Phrasal Units Research Articles

Between compounding and phrasal derivation: Polish complex nouns in sam(o)-

The aim of this paper is to explore the class of Polish complex nouns with the initial combining form samo-, such as samobójca ‘suicide’. The study seeks to determine the morphological structure of what we consider to be a case of ‘syntax-inside-morphology’ in the domain of Polish word-formation. We want to argue that what appears to be sheer concatenation of morphological building blocks, often routinely classified as a compound word with a lefthand bound root, could, in fact, be interpreted as a derived noun based on a phrasal unit. In what follows, we shall argue that the morphosemantics of Polish complex nouns in samo- can successfully be captured by left-branching structure, which ensures that their morphological and semantic representations cohere into a well-organised whole. The dispute over derivational phenomena exhibiting a degree of reciprocity between morphology and syntax has long surrounded the data-driven examination of certain word-formation types across languages. Currently, a rich body of linguistic data amassed across various languages seems to strongly undermine the aprioristic separation of the two modules of grammar. The present study draws on tenets central to theories which are neither strictly lexicalist nor syntactocentric, in particular the Firewall Theory advanced by Lieber & Scalise (2006) .

<진작3>ㆍ<대엽>ㆍ<만대엽> 선율의 관계

The pieces of daeyeop, considered as the original form of the classical vocal genre gagok, are very important sources that show the process through which Mandaeyeop in Geumhapjabo (the scores of plucked zither geomungo) was derived from “Jinjak” compiled in Daeakhubo (the scores of court music). This study aims to reveal the relationship of the melodies of Jinjak 3, Daeyeop, and Mandaeyeop, distinguishing daeyeop's melodic phrases and analyzing their melody structures. It focuses on four daeyeop pieces for analysis--Pyeongjodaeyeop from Siyonghyangakbo (lit. the Joseon-style scores used at the time), Daeyeop, Pyeongjodaeyeop aka Naksujo, and Daeyeop Kim Jong-son from Hyeongeumdongmunyugi (a collection of records and scores related to geomungo). The melody analysis in this study was conducted by distinguishing the structural notes from the melodic notes in the melody for each phrase and extracting the skeletal melody of the phrase unit connecting structural notes. As a result of extracting and comparing the skeletal melodies of Jinjak 3 and Mandaeyeop, it was found that the skeletal melodies of the second half of daeyeop and buyeop of Jinjak 3 were similar to chapters 3 to 5 of Mandaeyeop. As a result of classifying the phrases of the four daeyeop pieces and extracting and analyzing the skeletal melody for each phrase, the melodies of the four daeyeop pieces shows differences for each piece. Chapters 1 and 2 of the daeyeop pieces were not directly influenced by the melody of Jinjak 3, but similar skeletal melodies are used among the daeyeop pieces. Chapter 2 of the daeyeop pieces generally uses a changed one from the melody of Chapter 1, but the melodies of Chapters 1 and 2 of the daeyeop pieces in Hyeongeumdongmunyugi appear more similar than those in Pyeongjodaeyeop. The melodies of the daeyeop pieces show the greatest difference in chapter 3. In other words, while Chapter 3 of Pyeongjodaeyeop uses a melody similar to Jinjak 3, Chapter 3 of the three daeyeop pieces in Hyeongeumdongmunyugi uses similar melody to Chapter 5 of the same piece. The melody of Chapter 4 of the daeyeop pieces in Hyeongeumdongmunyugi uses higher notes than that of Chapter 4 of Pyeongjodaeyeop and has a complex form, so it is clearly distinguished from the melody of Chapter 5. In addition, the form of daeyeop pieces in Hyeongeumdongmunyugi continues to that of Mandaeyeop in Geumhapjabo. Therefore, it can be said that daeyeop pieces show a transitional period in which the form of Jinjak 3 was changed into that of Mandaeyeop. This study reveals that Pyeongjodaeyeop, which has a melody similar to that of Jinjak 3, was transformed into the daeyeop pieces of Hyeongeumdongmunyugi, which have a melody and form distinct from Jinjak 3, and then was established as Mandaeyeop in Geumhapjabo. In addition, it confirms that the daeyeop pieces in Hyeongeumdongmunyugi had a direct influence on the formation of Mandaeyeop.

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH THE VERB TO DO AND THEIR STUDY IN THE CHINESE AUDIENCE

The article deals with the use of phrasal units with the verb “to do" in the Russian language and their study in the Chinese audience. The author briefly touches upon the issue of the definition of the term. Classifications of phrasal units, an overview of Russian phrasal units with the verb to do and their prefix derivatives are discussed in more detail. In the main part of the article the author focuses on teaching the specific meanings of these phrasal units in the aspect of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The article contains exercises that help foreign students to learn and memorize phrasal units better. Finally, the author draws conclusions based on the study of data in the Chinese audience.

Eye-voice and finger-voice spans in adults’ oral reading of connected texts*

Abstract The present paper investigates the interaction between eye movements, voice articulation and the movements of the index finger dynamically pointing to a text line in oral finger-point reading of Italian. During finger-point reading, the finger appears to be ahead of the voice most of the times, by a margin that is significantly modulated by the distribution of phrasal and prosodic units in the reading text. Eye movements replicate the same effects on a different time scale. The eye is ahead of both voice and finger by a wide margin (confirming evidence observed for English and German sentence reading), while showing a tendency to re-synchronise with voice articulation at the right edge of strong prosodic units (sentence boundaries). Our evidence suggests a multicomponent view of the time span between the eye/finger and the voice. The span is shown to be the dynamic outcome of an optimally adaptive reading strategy, resulting from the interaction between individual decoding skills, the reader’s phonological buffer capacity, and the structural complexity of a reading text. Proficient readers modulate their span to compensate for the different timing between word fixation and word articulation, read faster, and dynamically adjust their processing window to the meaningful, prosodic units of a text.

Neural oscillations and speech processing at birth

Are neural oscillations biologically endowed building blocks of the neural architecture for speech processing from birth, or do they require experience to emerge? In adults, delta, theta, and low-gamma oscillations support the simultaneous processing of phrasal, syllabic, and phonemic units in the speech signal, respectively. Using electroencephalography to investigate neural oscillations in the newborn brain we reveal that delta and theta oscillations differ for rhythmically different languages, suggesting that these bands underlie newborns' universal ability to discriminate languages on the basis of rhythm. Additionally, higher theta activity during post-stimulus as compared to pre-stimulus rest suggests that stimulation after-effects are present from birth.

En torno al pseudoanglicismo acuñado por traducción

Abstract The study of pseudo-English words arising as translations of Spanish lexemes and expressions has been largely overlooked, if not deliberately ignored, by scholars working in the field of Anglicisms. There are several reasons for this, but the most important is surely that the type of translation involved in the coinage of these words goes right against the grain of what is deemed conventional, common-or-garden calquing. A lexical or phrasal unit coined as a calque of a Spanish word or phrase may look English, but is actually Spanish. On occasion, a Spanish word or word element may also be jocularly interpreted as if it were English, thus lending itself to playful calquing into Spanish. Drawing on a corpus of over 2,000 citations from the microblogging site Twitter, this article provides a detailed analysis of the processes used to create Spanish-based false Anglicisms, usually for playful or humorous effect. The bottom line of this analysis is that these calqued formations are generally motivated by a desire to undermine the sophistication and prestige associated with the use of English loanwords in Spanish.

Discontinuity of Three-Component Verbal Phrasal Units

Key words: one-word, polyword, classification by quantity, classification by syntactic ratio, proportionate and disproportionate, participial structure Discontinuity has become material of study in recent years. Before now interjections and introductory words, phrases and sentences have been largely studied, but the discontinuity of phrasal units hasn’t been studied yet. The constant dependence of components is the most common type of dependence among substantive phraseological units. The complete constancy of the components is by no means a mandatory feature of phraseological units. If a variant appears, the constant dependence can turn into a constant-variant one. Phraseological variants are identical in quality and quantity of meanings, as well as in stylistic and syntactic functions. If phraseological units with partially substituted components have the same number of meanings, but they do not completely coincide, differing in shade, figurativeness, stylistic orientation, the structural synonyms are formed. If the number of meanings does not match, with a partially different lexical composition, with a different figurative basis, even if there is a common meaning, it is not possible to talk about phraseological variation or structural synonymy. Such turns should be considered as independent phraseological units. In this article, we will consider discontinuity of three-component verbal phrasal units in two main ways: according to the principle of quantitative attribute and syntactic relation. Discontinuity of three-component verbal phrasal units often occurs with one interval. These may be one-word or polyword, which may or may not be members of the sentence. Discontinuity can perform the role of main and secondary members in the sentence. Phrasal units are rare with two intervals. In this case, intervals can be one-word or polyword, doing or not doing the position of a sentence member.

The Study of the Features of the Most Usable Russian and English Phrases in the Armenian Classroom

Key words: linguo-culture, methodological approach, interactive method of teaching, phraseological semantics, language environment, linguistic image of the world, set of meanings This given article is dedicated to the study analysis of Russian and English phrases from semantic and linguo-cultural perspectives. Through the methods of selection, description, coordination and comparison we’ve observed the semantics of the most usable Russian and English phrases and offered approaches for their study by the first-year students of the «English language and literature» Department. The article presents the most applied phrasal units, their general and specific features. We’ve analyzed a number of phrases, the meanings of which contain national-cultural components. Having studied the subject matter in depth, we realized that phrases not only represent a linguistic means of expressing the concrete culture and national mentality, but also participate in the formation of the world perception of the given language – bearing people. The study of phrases of different languages necessarily reveals the very common thing that unites peoples, their national ideas, which is conditioned by the historical experience of a specific ethno-cultural community. Having analyzed the whole material, we came to the conclusion that generalized knowledge about the language is a mandatory condition for universal knowledge, without which it’s quite impossible to study any language, especially in the case when there is no specific language environment. The facts and linguistic structures presented in the article, in our deep conviction, can become a possible basis for the study of phraseological systems and units of different languages.

Areal Models of Phrasal Units in Russian Dialects of the Republic of Mordovia.

The article introduces the concept of “areal models of phrases”, which emphasizes the novelty of the work. The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that the study is carried out in the framework of the anthropocentric paradigm, which is centered on the human being. Modeling is carried out on the basis of selected models in phraseology, but not fully reflecting the peculiarities of dialect phraseology. The aim of the study is to structure the group of phrasal units and to present areal models of phrasal units of the phrasal-semantic field “speech activity” in Russian local dialects of the Republic of Mordovia. Differentiation of areal models is carried out according to semantic, axiological and structural-grammatical features. Macro-models representing the core of the field, models that fill phrasal units located in the near-core zone, and periphery zone models are distinguished. The authors conclude that the allocation of areal models of phrasal units in the Russian dialects of the Republic of Mordovia will be universal for the allocation of areal models in the Russian dialects of the Volga region peoples.

Phrase units with numerological component in French and Geoargian Languages

      In the article, the specificity of numerological components in the composition of phrase units of French and Georgian languages is considered. The comparative analysis of French and Georgian prase uniots with a numerological  component (from “one” to “nine”), the results of which are presented in our paper, allows us to discuss the similarities and differences in the cultural connotation of numbers.     Phrase units with a numerological  component are of great  interest for research, because numbers have a sopecial p;ace in the conceptual picture of the worls. As a part of phrase units , a numerical noun can realize the primary sign function, that is, express a quantity and can also be interprted as a symbol that realizes a secondary sign function. The comparative analysis of French and Georgian phrases with a numeorological component (from 1 to 9) showed us semantic coincidences. However, there are cases where the values of the digital elements do not match.

Բողոքի անուղղակի արտահայտման լեզվական առանձնահատկությունները հայերեն համացանցային խոսույթում / Linguistic Analysis of Indirect Complaint Expression in Armenian Internet Discourse

The aim of the article is to define the levels of complaint indirectness and investigate the linguistic means of indirect complaint expression within Armenian Internet discourse. The study not only scrutinizes the diverse types of complaints but also delves into the linguistic means for their indirect expression. The topicality of this article arises from the prevailing tendency to voice complaints indirectly in Internet discourse and its potential influence on users. The selection of linguistic analysis methods is justified by the nature of the studied material and the aim of the research. The examination of the material was carried out through linguistic descriptive analysis. The research findings led us to conclude that the users express their complaints based on the scale of the indirectness levels suggested by J. House and G. Kasper. A number of linguistic means play a pivotal role in the skilful implementation of indirect complaint expression. Notably, lexical and phrasal units with negative connotations that are typical of the colloquial speech, along with the frequent use of negative constructions and indirect questions, are prominent in this regard. Additionally, diverse punctuation marks are employed in complaints to add subtlety to indirect complaint expressions, with sarcasm being a commonly observed characteristic in such instances.

PHRASEOLOGY AS A BRANCH OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE

There are a number of important reasons for this in this paper: firstly, it is well known that the role of English phrasal units has increased dramatically in recent years. This is evidenced by the recent appearance in the UK of a series of dictionaries and exercise books dedicated to them, with a particular focus on the so-called phrasal verbs which play an indispensable role in modern English. Secondly, they are typical of the English language and have a type of verbal expression which must be understood in order to master the English language. Phrase units are also one of the most challenging issues in the learning process. There are currently many methods and approaches in this area. The object of the study is to select phrasal expressions in English and Russian, examine the role of phrasal units in language and the use of phrasal units, analyze the equivalence of phrasal words, consider types of phrases and the concept of phrase system, and demonstrate how phrases occur in English. As a linguistic discipline, the subject of phraseology also includes a comprehensive study of the phraseological resources of a particular language. Important aspects of this scientific study are the stability of phraseological units, the semantic structure of systemic phraseological units and phraseological units, their origin and main functions. An equally interesting issue is the translation of phraseological units. Because of the indivisibility of meanings, phraseology requires the selection of identical idioms in one's language in order to understand their meaning.

Japanese Neural Incremental Text-to-Speech Synthesis Framework With an Accent Phrase Input

Work in the development of neural incremental text-to-speech (iTTS), which is attracting increasing attention, has recently pursued low-latency processing by generating speech on the fly before reading complete sentences. Most current state-of-the-art iTTS systems use a prefix-to-prefix neural iTTS framework with look-ahead of 1-2 unit segments (i.e., phonemes or words). However, since the Japanese language is based on accent phrase units that are longer than words, using a prefix-to-prefix neural iTTS with a look-ahead approach increases latency. Here, we propose an alternative to the end-to-end neural iTTS architecture that does not apply look-ahead input when synthesizing speech chunks. We further propose a method to use information from the previous time step by connecting the synthesized vector and the model’s internal state to the current time step. We experimentally investigated the latency of various iTTS systems with different modeling and synthesis chunks. The experimental results show that, for Japanese, the proposed iTTS is able to synthesize better speech quality, with a similar latency range, than the conventional baseline prefix-to-prefix neural iTTS with word units. Moreover, we found that our proposed approach improved the prosodic naturalness among synthesized units in the Japanese language. Subjective evaluations also revealed that the proposed approach with an incremental unit of two accent phrases achieved the best scores in Japanese iTTS systems.

Cortical tracking of lexical speech units in a multi-talker background is immature in school-aged children

Children have more difficulty perceiving speech in noise than adults. Whether this difficulty relates to an immature processing of prosodic or linguistic elements of the attended speech is still unclear. To address the impact of noise on linguistic processing per se, we assessed how babble noise impacts the cortical tracking of intelligible speech devoid of prosody in school-aged children and adults.Twenty adults and twenty children (7-9 years) listened to synthesized French monosyllabic words presented at 2.5 Hz, either randomly or in 4-word hierarchical structures wherein 2 words formed a phrase at 1.25 Hz, and 2 phrases formed a sentence at 0.625 Hz, with or without babble noise. Neuromagnetic responses to words, phrases and sentences were identified and source-localized.Children and adults displayed significant cortical tracking of words in all conditions, and of phrases and sentences only when words formed meaningful sentences. In children compared with adults, the cortical tracking was lower for all linguistic units in conditions without noise. In the presence of noise, the cortical tracking was similarly reduced for sentence units in both groups, but remained stable for phrase units. Critically, when there was noise, adults increased the cortical tracking of monosyllabic words in the inferior frontal gyri and supratemporal auditory cortices but children did not.This study demonstrates that the difficulties of school-aged children in understanding speech in a multi-talker background might be partly due to an immature tracking of lexical but not supra-lexical linguistic units.

Clausal and phrasal coordination in recent American English

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that there is considerable cross-genre variation as regards what linguistic units tend to be coordinated byand. While literate, expository writing favors coordination of phrasal units such as noun phrases, coordinated units are more often clausal (e.g., main or subordinate clauses) in speech-related texts. This difference has been attested in studies that focus exclusively on coordination as well as in macro-level studies of co-variation among a large number of linguistic features. However, this register differentiation has increased over time: studies of Early and Late Modern English point to less pronounced differences among registers than those attested in the present-day language. This study fills a gap in research by considering data on coordination byandfrom the middle of the 20th century, a period that does not belong fully to either Late Modern or Present-Day English, and the late 20th and early 21st century, and thus ties diachronic and synchronic research on register variation in coordination together. We also examine language from films and television in order to complement historical findings for speech-related language with data on registers that arose in the 20th century.

INEDIBLE COMPONENT IN UKRAINIAN GUSTATORY PHRASEOLOGY: ETHNOCULTURAL DIMENSION

The study confirmed our hypothesis that the perception and verbalization of reality is performed through a certain cognitive lens. In our case, such a lens was the vision of different situations of human existence in Ukrainian society through the gustatory images of feeding and eating. The hypothesis originates from Maslow’s pyramid theory, according to which all human needs are hierarchically arranged from the phylogenetically oldest (need for food, drink, sleep) to later (social and then spiritual) needs. The need to satisfy hunger is basic in this hierarchy, and therefore serves as a certain background on which the figurative world picture of a particular ethnos is “embroidered”. The article considers a separate fragment of the Ukrainian phraseological world picture: namely, pejoratively (negatively) evaluated phrasal units (idioms) of gustatory semantics with the basic component FOOD, which is denoted by a noun that nominates a certain inedible substance. The subject of the studied idioms varies from social, behavioral relations, to psychological characteristics and appearance of people. According to the logical proposition, verbalized by the corresponding phrases, they are divided into two groups. The first group includes the phrasal units that are based on the proposal pattern AGENT FEEDS PATIENT WITH FOOD, the second one includes the phrasal units that verbalize the proposal pattern AGENT CONSUMES FOOD. The second group comprises twice as many phrases as the first one. The linguo-cultural perspective of the performed research clarified the specifically Ukrainian ethnicity of the described material. We consider cross-cultural study of the stated issues to be a promising direction for further investigations.

Multi-Word Combinations in Science Communication: A Corpus-Driven Study of University Press Releases

Entrepreneurial universities sponsor their research through the media to increase their popularity. This in turn may engender a biased representation of scientific knowledge in the media. We present the results of a quali-quantitative analysis of phraseology characterizing press releases (PRs) issued by universities and focusing on published research. Our investigation aims to identify typical n-grams in university PRs and their main purposes. The study is based on a developmental 68,913-word collection of university PRs. 5-word n-grams were assigned categories and functions. Results contribute to the characterization of PRs as a hybrid genre at the crossroads between news and ads. Moreover, findings add knowledge about this specific type of PRs, which cover some of the same functions as scientific discourse while at the same time enhancing promotional features. This is shown by the recurrent use of phrasal units fulfilling both informative and promotional needs to the detriment of others only fulfilling informative functions.

MELODIC ORGANIZATION OF THE PREACHER'S SPEECH IN FILM DISCOURSE

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the melodic organization of monological expressions of preachers of different ranks - the characters of English-language feature films. Based on the fact that the preacher's speech functions are not limited to preaching from the pulpit, but include speeches outside the temple and private conversations with parishioners on spiritual topics, these three types of speech activities were studied. The research material, which consisted of oral English sermons, speeches and conversations taken from five modern films, was subjected to auditive, auditory and electroacoustic analysis. Auditive analysis involved the selection from the general text of those phrasal units that most clearly demonstrate the prosodic characteristics in all parts of the studied sermons, speeches and conversations. Auditory analysis was aimed at determining the type of spiritual speech and identifying the degree of participation of certain prosodic parameters (melodic contour, phrasal stress, volume, tempo, rhythm, pause) in the realization of the intention of speech and expression of emotions in different parts of the text. Based on the auditive analysis, firstly, the prosodic differences between the three speech realizations at the level of perception were confirmed, and secondly, it was found that the melodic component of intonation is the second most informative component involved in speech differentiation and enhancing its influential effect.The complex auditory and instrumental analysis of the melodic characteristics of the preachers’ speech allows to conclude that there are integral and distinctive melodic parameters inherent in the three types of speech behaviour of the speakers during the sermon, speeches outside the church and conversations with parishioners in private. The private priests’ conversation with parishioners is characterized by the lowest melodic indicators, where facial expressions and kinetic means of expressiveness and emotionality come to the fore.

Reading spaced and unspaced Korean text: Evidence from eye-tracking during reading.

In written Korean, spaces appear between phrasal units ("eojeols"). In Experiment 1, participants read sentences in which space information had been manipulated. Results indicated that removing spaces or replacing them with a symbol hindered reading, but this effect was not as disruptive as previously found in English. Experiment 2 presented sentences varying in the proportion of eojeols that ended with postpositional particles as well as the presence/absence of spaces. Results showed that space removal interfered with reading, but its effects were weaker when the sentence contained more postpositional particles. This suggests that postpositional particles provide an extra cue to word segmentation in Korean texts. These findings are discussed in relation to the unique characteristics of the Korean writing system and to the models of eye-movement control during reading in different languages.

PHRASAL VERBS: PEDAGOGICAL ASPECT (SOME USEFUL TIPS FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS)

Phrasal verbs and units derived from them make up a significant part of the vocabulary of modern native speaker. Since they are expressive and informative, they allow us to express the thoughts more accurately, convey many shades of meanings. In spite of the valid status of phrasal verbs in both written and spoken discourse, it is evident that students learning English as a second language commonly have serious problems in accepting and usingthese linguistic units due to numerous reasons.A short survey is made as for various aspects phrasal verbs have been discussed: their definition, classifications, structural peculiarities, semantic schemes, their idiomacity. A number of features of phrasal verbs determining the difficulties of their assimilation are outlined.The investigation of phrasal verbs within pedagogical approach is mainly presented in two vectors: how to teach students using effective means of teaching phrasal verbs and how to learn these linguistic units for further active usage in oral and written speech.The theoretical part of the paper is highlighted through the thorough analysis of phrasal verbs frequency in school textbooks made by foreign authors. Among the surprising findings such ones are examined: unclear and inexact definitions of phrasal verbs, absence of transitivity / intransitivity and separability / inseparability as dominant features of phrasal verbs, etc. The main focus is on ten recommendations of teaching and learning phrasal verbs. The following tips are presented: transitivity / intransitivity of phrasal verbs, their separability / inseparability, the list of phrasal verbs learned by heart, a list of phrasal verbs and the situation, the context, finding synonyms, postposition meaning, lyrics, news, and the Quizlet.