Physical Activity Group Research Articles

Physical Activity Is Associated with Slower Cognitive Decline in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.

Physical activity is associated with slower cognitive decline in old age. Type 2 diabetes (T2d) is a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline. Physical activity protects against several T2d complications. Yet, little is known about the contribution of physical activity to cognitive health among the elderly with T2d. To examine the association between physical activity and cognitive decline in older adults with T2d. This is a prospective longitudinal study using data from the Israel Diabetes and Cognitive Decline (IDCD) study. ICDC study (N=1,213), is a population-based cohort of adults over the age of 65, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, who were cognitively normal at baseline and followed up every 18 months. Participants with at least one follow-up assessment who were in the same physical activity group consistently and had complete demographic data. Physical activity was measured using Minnesota Leisure Time Activity Questionnaire, cognitive functioning was measured using a broad neuropsychological assessment measuring Executive Functioning, Attention/Working Memory, Semantic Categorization and Episodic Memory. Participants were classified into physical activity groups based on self-reported physical activity at baseline and all follow ups: "active" - participation in recreational physical activity (n=286); "non-active"- the only physical activity was walking from place to place (n=93) and "sedentary" (n=19). Linear mixed effects models were applied to adjust for key demographic and cardiovascular risk factors. Participants were 72.4 (SD 4.6) years old, had 13.3 (SD 3.6) years of education, and 163 (41%) were female. In the fully adjusted model, compared to the non-active group the active group had significantly slower rate of decline in Global Cognition (p=0.005), Executive Functioning (p=.014), and Attention/Working Memory (p=.01). There were no significant group differences for Semantic Categorization (p=.17) and Episodic Memory (p=.88). Among initially cognitively normal and independent older adults with T2d, a physically active lifestyle was associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline. Future research should examine whether promoting physical activity may prevent or delay onset of dementia in this high-risk population.

The Influence of Pregestational Body Mass Index and Physical Activity Patterns on Maternal, Delivery, and Newborn Outcomes in a Sample of Portuguese Pregnant Women: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Introduction: There is a linear association between pregestational body mass index (BMI) and almost all adverse pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancy is “a window of opportunities” in terms of changing behavior and improving awareness of healthy living. The proper assessment of physical activity levels, during pregnancy, determines trends, health benefits, and their effects over time. This study aims to describe maternal physical activity levels, stratified by pregestational BMI, verify the accomplishment of physical activity recommendations in pregnant women, and correlate pregestational BMI and physical activity accomplishment with maternal, delivery, and neonatal parameters. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out with 103 pregnant women. Physical activity levels were evaluated using a questionnaire and accelerometry. Pregestational BMI was obtained through the Quetelet formula and used the American College of Sports Medicine’s guidelines were used to determine physical activity accomplishment levels. Continuous data were presented as mean and standard deviation and categorical data as numbers and percentages. The F test was used to examine the differences between groups. Results: Pregnant women in the sample spent 42.9% of their time on household activities, and for pregnant women with obesity, 91.5% of the time was spent on sedentary activities. Women with normative BMI had higher levels of moderate-intensity activities. Only 15.8% of participants with obesity reached the international recommendations for physical activity practice and women who accomplished physical activity recommendations gained less weight during pregnancy. A high percentage of pre-obesity and obese pregnant women exceeded the recommendations for gestational weight gain and the gestational diabetes prevalence was higher in the obesity group (p = 0.03 between groups). Regarding delivery and neonatal parameters (Apgar score 1st, Apgar score 5th, birth weight, length and head circumference), no statistical differences were found when adjusted to a gestational week at birth, between BMI (p = 0.58; p = 0.18; p = 0.60; p = 0.34; p = 0.34, respectively) or physical activity (p = 0.12; p = 0.15; p = 0.83; p = 0.70; p = 0.70, respectively) groups. Conclusion: Pregnant women with obesity, exhibit high levels of sedentary behavior, a high prevalence of gestational diabetes, and exceed recommended gestational weight gain. Healthcare professionals have a crucial role in promoting regular physical activity and lifestyle changes before and during pregnancy.

IMPACTOS DO FUTEBOL NA FUNÇÃO EXECUTIVA DE MENINOS COM TDAH

ABSTRACT Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder of genetic causes that appears in childhood. The main manifestations are inattention, hyperactivity, and emotional impulsivity. It is often accompanied by cognitive impairments and learning disabilities that seriously affect children's life, academic and social functions. Objective: Explore the impacts of soccer practice on executive function in boys with ADHD. Methods: Boys were selected from first and second graders in a public elementary school. They were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group, and 8 boys in the control group were recruited according to the age difference of less than half a year. All children participated in various school sports activities, and the experimental group was added to soccer practice for 6 weeks. Results: There was no significant difference in cognitive subfunction between the soccer activity group, the conventional physical education teaching activity group, and the control group; however, the interaction between time and group factors proved to be significant P (4142) = 6.296, F< 0.01, it can be understood that the effect of the time factor on cognitive flexibility varies with different groups. Conclusion: The six-week soccer practice intervention can improve the executive function of 6-8-year-old boys with ADHD, especially inhibition control and cognitive flexibility, but does not represent a significant effect on memory. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigating treatment outcomes.

Effects of lower extremity physical activity on shoulder biomechanics and functional recovery in the early phase after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in male patients: a retrospective study

Surgeons widely use arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) to restore biomechanics and function in patients with rotator cuff tears. However, patients show severe pain early after ARCR, and their physical activity level decreases sharply. This study aimed to determine the effect of lower extremity physical activity on shoulder pain, biomechanics, and functional recovery in the early phase after ARCR. This retrospective study included 103 male patients according to the inclusion criteria. We classified subjects into high physical activity (HPA, n = 49) and low physical activity (LPA, n = 54) groups according to the classification criteria. For analysis, we measured the visual analog scale (VAS) score, range of motion (ROM), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and grip strength preoperatively and six weeks postoperatively. In comparing the HPA and LPA groups at six weeks postoperatively, the VAS score was significantly lower in the HPA group (p < 0.001). The ROM of forward flexion (p = 0.001), abduction (p = 0.005), and external rotation (p = 0.001) of the shoulder was also significantly greater in the HPA group. In particular, the ASES score (p < 0.001) and grip strength (p < 0.001) showed significant improvement only in the HPA group. Patients with higher levels of physical activity after ARCR showed lower subjective pain and faster biomechanical and functional recovery than those with lower levels of physical activity. Therefore, even if the involved shoulder has restrictions during the early phase after ARCR, it is vital to actively recommend physical activity such as walking, stationary cycling, and climbing stairs using the lower extremities.

TREINAMENTO EM CIRCUITO REDUZ OS FATORES DE RISCO CARDIOMETABÓLICOS EM MULHERES

ABSTRACT Introduction Combined training is more effective than an isolated modality in reducing cardiometabolic risk indicators. Objective To evaluate the effect of circuit training volume on anthropometric and biochemical risk indicators for cardiometabolic diseases in overweight women. Methods Thirty-two participants underwent 24 weeks of circuit training with free weights combined with aerobic exercise. The training volume during the 24 weeks was used to distribute the women into moderate-volume physical activity (MVA), low-volume physical activity (LVA) and control (CON) groups. Anthropometric indices (body mass, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR)), blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, HDL-c, and LDL-c were evaluated at the beginning of the program and after 12 and 24 weeks. Results There was no interaction between training volume and time for any of the variables studied, but the intervention time influenced body mass (p=0.013) and BMI (p=0.012), and there was a tendency for participation time to reduce body mass (p=0.063) and BMI (p=0.062) after six months of intervention. The volume of the physical activity affected HDL-c (p=0.037), being significant (p=0.030) in the comparison between the MVA and CON groups. Additionally, there was a downward trend in HDL-c after six months of intervention (p=0.073), with a smaller reduction observed in the MVA group, indicating a protective role of moderate physical activity in the reduction of this lipid fraction. The association between physical activity volume and participation time resulted in a clinical improvement in total cholesterol (χ2 = 5.453, p = 0.02), with a higher probability of reaching clinically adequate values in the MVA group (OR = 0.126; 95%CI 0.019 - 0.827). Conclusion Training volume improved cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight women. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the Results of Treatment.

Effects of physical activity type and sedentary time on metabolically healthy obesity and metabolically unhealthy normal weight Korean men

Obesity has become a global health challenge linked to morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to compare metabolic health indicators according to obesity phenotypes and examine prevalence according to physical activity (PA) and sedentary time in metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW). Data were obtained from 3242 men participating in the 7th and 8th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Participants were divided into four groups based on body phenotype and metabolic health status using obesity. Metabolic health was defined as metabolic syndrome. Representative statistical analyzes were one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple logistic regression analysis. Compared with MUNW, the MHO had higher obesity, but systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting glucose (FG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly lower. In comparison between MHO and metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), the same health group, there were no significant differences in SBP, FG, HbA1c, and LDLC. The odds ratio of MUNW in the normal weight group was 1.8 times higher than that of the high group in the low leisure PA group. The group with high sedentary time increased the MUNW odds ratio by 1.5 times compared to the low group. Meanwhile, in the obesity group, the high leisure PA group showed a 1.4-fold increase in the MHO odds ratio compared to the low group. In addition, the low sedentary group showed a 1.6-fold increase in the MHO odds ratio compared to the high sedentary group. In conclusion, MHO had higher adiposity than MUNW, but the metabolic health index was better. Low PA and high sedentary time increased the risk of MUNW even in normal weight. Conversely, high PA and low sedentary time increased the likelihood of MHO in the obesity group.

Association between Physical Activity Level with Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Dyslipidaemia Patients

Background: Dyslipidemia is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events globally. Current findings have linked dyslipidemia with mental health. Since physical activity level (PAL) is a modifiable risk factor associated with CVD and depression risk, it is worth knowing if the level of PA among dyslipidaemia patients does affect their mental health. Objective: Hence, the main objective of this study was to determine the association between depression, anxiety, and stress and physical activity among lipid-lowering drug (LLD)-treated dyslipidaemia patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted among dyslipidaemia patients receiving LLD treatment from the Lipid Clinic in Hospital Al-Sultan Abdullah UiTM (HASA) and the Clinical Training Centre (CTC) in Sungai Buloh. Mental health was assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF), and sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: Most participants fell into the low physical activity level (60.5%), 34.8% fell into the moderate category, and only 4.8% fell into the high physical activity group. A multiple regression model to identify the association between sociodemographic factors, PAL, and sleep quality with depression, anxiety, and stress revealed that low PAL is negatively associated with stress (B = -0.794; OR (95% CI) = 0.45 (0.21 - 0.99); (p = 0.046) but was not significantly associated with depression and anxiety. Conclusions: Although PAL was only associated with stress in this study, interventions should target increasing physical activity, which is an important modifiable risk factor that can reduce the risk of developing depression, anxiety, and stress.

Higher levels of physical activity is associated with better walking ability and fall-related fitness of older adults during COVID-19 in China

This study analyzed the relationship of physical activity levels with walking ability and fall-related fitness in older adults in the Henan Provence, China. Physical activity levels of 288 older adults were assessed using the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The participants were divided into low (LPAG, n = 81), moderate (MPAG, n = 106), and high physical activity groups (HPAG, n = 101). The 10-m walking test (10MWT), 3-m backward walking (3MBW), and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were used to evaluate walking ability. Thirty seconds Sit to Stand Test (30SST), Time up and Go Test (TUGT), and figure-of-8 walk test (8WT) were evaluated for fall-related fitness. One-way ANOVA was used to detect between group differences, whilst Pearson’s correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between total physical activity level and the measured variables. Logistic regression analyses were used to compute the odds ratios (ORs) of LPAG and MPAG relative to HPAG. There were significant differences between the groups for walking ability, 10MWT (p < 0.01), 3MBW, and BBS (p < 0.01), and also for variables of fall-related fitness, TUGT (p < 0.01), and 8WT (p < 0.01). Total physical activity levels had significant correlations with all variables except 30SST. In the walking ability, OR for 10MWT was 2.42 and 2.53 times for the LPAG compared to that for HPAG by model 1 and model 2. OR for BBS was 3.24 and 3.54 times for the LPAG and 9.31 and 9.65 times for the MPAG compared to for the HPAG by model 1 and model 2. In the fall-related fitness, OR for 8WT was 14.09 and 16.76 times for the LPAG compared to that for HPAG. High levels of physical activity are positively correlated with good walking ability and fall-related fitness. Increasing physical activity levels can reduce the risks associated with impaired walking ability and fall-related fitness.

The Pain-Related Fear Scale: The validation of an instrument to measure pain-related fear in younger adults under 45 years of age with obesity

Background: The existence of pain-related fear appears to present an obstacle for health promoting behaviour change, particularly among younger adults with obesity. Measures developed and validated for middle-and-older age groups lack validity in younger adults under 45 years of age. This paper reports on the development and psychometric properties of a new instrument, based on a conceptual framework, to measure pain-related fear in younger adults. Methods: A cross sectional survey design was employed. 236 participants aged 18 to 45 years were recruited to participate. Participants completed three existing pain-related fear instruments mapped to a conceptual framework. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis identified the dimensions of the new Pain-Related Fear Scale. Construct validity was assessed by comparing scores between physical activity groups; criterion validity by correlation with the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia and reliability by Cronbach’s alpha. Differences in scores in the Pain-Related Fear Scale were explored across BMI subgroups. Results: A four-factor model with 12 items met the most acceptability thresholds for a good fitting model (CFI = 0.983; GFI = 0.953; RMSEA = 0.046; SRMR = 0.0301). Higher mean scores on the PainRelated Fear Scale were seen among those reporting low activity compared to high activity levels (F= 4.684; P= 0.01). Modest correlation was observed between the new instrument and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (r= 0.508;95% CI= 0.389-0.612). Cronbach’s alpha was 0.842. Scores were higher in the obese subgroup compared to the healthy bodyweight group (mean difference= -7.42; CI= -12.26 - -2.58; P= 0.001). Conclusion: The Pain-Related Fear Scale is a psychometrically valid measurement of pain-related fear for adults with obesity aged between 18 to 45 years. The instrument can support research relating to barriers to physical activity, and potentially has clinical utility as a screening and outcome measurement.

Empowerment-Based Physical Activity Intervention for People with Advanced Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Mixed-Methods Protocol.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of incurable visual impairment and impacts daily life. These impacts include loss of social activities, decreased functional independence, and reduced physical activity. This protocol aims to describe a prospective, mixed-methodology for studying a population with AMD before, during, and after an empowerment-based physical activity intervention (EPI). A study framework was also developed for EPI. The intervention will include 20 older individuals (age 65+ years) with AMD recruited in Sweden. The intervention period is six months and comprises adapted physical activity and social activities in a group twice a week and individual health coaching on three occasions. The quantitative pre-test and three follow-ups include physical functional tests, an accelerometer that monitors physical activity continuously for one week, and questionnaires. Individual and focus-group interviews and ethnographic observations will explore the experience of living with AMD and what it means to participate in the EPI for individuals with AMD. The chosen methodology offers a structured way for researchers to explore the experiences and factors that may provide insights into the potential of creative supervised, adapted physical activity in groups, health coaching, and socialising that are significant to enable well-being among older individuals with AMD.

Associations between physical activity and proactive control and the modulating role of working memory

Accumulating evidence indicates positive associations between physical activity (PA) and cognitive control. Proactive control, the ability to maintain goal-relevant information in preparation of upcoming task demands, is a critical component of cognitive control. However, little research has examined the association between PA and proactive control. To address this issue, a total of 132 university students were recruited and divided into two groups based on reported regular PA during past week. All participants completed two common cognitive control tasks: the AX Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) and the Cued Task-Switching Paradigm (CTS). In comparison with the low PA group, the high PA group showed greater proactive control efficiency on both tasks. Moreover, proactive control indices significantly correlated between the two tasks for the high but not for the low PA group. Further, working memory significantly modulated the association between PA and proactive control efficiency of CTS. Although the present cross-section design does not allow us to test the causal relationship between PA and proactive control, these findings may have important implications for developing effective intervention strategies which aim to promote proactive control through increasing PA or to promote PA through increasing proactive control. Moreover, individual differences in working memory are important to consider when we aim to design such interventions.

Ocena poziomu aktywności fizycznej osób zatrudnionych w sektorze IT podczas pandemii COVID-19

Introduction. Assessing the physical activity of IT workers during the COVID-19 pandemic can help to discern its hypothetical relationship with gender, the form of work, or other factors. Material and methods. The study lasted from July 29, 2021 to September 14, 2021. For the assessment, a questionnaire was conducted based on the IPAQ-SF (International Physical Activity Questionnaire — Short Form) and original questions about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on lifestyle, including physical activity assessed on the scale –3/0/3. 363 employees of the IT sector (63 women, 300 men; average age: 29; average BMI 26.17) met the conditions for inclusion in the study. Results. In total, 26.17% were in the insufficient group, 54% in the sufficient group and 19.83% in the high physical activity group. Overall, 51.24% estimated that the pandemic had a negative effect on their physical activity, 31.40% had no effect, and 17.36% had a positive impact. Conclusions. IT sector employees are mostly characterized by low physical activity. Therefore, they meet the WHO guidelines for the amount of physical activity with a positive effect on health. There are no interactions in mentioned population between undertaking various types and intensities of physical activity and gender, working shifts and working methods. In future research on physical activity, it is worth considering other factors that may be behind it.

The Longitudinal Effects of Depression on Academic Performance in Chinese Adolescents via Peer Relationships: The Moderating Effect of Gender and Physical Activity.

This study aims to examine whether there is a difference in the sequential effect of depression on academic performance through peer relationships in Chinese adolescents based on gender and physical activity by using longitudinal data. Data from 7170 people from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) were used for analysis. The analysis showed that the indirect effect of depression on academic performance through peer relationships varied depending on gender and physical activity. Specifically, in male students experiencing depression, there was an indirect effect on academic performance through peer relationships in both high and low physical activity groups. In female students experiencing depression, the indirect effect on academic performance through peer relationships was offset if they participated more in physical activity. In other words, for female students participating in physical activity, improvement in peer relationships did not lead to higher academic performance, whereas for male students, improvement in academic performance could be anticipated by improving peer relationships regardless of participation in physical activity. Moreover, since peer relationships play a critical role in improving the academic performance of adolescents experiencing depression, it is important to develop a physical activity or sports program to strengthen peer relationships to improve academic performance.

The Effect of Physical Activity Programs on Dynamic Balance of Older Adults during Covid-19

Dynamic balance has been found to be a very important ability for older adults to improve posture control and prevent falls, injuries and hospitalisation. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of two different physical activity (PA) programmes on the dynamic balance ability of older adults. A total of 39 people (mean age: 62.31) from Tel-Aviv, Israel, participated in this research, which was initiated a few weeks before the Covid-19 restrictions. They were divided into three groups: 16 people participated in the Harmonic Gymnastics programme; the second group also consisted of 16 people who regularly practised moderate-to-high intensity fitness exercise; the third group included 7 participants who did not practise PA (No PA). Dynamic balance was measured using the Y-Balance Test before and after three months of the programme. The results showed that participants in the two PA groups increased their dynamic balance for both legs, although only the Harmonic Gymnastics group achieved significant results (p = 0.001). In the two PA groups, the number of falls decreased (p = 0.017 for both groups), and the No PA group recorded lower scores for both legs, although the decrease was significant only for the left leg (p = 0.043). The study emphasises the importance of PA for older age groups, especially in Covid-19 conditions, and the importance of the Harmonic Gymnastics PA programme that involves body awareness, coordination, vestibular and proprioceptive abilities.

The effect of a physical activity intervention on burden and healthy lifestyle behavior in family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial

AimThe aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of a physical activity intervention on burden and healthy lifestyle behavior in family caregivers of schizophrenia. MethodA randomized, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of physical activity program on burden and healthy lifestyle behavior in family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. The “Physical Activity Program” consisted of 5 min of warm-up activities as the initial segment, 20 min of rhythmic exercises as the activity segment, 5 min of cool down exercises as the final segment and 30 min of free walking. The program consisted of 8 sessions. The Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale and the Healthy Lifestyle Behavior Scale were applied to the physical activity and control groups ahead of the program's implementation. A total of 60 caregivers were randomly distributed to the intervention (n = 30) and control groups (n = 30). Post-intervention measurement was completed by 60 caregivers and all the caregivers completed the intervention. ResultsSignificant differences were found on the Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale score and Healthy Lifestyle Behavior score between the groups. ConclusionFuture research should examine with larger sample groups, carry out interventions, and apply the physical activity intervention by targeting caregivers, along with different interventions.

META analysis on the effect of taijiquan on improving negative psychological symptoms of college students and the optimal dose.

Taijiquan, as a physical and mental exercise, can improve the negative psychology of college students. However, it is still controversial, and the optimal exercise dose of taijiquan to interfere with negative psychology has not been evaluated. This study is aimed at systematically evaluating the effect of taijiquan therapy on improving negative psychological symptoms of college students and its optimal intervention dose. Search databases such as Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, CNKI, WFSD, etc. Collect high-quality relevant RCT studies. After screening, extracting, coding and counting the data, a META analysis is done through Review Manage 5.3 and Stata 15.0 software. PICOS established the eligibility criteria to select the studies as follows: (i) population - non-clinical of college students; (ii) intervention - taijiquan intervention; (iii) comparison - taijiquan intervention group and regular physical activity group; (iv) outcomes - depression, anxiety; and (v) study design - randomized controlled trial. A total of 12 articles and 1,000 samples were included. All of the participants are college students. Taijiquan therapy can significantly reduce the depression and anxiety symptoms of college students [SMD = -0.53, 95% CI (-0.82, -0.23)], [SMD = -0.49, 95% CI (-0.90, -0.09)], with statistical significance (P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis shows that: there is a precise focus on depression and anxiety symptoms. The intervention period is more than 12 weeks, and the best effect appears when people practice 3 times a week. The best single intervention time for depression symptoms is 60 min, and for anxiety symptoms 80-90 min. It is found that taijiquan combined with mindfulness intervention can significantly reduce negative psychological symptoms like depression and anxiety of college students than single taijiquan intervention. Funnel plot combined with sensitivity analysis, Begg, Egger test showed no publication bias. Taijiquan intervention can effectively improve the negative psychological symptoms of college students, and it has great promotion value in colleges and universities. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022314071.

Short-Term Effects of Square Stepping Exercise on Cognitive and Social Functions in Sedentary Older Adults: A Home-Based Online Trial

Background: The Square Stepping Exercise (SSE) is an exercise training program integrating physical exercise and cognitive components. The potential of SSE in deferring cognitive decline in older adults is encouraging. However, the coronavirus pandemic has made it harder for older adults worldwide to exercise together in person. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the short-term effects of a home-based online SSE trial on cognitive and social functions in sedentary older adults. Methods: A sample of 24 older adults (2 men, 22 women) took part in the current study. Seven participants (2 men, 5 women) completed home-based online SSE sessions under tighter safety regulations, whereas other 17 women attended SSE sessions in person when group exercise with more than 5 people were permitted. To investigate the effects of the online SSE on cognitive and social functions compared to the in-person SSE, 2 times (pre vs. post) × 2 groups (online vs. in-person) mixed ANOVAs were conducted with classic and robust statistical methods on the scores of the Trail Making Test (TMT), the subscale scores of the Physical Activity Group Environment Questionnaire, and the score of the Subjective Vitality Scale. Results: The interaction between time and groups was significant on the TMT-B to TMT-A (B/A) ratio score (p = .049) and the subscale scores of Individuals Attractions to the Group‒Task (p = .034) and ‒Social (p = .037). The B/A ratio score is an indicator of executive control function. The online SSE group’s ratio score slightly decreased over the sessions, whereas the ratio score significantly increased in the in-person group. As for group cohesion, participants’ involvements with the group task and social interaction with their group were enhanced in the online SSE group over the sessions, compared to the in-person SSE group. Conclusions: In this study, SSE was carried out online for a short-term and found to be successful to enhance executive function and group cohesion in sedentary older adults. Considering the coronavirus pandemic circumstances, it is valuable to examine the long-term effects of the online SSE in older adults in future research.

Physical activity and the incidence of hypertensive heart disease in patients at Indonesia Hospital in 2022

Background: Hypertensive Heart Disease (HHD) contributes to the increasing burden of cardiovascular disease worldwide and is associated with an increased risk of death. Globally, the prevalence of HHD increased by 137.91% from 7.82 million in 1990 to 19.60 million in 2019. At the national level, China carries the highest prevalence of HHD, followed by the United States and India. Indonesia is ranked 3rd with the highest number of HHD sufferers in the world after China and India based on the DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Year) level. Lack of physical activity has long been associated with the incidence of HHD. In Indonesia, 33.5% of the population is included in the low physical activity group. The province with the largest percentage of the population who does not do physical activity is DKI Jakarta, where 47.8% of the population does not do physical activity. Methods: This study used an analytical method with a retrospective cross sectional approach. The populations in this study were all HHD patients at the Cardiology Polyclinic of Pasar Rebo Hospital Jakarta with a total sample of 124 respondents. Results: The results of the univariate analysis in this study showed that as many as 69 respondents (55.6%) had low levels of physical activity, 46 respondents (37.1%) had moderate levels of activity, and 9 respondents (7.3%) had high levels of physical activity. The results of the bivariate analysis in this study using the chi square test showed that there was a relationship between physical activity and the incidence of HHD with p value = 0.000 dengan odd Ratio. Keywords: Hypertensive, Hypertensive Heart Disease, Physical Activity

Relationship between physical activity and bone mineral density loss after gastrectomy in gastric cancer patients.

The prevention of osteoporosis is a particularly relevant issue for gastric cancer survivors. We investigated the relationship between postoperative physical activity and the change of bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with gastric cancer. Patients who underwent radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer were enrolled in this single-center prospective cohort study. Physical activity was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form at postoperative month (POM) 6 and patients were classified into high, middle, and low physical activity groups accordingly. The primary outcome was the change in BMD from baseline at POM 12, which was expressed as a percentage of the young adult mean (YAM). The YAM of the lumbar spine and femoral neck was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. One hundred ten patients were enrolled in this study. The physical activity level at POM 6 was classified as high (n = 50; 45%), middle (n = 25; 23%), and low (n = 35; 32%). The mean decrease of YAM% was 5.1% in the lumbar spine and 4.2% in the femoral neck at POM 12. A multivariable-adjusted logistic regression model revealed that low physical activity at POM 6 was a significant risk factor for BMD loss at POM 12 (odds ratio, 3.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.48-9.55; p = 0.005). Low physical activity after gastrectomy is an independent risk factor for decreased BMD at POM 12. The introduction of exercise may prevent osteoporosis after the surgical treatment of gastric cancer.

The Impact of Physical Activity at School on Eating Behaviour and Leisure Time of Early Adolescents

(1) Background: Diet and physical activity (PA) significantly impact health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of long-term increase in organized PA level at school on the eating behaviour and leisure time of early adolescences in the period from the age of 10 to 12. (2) Methods: Children born in 2007 (n = 278) in groups with a standard (control group) and increased level of organized PA at school (4 and 10 h a week) were subjected to an anonymous follow-up survey. The questionnaire included 22 questions related to the eating behaviour and ways and frequency of leisure time PA. The study was conducted in the same groups in three assessment sessions in September 2017, 2018 and 2019. (3) Results: During the course of the study, it was shown improvement of eating behaviour in the increased PA group whereas decline in the standard PA one. The share of children with good and very good scores of eating behaviour decreased in the standard PA group from 56.89% to 54.54% and increased in the increased PA from 58.06% to 60.29%. In the increased PA group children more frequently than standard PA ate vegetables, fruits, fish, poultry meat, wholemeal bakery products, milk, dairy products and drinking tea without sugar, as well as ate breakfast. The standard PA children more frequently than increased PA ate high sugar and/or fat content food as sweets, savoury snacks and drank fizzy drinks as well as fast foods. The frequency of often undertaken leisure time PA increased in the increased PA group from 67% to 74%, while decreased in the standard PA from 58% to 52%. (4) Conclusions: Increase in organized PA at school beneficially influenced early adolescents' eating behaviour and frequency of leisure time PA during 2 years observation. It also increased early adolescents' awareness of healthy diet. Increased PA at school helps shaping healthy lifestyle among early adolescents.