. In this work the asymptotic behavior of solutions of pseudo-parabolic equations at large times, in clearly, the properties of exponential and power-law decay of a solution are proved.

Impression materials: does water affect the performance of alginates?

Alginic acid is a polysaccharide widely present in the cellular walls of brown algae. Alginate is widely used as a mold material in dentistry, in the production of prostheses and in the production of positives for small-scale casting. It is also used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries for various uses. The purpose of our study is to assess whether the chemical and physical characteristics of water can influence the characteristics and performance of these materials. These impression materials are often marketed as a powder to be mixed with water, but water is not included during the purchase. We have considered different articles, but unfortunately the results that speak of this topic are few and contain little information. We have therefore carried out a review of the present literature on Pubmed and Embase search engine. The same product used by two people with two different waters will have different characteristics. The possibility of knowing these effects could allow for more performing materials and above all for identical and reproducible materials. In conclusions, the results indicate to follow the manufacturer's instructions, and eventually turn to the use of automatic devices.

Long-lived water clusters in hydrophobic solvents investigated by standard NMR techniques

Unusual physical characteristics of water can be easier explained and understood if properties of water clusters are revealed. Experimental investigation of water clusters has been reported by highly specialized equipment and/or harsh experimental conditions and has not determined the properties and the formation processes. In the current work, we used standard 1H-NMR as a versatile and facile tool to quantitatively investigate water clusters in the liquid phase under ambient conditions. This approach allows collection of data regarding the formation, long lifetime, stability, and physical properties of water clusters, as a cubic octamer in the liquid phase.

Characteristics of Groundwater on the Eastern Slope of Mount Ciremai, Kuningan Regency, West Java, Indonesia

Water is a very important component for the survival of living things. Groundwater is water that has better quality compared to other water types, so groundwater is widely used to meet the needs of clean water. The research area is located on the eastern slope of Mount Ciremai which is a volcanic area that has great groundwater potential, it is seen from the many springs with large groundwater discharge. The study aims to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of groundwater on the eastern slopes of Mount Ciremai which also the district of Kuningan. The research method is done by collecting geological data and hydrogeological data. To find characteristics of groundwater chemistry, groundwater sampling was taken at 10 locations, and then tested the laboratory to determine the chemical content of groundwater. Based on the results of the research, the physical characteristics of water were shown with EC values ranging from 76,8 to 228 µS/Cm, TDS from 50 to 151 mg/L, pH value from 6.4 to 7.65, water temperature 19.3 to 25.9 oC. While one of the observation location is HC. 11 is a hot springs that has a water temperature of 36.1 oC , EC 832 µS/Cm, TDS 428 mg/L and pH 6.8. Chemical analysis results from pipe diagram show the developing facies are Ca:HCO3, Ca.Mg:HCO3, Na.K:Cl.

Aquatic Exercise Training Outcomes on Functional Capacity, Quality of Life, and Lower Limb Lymphedema: Pilot Study.

To investigate whether patients with lower limb lymphedema (LLL) can benefit from water immersion exercise training to improve functional capacity, quality of life (QOL), and help control/diminish limb volume. A before-after trial. A community University Sports Center. Eleven participants were recruited to participate and four declined to pursue the study for personal reasons. A convenient sample of seven female affected by either bilateral or unilateral LLL volunteered for this pilot study. Patients had primary or secondary lymphedema as complications of melanoma or gynecologic cancers. An aquatic training exercise intervention of moderate to vigorous intensity was conducted for a 6-week period (12 sessions of 45 min). This innovative circuit training program consisted of yoga exercises, aqua-jogging, pedaling on a water bike, and muscular training on an aquastep and a trampoline. The physical characteristics of water could be used to overcome the physical and medical limitations encountered on dry land for patients with LLL to exercise and reach training benefits. Outcome measures were the 6-min walk test (6MWT), handgrip strength test, QOL for limb lymphedema questionnaire (LYMQOL), bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy, and limb circumference. The distance covered in the 6MWT and the handgrip strength were significantly improved. A trend toward an increase in the overall QOL score was noticeable, whereas a significantly improved emotions score was observed with the LYMQOL questionnaire. Limb circumferential volume was significantly lower and impedance was increased, denoting a decrease in lymphatic fluid. Innovative aquatic exercise training program allows moderate and vigorous intensity activities for patients with LLL, increases functional capacity and QOL. Thus, immersion exercise does not appear to exacerbate LLL and a randomized clinical trial with larger numbers is essential to consolidate the results of this study.

Underwater acoustic communication and the general performance evaluation criteria

Driven by the huge demand to explore oceans, underwater wireless communications have been rapidly developed in the past few decades. Due to the complex physical characteristics of water, acoustic wave is the only media available for underwater wireless communication at any distance. As a result, underwater acoustic communication (UAC) is the major research field in underwater wireless communication. In this paper, characteristics of underwater acoustic channels are first introduced and compared with terrestrial communication to demonstrate the difficulties in UAC research. To give a general impression of the UAC, current important research areas are mentioned. Furthermore, different principal modulation-based schemes for short- and medium-range communications with high data rates are investigated and summarized. To evaluate the performance of UAC systems in general, three criteria are presented based on the research publications and our years of experience in high-rate short- to medium-range communications. These three criteria provide useful tools to generally guide the design and evaluate the performance of underwater acoustic communication systems.

The characteristic of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) of water from Cikapundung River Pond

Natural organic matter (NOM) is an important parameter in drinking water due to its roles as one of main precursors of trihalomethanes (THMs). The characteristic of NOM might be influenced by land use of catchment area. The present study aims to analyse the correlation between various NOM parameters and THMs, and physical characteristics of raw water. The effect of land use around the catchment is also presented. The samples were taken from Cikapundung river pond, which is used by the water company of Bandung City as raw water sources for drinking water. Geographic Information System (GIS) was applied to distinguish anthropogenic and natural land use around the water catchment. The samples were categorised as unfiltered samples and filtered samples to measure dissolved material. Turbidity and conductivity were measured to obtain the physical characteristics of water. NOM parameters were as of TOC, DOC, COD, UV254 and UV355. The turbidity and conductivity of water were 5-34.7 NTU and 132-306 µmhos/cm, respectively. COD was from 32 to 76.8 mg/L. TOC was between 4.22 and 6.92 mg/L. UV254 and UV355 ranged 0.15-0.38 cm-1 and 0.09-0.16 cm-1, respectively. COD and conductivity correlated well in unfiltered (r = 0.923) and filtered sample (r = 0.995). In both unfiltered and filtered samples, UV254 were correlated with UV355 with r of 0.986 and 0.995 respectively. The results revealed that catchments area of the pond was possibly dominated by anthropogenic activities.

Muscle Damage Indicators after Land and Aquatic Plyometric Training Programmes

Plyometric training is an important part of athletic conditioning with many significant benefits, including improved motor abilities and performance, but it can also increase the serum indices of muscle damage, collagen breakdown, muscle swelling, and soreness. Due to the physical characteristics of water, plyometric training in water presents less eccentric contraction, facilitates faster transition from the eccentric to concentric phase of a jump and offers greater resistance during concentric contraction with acute lower indices of muscle damage. To advance our understanding of the long-term effects of an eight-week plyometric training programme on land and in water on muscle damage indicators (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and serum urea (SU)), two experimental groups of physically active men (a group on land (EG1) and a group in water (EG2)) were tested before and after the first and the last plyometric training to monitor muscle damage indicators and adaptations. The results showed changes in CK activity after both plyometric trainings for EG1 and only after the first training for EG2. Moreover, after the eight- week programme, significant difference was observed in CK activity in comparison with EG2. There were no observed changes in LDH activity while SU showed greater changes for the group on land. The plyometric training programme in water resulted in smaller levels of muscle damage indicators. Although both experimental groups conducted the same plyometric training with the same jump volume, the eccentric and concentric loads were not the same, so it can be concluded that adaptations in muscle damage processes are faster with smaller eccentric loads.

Multipath propagation of sound in a shallow tidal channel and its implications on tomographic current measurements

A pilot observational experiment with Fluvial Acoustic Tomography (FAT) system was conducted in the Grand Passage, Nova Scotia, Canada, in 2014, to assess the capabilities of FAT in continuous monitoring of transport in a tidal channel. To implement the tomographic measurements, two broadband FAT transceivers operated at 7 kHz central frequency were positioned in both sides of the channel emitting a pulse every 30 s for 4 days. Three coherent arrivals were identified in the acoustic receptions. This paper investigates the influence of physical characteristics of water and current shear on multipath propagation of sound in well-mixed conditions of the channel. At the end, we report the comparison between FAT and reference velocity data collected by a moving-boat ADCP.

Modeling Chlorophyll <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$a$</tex> </formula> Concentration Affected by Artificial Upwelling in Qiandao Lake

Artificial upwelling of ocean water has been increasingly used to enhance primary marine productivity. This approach brings nutrient-rich deep water to the surface and alters the physical characteristics of water and thus the distribution of the nutrient over an effective period. Various water physical characteristics may affect chlorophyll $a$ concentration, a key indicator for assessing primary marine productivity. Therefore, it is important to study the correlation between chlorophyll $a$ concentration and various water physical characteristics in the artificial upwelling, which has never been examined in literature. In this paper, several water quality parameters, which have potential correlation with chlorophyll $a$ concentration, are selected and multiple linear regression (MLR) and multivariate quadratic regression (MQR) are employed to test the correlation. Then, two novel neural network approaches, i.e., genetic-algorithm-based neural network (GA-NN) and particle-swarm-optimization-based neural network (PSO-NN) are proposed to model the correlation, which are further compared with regular backpropagation neural network (BP-NN), MLR, and MQR. The experimental data are collected from Qiandao Lake, China. The modeling results show that chlorophyll $a$ concentration has a strong correlation with salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH in the process of artificial upwelling, and GA-NN and PSO-NN can provide reliable prediction of the correlation.

The quasi-periodic character of intermolecular interactions in water

The dynamics of physical characteristics of water are studied using various methods of molecular structural analysis: IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, microwave radiometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance in the magnetic field of the Earth. The changes in the physical characteristics of water obey certain regularities. Similar and well-reproducible oscillation periods of the measured values are observed in all experiments, regardless of the method of analysis used. These periods are 1–3, 5–9, 10–13, 14–18, 21–29, 30–39, 41–55, and ∼60 min. The oscillation amplitudes vary up to 10%. Based on the two-structure model of water, the revealed quasi-periodic character of the intermolecular interactions may be related to the dynamics of mutual transitions between local structural inhomogeneities of water. It is proposed that the observed quasi-periodic character of the intermolecular interactions is due to spin isomerism of water molecules. The problems of the relationship between the oscillations of the physical properties of water and biorhythms are discussed.

English

  The present study was carried out to ascertain the quality of water at western zone of Narmada River of Madhya Pradesh (India). Due to heavy discharge of harmful and deleterious substances in river, the biological, chemical and physical characteristics of water have changed to a considerable extent. The objectives of this study were to find out the changes in physico-chemical nature as well as biological health of Narmada River. A thorough study was done on the basis of prevailing seasons. The deterioration of water quality was noticed at lower site of water body in a particular season as low temperature, dissolved oxygen and higher concentration of content of chlorine, etc., all pointing towards the nutrient enrichment. This evaluation will be immensely helpful to estimate the effect of impoundments on the quality of water, fisheries development and reservoir management policy. The microbial analysis was also conducted in terms of most probable number (MPN) of total coliforms in water sample and its highest value (1239) was reported from downstream of Omkareshwar dam site of Narmada River. Water quality index of all sites of Narmada River was calculated for three seasons, viz. summer, monsoon and winter and it was found to be highest (123) at Koteshwar dam site of river in monsoon season and the lowest (70) was observed in water of upstream of Omkareshwar dam during winter. The suitable correlation coefficients were calculated for 7 pairs of variables and correlation matrices were then established seasonally.   Key words: Impoundments, water quality index, dissolved oxygen, most probable number.