Phthalocyanine Nanoparticles Research Articles

Triblock copolymers encapsulated poly (aryl benzyl ether) dendrimer zinc(II) phthalocyanine nanoparticles for enhancement in vitro photodynamic efficacy

A novel series of nanoparticles formed via an electrostatic interaction between the periphery of negatively charged 1–2 generation aryl benzyl ether dendrimer zinc (II) phthalocyanines and positively charged poly(L-lysin) segment of triblock copolymer, poly(L-lysin)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lysin), was developed for the use as an effective photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. The dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy showed that two nanoparticles has a relevant size of 80–150nm. The photophysical properties and singlet oxygen quantum yields of free dendrimer phthalocyanines and nanoparticles exhibited generation dependence. The intracellular uptake of dendrimer phthalocyanines in Hela cells was significantly elevated as they were incorporated into the micelles, but was inversely correlated with the generation of dendrimer phthalocyanines. The photocytotoxicity of dendrimer phthalocyanines incorporated into polymeric micelles was also increased. The presence of nanoparticles induced efficient cell death. Using a mitochondrial-sepcific dye rhodamine 123 (Rh123), our fluorescence microscopic result indicated that nanoparticles localized to the mitochondria.

Application of nanophotosensitizers (aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles) for early diagnosis and prevention of inflammatory diseases

This paper deals with a possibility of new types of photosensitizers application - Aluminum Phthalocyanine nanoparticles (nAlPc) in clinical practice for diagnosis, prevention and therapy of inflammatory diseases in dentistry and traumatology. It was detected that the aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPc) fluoresces in the nanoparticle form in the presence of pathologic microflora or inflammation process. It will make possible to detect the local accumulation of pathological microflora on the enamel surface and also for diagnostics and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Experimental studies of interaction of NP-AlPc with tooth enamel and with biological joint tissue at arthrosis are presented.

Investigation of the aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles colloidal solutions pH-dependent photoluminescence kinetics in pico- and nanosecond time range

In this study, the fluorescence intensity decay of aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles colloidal solutions at different pH was investigated. Hamamatsu Streak-Camera (C10627 - 13 Hamamatsu Photonics) with picosecond temporal resolution (15 ps) was used to carry out the measurements. For excitation we used Hamamatsu Picosecond Light Pulser PLP - 10 with 637 nm wavelength and 65 ps pulse duration. The changes in fluorescence decay kinetics were found during the experiment. The number of fluorescence lifetime components and duration of lifetimes depends on pH. At pH 2 the presence of two fluorescence lifetimes was recorded: the first one was 5 ns, which corresponded to the molecular form in solution, and 1.5 ns, which corresponded to bound state of phthalocyanine molecules. This work is a preparatory step towards a model which describes the interaction of aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles with environment in biological tissue.

The study of laser induced fluorescence of tooth hard tissues with aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles

This work is about the possibility of fluorescence diagnosis application with the use of aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles (nAlPc) in order to detect enamel microdamage. For the investigation, five human teeth samples of various age groups were removed for various reasons. The autofluorescence spectrums of these samples hard tissues and fluorescence spectrums of nAlPc mixed with enamel powder were obtained during the experiment. The research shows that sample pathogenic microflora causes nAlPc fluorescence. This fact will allow detecting enamel microdamage in future studies.

Spectral luminescent properties of bacteriochlorin and aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles as hydroxyapatite implant surface coating

Spectral luminescent properties of bacteriochlorin and aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles as hydroxyapatite implant surface coating

Mimetic biosensors composed by layer-by-layer films of phospholipid, phthalocyanine and silver nanoparticles to polyphenol detection

Highly selective and sensitive modified electrodes have been the focus of many studies in sensing applications. Gene or enzymatic biosensors are greatly effective in this context, but they are often fragile and expensive. An alternative to these systems is the use of mimetic systems such as artificial enzyme immobilized in a matrix formed by thin films, for which the electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) technique has been widely applied. Here, the formation of bilayers or trilayers combining a cationic electrolyte (poly(allylamine) hydrochlorate, PAH), an anionic metallic complex (iron tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine, FeTsPc), an anionic phospholipid 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-3-glycero-(phosphor-rac-(1-glycerol), DPPG) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) arranged as (PAH/FeTsPc+DPPG)n and (PAH/FeTsPc+DPPG/AgNP)n was structurally and morphologically characterized. The electrostatic interaction of PAH, FeTsPc, and DPPG molecules were identified as the driven forces that allow the LbL film growth. The incorporation of AgNPs in the LbL films makes possible to active the surface enhanced resonant Raman scattering (SERRS) effect. The LbL films were evaluated as a sensor to catechol by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. The presence of AgNPs enhances the electrocatalytic activity of FeTsPc in the film to catechol oxidation. The (PAH/FeTsPc+DPPG/AgNP)5 LbL film presented a linear concentration range for catechol detection from 2 up to 100μM, with a limit of detection of 0.87μM. The distinction of catechol concentrations as well as discrimination among catechol, gallic and vanillic acid aqueous solutions was efficiently performed by principal component analysis (PCA) from impedance spectroscopy measurements. The LbL films here evaluated showed suitable properties to be applied as mimetic biosensors. The sensor was applied to polyphenol determination in green tea samples by standard addition showing high selectivity to catechol compared with results from Folin-Ciocalteu method.

Analysis of photoluminescence decay kinetics of aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles interacting with immune cells

This work is dedicated to the study of the photoluminescence kinetics of aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles in colloidal solutions at different pH and in the interaction with immune cells (macrophages). For measurements we used a registration system based on Hamamatsu streak camera (C10627-13 Hamamatsu Photonics) with picosecond temporal resolution (15 ps), conjugated with the fiberoptic spectrometer and picosecond laser pumping. The changes in fluorescence decay kinetics as additional lifetime components of fluorescence were found during the experiment. The number of components and duration of lifetimes changed while interacting with cells and depends on pH. At pH 2 the presence of two fluorescence lifetimes was recorded: the first one was 5 ns, which corresponded to the molecular form in solution, and 1.5 ns, which corresponded to bound state of phthalocyanine molecules. Due to the absence of other possible objects for bounding in the solution except of the nanoparticles we can suggest with a high degree of accuracy that the bounding occurs with the very these nanoparticles. Analysis of the fluorescence lifetimes of aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles in macrophages indicated the presence of two components: 9 ns and 4.5 ns. A model of surface molecules transitions from parallel to perpendicular position, regarding to the plane of the crystal nanoparticle was proposed.

Electrode modification using nanocomposites of boron or nitrogen doped graphene oxide and cobalt (II) tetra aminophenoxy phthalocyanine nanoparticles

Reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGONS), reduced boron doped graphene oxide nanosheets (rBDGONS) and reduced nitrogen doped graphene oxide nanosheets (rNDGONS) and their composites with cobalt tetra aminophenoxy phthalocyanine nanoparticles (CoTAPhPcNP) were employed towards the detection of hydrogen peroxide. The nanomaterials were characterized by absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry. rNDGONS showed excellent electrooxidation and electroreduction of hydrogen peroxide supported by superior surface coverage values. The inclusion of nanosized Pc significantly lowered the reduction overpotential. CoTAPhPcNP-rNDGONS-GCE gave a sensitivity of 39.30mA/M, catalytic rate constant of 1×103M−1s−1 and a detection limit of 8.2nM. An adsorption equilibrium constant and Gibbs free energy of 1.26×103M−1 and −17.69kJmol−1 respectively were observed.

Characterization and Electrocatalytic Activity of Nanocomposites Consisting of Nanosized Cobalt Tetraaminophenoxy Phthalocyanine, Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes and Gold Nanoparticles

AbstractGlassy carbon electrodes were modified with composites containing cobalt tetraaminophenoxy phthalocyanine nanoparticles (CoTAPhPcNP), multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and gold nanorods (AuNRs). The modified electrodes were studied for their electrocatalytic behavior towards the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Phthalocyanine nanoparticles significantly improved electron transfer kinetics as compared to phthalocyanines which are not in the nanoparticle form when alone or in the presence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). CoTAPhPcNP‐MWCNT‐GCE proved to be suitable for hydrogen peroxide detection with a catalytic rate constant of 3.45×103 M−1 s−1 and a detection limit of 1.61×10−7 M. Adsorption Gibbs free energy ΔGo was found to be −19.22 kJ mol−1 for CoTAPhPcNP‐MWCNT‐GCE.

Selective aqueous oxidation of alcohols catalyzed by copper (II) phthalocyanine nanoparticles

A new catalyst based on metallophthalocyanine nanoparticles has been synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The aqueous oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) has been studied using tetra-n-butyl-ammonium-peroxo-monosulfate (n-Bu4NHSO5) as an oxidant and a catalytic system consisting of copper (II) phthalocyanine nanoparticles in water. The highly selective oxidation gave excellent yields of related aldehydes or ketones without remarkable over-oxidation of the carboxylic acids. Organic co-solvents, surfactants, and co-catalysts were not used in this catalytic strategy. This strategy was green and time effective. The oxidant's by-product (TBAHSO4) and catalyst can be efficiently recovered and reused several times without any significant change of catalytic activity.

Electrochemical activity and electrocatalytic property of cobalt phthalocyanine nanoparticles-based immunosensor for sensitive detection of procalcitonin

In this work, cobalt phthalocyanine nanoparticles (nanoCoPc) functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (nanoCoPc-MWCNTs) were synthesized to construct a sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive detection of procalcitonin (PCT). Herein, the electrochemical signal could directly originate from nanoCoPc-MWCNTs without the addition or labeling of other redox mediators. Moreover, a pseudobienzyme system based on catalytic activity of nanoCoPc and choline oxidase (ChOx) was constructed to enhance sensitivity. In the presence of choline, ChOx catalyzed the oxidation of choline with the production of H2O2, which was then oxidized by nanoCoPc-MWCNT with the improved electron transfer from Co (II) to Co (I), resulting in electrochemical signal amplification. In addition, MWCNTs with a large area surface and excellent electric conductivity were used as matrix for loading nanoCoPc and immobilizing bimolecular, which also amplified electrochemical signal. With above amplification strategy, the proposed immunosensor exhibited desirable performance for PCT with a wide linearity in the range from 0.01 to 100ngmL−1 and a low detection limit of 1.23pgmL−1.

Fluorescence Behaviour of an Aluminium Octacarboxy Phthalocyanine--NaYGdF4:Yb/Er Nanoparticle Conjugate.

Using a methanol assisted thermal decomposition approach, sphere shaped NaYGdF4:Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) were successfully synthesized. The chemical, spectroscopic and fluorescence properties of the UCNPs were fully characterized. Characteristic upconversion fluorescence emissions were produced by the NPs in the green, red and NIR regions and the NPs were also shown to possess paramagnetic properties. The influence of the UCNPs on the spectroscopic and fluorescence properties of an aluminium octacarboxy phthalocyanine AlOCPc was investigated. Covalent conjugation to an AlOCPc resulted in a large blue shift of the phthalocyanine's Q band, which was accompanied by a decrease in the Pc's fluorescence lifetime in DMSO. By combining the phthalocyanine and upconversion nanoparticle, we present a system capable of multimodal imaging, using both the upconversion nanoparticle's and phthalocyanine's emission, and magnetic resonance imaging (as a result of doping the upconversion nanoparticles with Gd(3+) ions).

Single-crystal C60 needle/CuPc nanoparticle double floating-gate for low-voltage organic transistors based non-volatile memory devices.

Low-voltage organic field-effect transistor memory devices exhibiting a wide memory window, low power consumption, acceptable retention, endurance properties, and tunable memory performance are fabricated. The performance is achieved by employing single-crystal C60 needles and copper phthalocyanine nanoparticles to produce an ambipolar (hole/electron) trapping effect in a double floating-gate architecture.

Conductivity of copper phthalocyanine-polystyrene composite films in the presence of adsorbed oxygen

The electrical conductivity and adsorption-resistive response to nitrogen dioxide of composite films containing copper phthalocyanine nanoparticles dispersed into the polystyrene matrix are investigated experimentally. The results are analyzed using the two-level model of hopping conductivity. The contributions to the conductivity from intrinsic and impurity localization centers are singled out, and the concentrations of the localization centers in copper phthalocyanines free of impurities as well as the electron localization radii in impurity and intrinsic states are determined.

Fluorescence investigation of the detachment of aluminum phthalocyanine molecules from aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles in monocytes/macrophages and skin cells and their localization in monocytes/macrophages

Nanoparticles made from aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPc) are non-fluorescent in the nanoparticle form. Once AlPc molecules become detached from the particle, fluorescence occurs. Preliminary work showed the benefit of using aluminum phthalocyanine nanoparticles (nAlPc) for the rating of the rejection risk of skin autografts in mice by measuring fluorescence intensities of detached AlPc. Skin autografts showing a high fluorescence intensity were finally rejected suggesting an inflammatory process. In contrast, autografts with normal autofluorescence were accepted. This work was focused on the mechanism of this finding. The aim is detecting inflammatory processes and the potential use of nAlPc for PDT as a new treatment modality. The effect of the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocyte/macrophage murine cell line J774A.1 on the monomerization of internalized nAlPc was tested. Further, we investigated the influence of J774A.1 cells and the normal skin cell lines L-929 or HaCaT on the dissolution of nAlPc by laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. Localization of AlPc molecules after uptake and dissolution of nanoparticles by the cells was surveyed. In co-culture models composed of J774A.1 and HaCaT/L-929 cells, the AlPc fluorescence intensity in J774A.1 cells is 1.38/1.89 fold higher, respectively. According to localization measurements in J774A.1 cells it can be assumed that nAlPc is taken up via endocytosis and remains in endosomes and/or lysosomes dissolving there. Detached molecules of AlPc cause rapture of the endosomal and/or lysosomal membrane after irradiation to become quite uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm. Evidence for monocytes/macrophages being the origin of the measured AlPc fluorescence in rejected skin autografts was confirmed.

Determination of the absorption and scattering cross sections of zinc phthalocyanine nanoparticles

The real and imaginary parts of the refractive index of thin zinc phthalocyanine films have been measured by two different methods (spectral and ellipsometric). The results obtained have been used to calculate the absorption and scattering cross sections of spherical zinc phthalocyanine nanoparticles in water as functions of their size.

Improving the photovoltaic parameters of organic solar cell using soluble copper phthalocyanine nanoparticles as a buffer layer

We prepared copper phthalocyanine nanoparticles (CuPc-NPs) by a simple solution process, for use as a buffer layer in organic solar cells (OSCs) based on a poly[[9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole-2,7-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl-2,5-thiophenediyl]/[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid (PCDTBT/PC71BM) active layer. The optical absorption of such buffer layers was analyzed through UV–visible spectral studies in the wavelength range from 300 to 800 nm. The surface and structure were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, respectively. The observed XRD spectra suggested the presence of a stable β-crystallite phase of CuPc-NP films. The effect of the CuPc-NP buffer layer on the photovoltaic parameters was studied. The current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics of photovoltaic cells were measured under 100 mW/cm2 (AM 1.5G). An optimized OSC showed a 5.22% PCE, a 0.465 FF, and a 12.68 mA/cm2 Jsc. The improved interface properties and good charge transport properties when using the CuPc-NP layer are believed to be the reasons behind the better device performance.

Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties of in Situ Synthesized ZnO–CuPc Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) have been grown in situ in a colloidal solution of CuPc using zinc acetate as precursor and sodium hydroxide as precipitating agent. n-Type ZnO NPs form a network with p-type CuPc by donating electrons as evidenced by various techniques. Increase in NaOH concentration produces larger ZnO nanostructures (NS) with higher aspect ratio (length/diameter) that influences the aggregation state of the CuPc. The drop-cast films of pure CuPc show stacking in both H and J aggregation modes which changes due to composite formation. A significant blue-shift in the Q-band corresponding to the J aggregated mode (∼30 nm) indicates a change in the aggregation state of CuPc molecules from slipped facial to cofacial stacking. A defect related emission from ZnO shows a blue-shift with a reduced intensity, confirming the formation of ZnO nanorods that are firmly attached to the CuPc in the composite. Further, current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of na...

Copper-phthalocyanine and nickel nanoparticles as novel cathode catalysts in microbial fuel cells

In this study, four different catalysts (i.e., carbon black, nickel nanoparticle (Ni)/C, Phthalocyanine/C and copper-phthalocyanine/C), were tested in a two-chamber Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) and their performances were compared with Pt as the common cathode catalyst in MFC. The characterization of catalysts was done by TEM, XPS and EDX and their electrochemical characteristics were compared by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV). The results proved that copper phthalocyanine and nickel nanoparticles are potential alternatives catalyst for Pt. Even copper-phthalocyanine generated power is almost the same as Pt. The CV and LSV results reported high electrochemical activity of these catalysts. The maximum power density and coulombic efficiency was achieved by copper-phthalocyanine/C as 118.2 mW/m2 and 29.3%.

Porous graphene frame supported silicon@graphitic carbon via in situ solid-state synthesis for high-performance lithium-ion anodes

The synthesis of graphene-based composite materials for Li-ion batteries using an in situ growing technique is first proposed in this work. Graphene frame supported silicon@graphitic carbon granules were obtained through a one-step solid-state reaction using iron phthalocyanine (FePc) and silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) as the precursors. Nitrogen-doped graphene was grown in situ around the SiNPs by pyrolyzing and re-carbonizing FePc, and a cross-linked graphene frame network was gradually formed. Simultaneously, SiNPs were wrapped by a thin graphitic carbon layer, and the strong interconnections between the graphene, graphitic carbon and SiNPs led to a spontaneous self-assembly process, resulting in the formation of μm scale granules with available nanoporosities and irregular channels. The self-assembled granules with excellent electrical conductivity can effectively accommodate the volume change of the SiNPs during the repeating discharge–charge processes, therefore high capacity, long cycle life, high Coulombic efficiency and superb rate capability have been realized. The synthesis strategy is facile, safe, low-cost and can be easily industrialized, providing a broadly applicable route for the in situ synthesis of more functional graphene-based composite materials.