Photovoltaic Water Pumping Research Articles

Solar photovoltaics pumps operating head selection for the optimum efficiency

Solar Photovoltaic Water Pumping (SPVWP) systems have established their potential as the most dependable and economically viable systems compared to the diesel based or grid-based electrical pumps. This paper presents an in-depth investigation of the energy efficiency of SPVWP system based on solar radiation, temperature, and operational heads. The study also identifies the shortcomings in the conventional design method based on Best Efficiency Point (BEP) concept that is applicable only in case of fixed frequency and voltage type pumps. However, in the case of SPVWP systems, due to variations in the solar intensity, ambient temperature, and water head, BEP concept does not offer the best efficiency design. The study experimentally proves that the model based on weighted system efficiency and Solar Operational Duty Head (SODH) increases the performance of SPVWP system (∼9% gain) and is consistently provide higher efficiencies in any season or under any climatic conditions.

Perspectives of solar photovoltaic water pumping for irrigation in India

Due to the continuous increase in the use of fossil fuel, India and the world are facing the daunting prospect of a changed climate. A major consumer of fossil fuel-based energy is the diesel and electric water pumps used for irrigation in India. Almost 45 million tones of CO2 is added to the atmosphere by using diesel and electric water pumps annually, which is equivalent to 8%–12% of the total greenhouse gas emissions. To mitigate these challenges, the Indian government has launched a solar pumping program for irrigation and drinking water for installation of 0.1 million Solar Photovoltaic Water Pump (SPVWP) in 2014–2015 with an ambitious target of 1 million till 2020–2021 because of its proven advantages worldwide. Despite all these facts, the growth and development of SPVWP are of substandard. Therefore, this article analyzed in detail the government policies and support system for the growth of SPVWP in India. It describes in brief the technology used and discusses in detail the opportunities for SPVWP development and current status of SPVWP in India and in the world. At the end, a robust analysis of the key barriers of SPVWP is done along with policy recommendations using causal loop diagram (CLD).

Economic assessment of photovoltaic water pumping integration with dairy milk production

As dairy consumption grows, domestic dairy farms face challenges in reducing the cost of feeds and the production of high-quality milk for market demands. This paper aims to introduce and integrate solar energy into the milk production chain to investigate its economic performance. By collecting data on milk production processes from 11 dairy farms in China, we quantified electricity usage and costs of milk production to identify the best and worst cases. Crop yields response to the water demand and the electricity requirements of the dairy farms were considered. The study simulated scenarios of self-sufficiency at 20%, 80%, and 100%, in the identified farms by integrating a photovoltaic water pumping (PVWP) system to provide both power and water for alfalfa and other feeds’ irrigation and subsequent milk production. We evaluated annual discounted cost, revenue and net profit under each scenario and case. The results showed that a dairy farm with an integrated PVWP system and self-sufficient feeds would lead to value add-ins, such as electricity saving with solar energy generation, economic cost saving of crops, and CO2 emission reduction. The analysis on return on investment (ROI) and internal rate of return (IRR) revealed that not all the self-sufficient feeds can bring positive marginal profit. Among the investigated scenarios and cases, the dairy farm marked out by the highest ROI with 3.12 and IRR with 20.4%, was the farm where the integrated PVWP system was used to reach 20% self-sufficiency (self-production of only alfalfa). The other scenarios and cases with higher levels of self-sufficiency showed lower ROIs and IRRs. This indicates that high self-production levels of feeds decrease the total profit due to high investment cost. Sensitivity analyses of crop price and operational cost were conducted for ROI with single and double factor approaches. Scale and production of feeds proportions should be carefully considered in improving the economic performance of dairy milk production.

Internet of Things Data Acquisition System Applied to Photovoltaic Water Pumping

This paper presents the design and implementation of an IoT (Internet of Things) data acquisition and monitoring system applied to a photovoltaic (PV) water pumping plant. The system allows control and monitoring analog and digital sensors configured in decentralized generation plants, using an Analog/Digital Converter Embedded System (ADCES) developed in this work. The ADCES is based on a microcontroller system of the PIC18Fxx5x family with USB interface known as SanUSB. A Raspberry Pi (Rpi) board was used to develop an Embedded Linux System (ELS) to ensure communication between the monitored plant and cloud services. The main contribution of this work is the possibility to remotely monitor and control any microgeneration plant through the Internet, without the need of a dedicated computer. Meteorological variables such as solar radiation, relative humidity, ambient temperature and temperature of the PV module, electrical parameters such as voltage and current of the PV module and hydraulic parameters such as pressure and water flow of the pumping plant are monitored. An innovative contribution of this research is the possibility to apply IoT projects using video monitoring in Cloud, a concept not addressed in the literature review presented.

English

A solar photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system was investigated to determine performance and economic viability. An in-built data logger was used to collect real time data on key performance parameters. Performance indicators were defined and determined, while economic viability was analyzed using life-cycle cost (LCC) method and these costs were compared with a diesel generator pumping system. Solar irradiance varied from 63 W/m2 to a peak of 857 W/m2, corresponding to a maximum power output of 11.75 kW. PV array efficiency of 12.1%, sub-system efficiency of 91.82% and overall efficiency of 5.14% were obtained, which are well comparable to the efficiencies reported elsewhere for similar systems. The LCC analysis showed a 20 year average unit water cost of 0.25 US $/m3 for solar PV system and 0.6 US $/m3 for diesel genset system. Solar PV system is found to be more cost effective and suitable for use over conventional sources. Key words: Photovoltaics, water pumping, life-cycle cost analysis, efficiency, unit water costs, diesel generator.

An investigation of incremental conductance based maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic water pumping system performances

In this work, each components of the photovoltaic water pumping system have been modeled in the Matlab/Simulink platform using meteorological data obtained from the field for the specific month corresponding to the hottest one of the year and for different total heads or pump loads. Optimization is done using the incremental conductance MPPT techniques which help to track the maximum power available in the photovoltaic module at each time and then feed the pump with optimal power. The results of this simulations show the effectiveness of the optimized system compare to the direct-coupled one. For the considered water pumps, daily flow rates are predicted and permit to calculate monthly total volume of water which is in the range of 122 m3 to 200 m3 for the total heads in the range of 60 m to 24 m with optimization and in the range of 12 m3 to 43 m3 for the same range of total heads without optimization. This study also shows the relevance of the optimized system compare to the direct-coupled system for providing water in rural areas of soudano-sahelian zone of Cameroon.

Geospatial characteristics investigation of suitable areas for photovoltaic water pumping erections, in the southern region of Ghardaia, Algeria

During the on-site operation, the PV water pumping system can be faced different unexpected troubles, although the accurate sizing and the fit erection. Recently, different studies showed that the lack of enough information about the geospatial characteristics of the area, required during the sizing of a Photovoltaic Water Pumping System (PVWPS) is the main cause. In this attempt, an investigation study on geospatial characteristics has been conducted, in the Mansoura desert region; about 70 km south of Ghardaia headquarter. The main goal was to spotlight on different suitable locations for implementing PVWPS. The study has been carried out on six zones; namely: Ain Losseik, Old Mansoura, New Mansoura, Oued Ghazalat, Khanget-fedj and Zawiat Lacheikh. The evaluation consists on census and classifying the wells or boreholes according to the geographical location, the water source behavior, the soil specifics, agriculture and ranching activity, type of the crops, etc … It has been averred that the renewable aquifer levels vary between the averages of 20 and 45 m. However, the Albian borehole static levels can be reached between the averages of 3 and 8 m. The aquifer hydraulic behavior has been achieved by calculation of hydrogeology properties. Thus, the obtained data were compared and classified, whereas the suitable DC pumps were selected, accordingly. This method can be used to detect the different local geospatial effects influencing the system operation. Furthermore, it can be considered as a key point subject that could be extended, in future works.

'Worst Month’ and ‘Critical Period' Methods for the Sizing of Solar Irrigation Systems – A Comparison

Despite the fact that solar photovoltaic (PV) water pumping systems, in particular, irrigation systems have been in use for more than 40 years, there remains a need for their improvement and development. The sizing of such systems is very important in terms of their energy output and hydraulic sustainability. This paper presents and explains an innovative methodology for the sizing of PV irrigation systems, called the Critical Period Method (CPM). CPM includes information about the design of the elements of the solution, the PV system, the pump station and the water reservoir, based on the critical period of operation of each one. The period within which water pumping and water consumption can be balanced is usually at least one day and may be several days, but it is usually no more than five days. A comparison between the most commonly used sizing method, the Worst Month Method (WMM) and the CPM method will be presented. It will be shown that the new method, CPM, could be beneficial for the sizing of PV irrigation systems.

Evaluation of a photovoltaic water-supply scheme for the surface water system in Xiamen, China

As one of many potential applications for new developments in energy, there is a need to further explore renewable energy in urban ecological construction. In this regard, the construction of urban water systems that utilize renewable energy is important for safeguarding urban ecological environments while improving the aesthetic quality of residential areas. In this study, we examine a photovoltaic water lifting and pumping method to supplement an urban water system in Xiamen, China, with reclaimed water from a nearby sewage plant, which might serve as a water source during the dry season. We analyzed the current conditions for the planned water system in the Xiang’an District, Xiamen, as well as the requirements for maintaining a constant water supply to this system. This analysis illustrated the necessity for a water system that maintains the ecological balance in the area, and the necessary conditions for adopting the photovoltaic water-supply scheme as part of the Xiang’an water system. The sewage treatment plant in the Xiang’an District requires upgrades so that the standard of its reclaimed water complies with the Class IV water quality standard for post-treatment surface water. Furthermore, we analyzed water supply scenarios for the water system in the Xiang’an District based on the conditions in 2011, when the highest number of non-rainy days in the past ten years were recorded. Based on this analysis, we propose a photovoltaic water-supply scheme and describe the structure of a compatible photovoltaic water-pumping system scheme. The pump system includes three photovoltaic pump stations: one is the main pump station that operates throughout the year for water lifting, which utilizes a reclaimed water supply, while the other two are supplementary, and serve to increase the recirculation of water in the river, and operate when necessary during the dry season. The design of the photovoltaic panels in each pump station complies with the relevant water quality standards. This paper further describes the application, ecological effects, and economic feasibility of the proposed photovoltaic water-supply scheme. This study therefore provides a potential reference for future studies related to sustainable urban development and ecological remediation while highlighting a new application of renewable energy.

PV water pumping systems for domestic uses in remote areas: Sizing process, simulation and economic evaluation

Abstract PV water pumping technology is recognized as a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution to provide water for domestic use. The appropriate design and smooth operation mostly rely on available solar irradiation, domestic water demand and appropriate configuration of the proposed system. Therefore, the aim of this work is to examine an optimum PV system configuration that is capable of supplying a solar submersible pump system to fulfill domestic water needs of five isolated houses located in a Moroccan remote area. A detailed approach for the design of an optimized PV water pumping system based on real water usage data is proposed. Besides, system design work and performance assessment were carried out based on hourly climatic conditions. Overall, two approaches were investigated for an optimum design of the proposed system. Annual simulations indicated that the direct coupling, as a first option, appears to be unfitting configuration for water pumping in this case. In turn, results proved that second system including a MPPT DC converter with less PV arrays could pump more water and its performance remarkably surpassed the direct coupling configuration. In addition, economic analysis has shown that proposed systems are cost competitive against the conventional water supply methods.

Robust control of a photovoltaic pumping system with super-capacitor storage, P&O algorithm and pole placement technique

This paper represents an electrical modeling of a photovoltaic water pumping system composed of photovoltaic panels. The system reassures electrical energy generation applying a DC buck converter in order to supply a DC motor to pump water. Known for its optimal electrical and physical properties, the super capacitor is integrated into the PV pumping system to allow storing electrical energy and powering the pumping motor at nights and cloudy days. The implementation of the perturbation and observation algorithm in the DC buck converter reassures the system’s operation around the maximum power point produced by the photovoltaic panel. Moving from quantity problem to quality problem, several internal and external factors can infect the stability of the PV pumping system and disrupt its operation around nominal point. On account of this, a pole placement technique is proposed in this paper. This technique is advocated not only for its simple processing and rapid execution, but also for being based on the conversion of the electrical model of the PV pumping system into a mathematical model that comprises matrix equations. This energy conversion process allows variations in output values in proportion to the input evolution along with positioning the system’s poles in the stable points of the S-plane. The equation of this technique applied to the photovoltaic pumping system is indicated in this paper having its program created in Matlab and installed in PLC S7-200 on account of its ability to monitor the inputs instantaneously and modify the outputs in a way proportional to the installed program. Subsequently, the validation of the robustness of this technique is reassured by the comparison between the simulation in Matlab and the experimental tests carried out in sunny periods having the engine powered by photovoltaic panels, and shaded periods where power supply is reassured by the super capacitor.

Standalone Photovoltaic Water Pumping System Using Induction Motor Drive With Reduced Sensors

A simple and efficient solar photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system utilizing an induction motor drive (IMD) is presented in this paper. This solar PV water pumping system comprises two stages of power conversion. The first stage extracts the maximum power from a solar PV array by controlling the duty ratio of a dc–dc boost converter. The dc bus voltage is maintained by the controlling the motor speed. This regulation helps in the reduction of motor losses by reducing motor currents at higher voltage for the same power injection. To control the duty ratio, an incremental conductance based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control technique is utilized. A scalar-controlled voltage source inverter serves the purpose of operating an IMD. The stator frequency reference of IMD is generated by the proposed control scheme. The proposed system is modeled, and its performance is simulated in detail. The scalar control eliminates the requirement of a speed sensor/encoder. Consequently, the need of motor current sensor is also eliminated. Moreover, the dynamics are improved by an additional speed feedforward term in the control scheme. The proposed control scheme makes the system inherently immune to the variation in the pump constant. The prototype of PV-powered IMD emulating the pump characteristics is developed in the laboratory to examine the performance under different operating conditions.

A comparative performance analysis of direct, with battery, supercapacitor, and battery-supercapacitor enabled photovoltaic water pumping systems using centrifugal pump

To operate centrifugal pump against higher discharge pressure and to achieve specific speed for delivering the water, the level of irradiance required is quite high. Therefore, by knowing the operating pressure this problem may be minimized by using energy storage devices like battery or supercapacitor operated in parallel with the SPV module. Here is the need to select a proper configuration of solar PV water pumping system (SPVWPS) using energy storage devices for the economic application. Therefore, a new approach is made towards studying different configurations of 7SPVWPS with battery and supercapacitors under varying discharge pressure and evaluate the performance parameters. Four different configurations of SPVWPS using centrifugal pump are considered, namely, directly coupled, with battery, with the supercapacitors and with a battery-supercapacitor hybrid, to determine the optimum configuration for higher system performance. The experiment have been carried out on a small scale SPVWPS with 2 m and 3 m dynamic head of the pump on sunny days at Haldia, India. The comparison of the performance for the different configurations have been reported. The study reveals that the supercapacitor based configuration give highest instantaneous efficiency. The centrifugal pump powered by SPVWPS using battery delivers a maximum of 2964 L per day for 2 m dynamic head whereas for 3 m dynamic head SPVWPS using supercapacitor delivers a maximum of 1826 L per day. An economic comparison is also done for the different topologies.

Photovoltaic water pumping systems as alternative to gasoline water pumping systems in agriculture in Cameroon: CO2 emissions assessment

With the decline in price of the photovoltaic’s (PVs) and the increase in greenhouse gases due to the use of fossil fuels the use of photovoltaic as a power source for water pumping is becoming the more attractive solution instead of using diesel/gasoline generators. This paper deal with the optimal sizing of the water pumping system instead of gasoline generator for the irrigation of the onion farms in Cameroon it also discusses a share of greenhouse gas emitted from the cultivation of onions. The study uses the data generated from a survey carried out between 2014 and 2015 of consumption gasoline/lubrificant and water production from generators on the duration of the culture in the main production Area ''10°35’N, 14°18’E''. The results of the analysis indicates that the Life Cycle Cost, 'LCC' of the photovoltaic water pumping system depends on its capital costs (67 % of LCC) while the LCC of gasoline pumping system depends largely on recurring costs (79 % of LCC). The CO2 emissions depend not only on the type of land but on the stage of plant growth. This research work also demonstrates that using the PV water pumping system can improve living conditions of farmers.

Maximum Power Point Tracking for Brushless DC Motor-Driven Photovoltaic Pumping Systems Using a Hybrid ANFIS-FLOWER Pollination Optimization Algorithm

In this research paper, a hybrid Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) tuned Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) as a Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is employed to amend root mean square error (RMSE) of photovoltaic (PV) modeling. Moreover, Gaussian membership functions have been considered for fuzzy controller design. This paper interprets the Luo converter occupied brushless DC motor (BLDC)-directed PV water pump application. Experimental responses certify the effectiveness of the suggested motor-pump system supporting diverse operating states. The Luo converter, a newly developed DC-DC converter, has high power density, better voltage gain transfer and superior output waveform and can track optimal power from PV modules. For BLDC speed control there is no extra circuitry, and phase current sensors are enforced for this scheme. The most recent attempt using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-FPA-operated BLDC directed PV pump with advanced Luo converter, has not been formerly conferred.

DESAIN SISTEM POMPA AIR SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (SPV) 125 WATT DI DESA RAMBAT, KECAMATAN GEYER, KABUPATEN GROBOGAN

<p> In this research will be designing a prototype of a water pump system using solar photovoltaic (SPV) that is designing a SPV in accordance with the needs of PV with the capacity of water pump. The power generated by the photovoltaic system will be used to drive the water pump. One of the areas in Central Java region that have not received water source is Dusun satreyan, Rambat Village Geyer Subdistrict Grobogan District. The solar photovoltaic (SPV) water pump system is de-signed using SPV panels, Solar Charge Controller, Battery and Inverter for the needs of 1 family head with water capacity per day is 300 Liter. The water pump capacity is 125 Watt, the number of SPV panels of 2 each with a capacity of 100 Wp, battery capacity, solar charge controller and inverter is 60 Ah, 10.42 Ampere and 12 volts DC 220 VAC. The average effi-ciency rating of the SPV water pump system as a whole is 61.18%</p><p>Keywords: MPPT,Solar Photovoltaic, Tracking. </p>

Achievement of MPPT by finite time convergence sliding mode control for photovoltaic pumping system

In this paper, a new finite time stability approach is proposed for controlling the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) process. This approach is based on variable structure sliding mode technique. While standard Sliding Mode Control (SMC) forces the system to converge to the reference value in infinite time, the proposed method, Finite Time Sliding Mode Control (FTSMC), ensures the convergence in a given finite time. As a result, FTSMC ensure a fast error tracking capability. For the validation of this strategy, a Photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system is considered and intended to maintain this system operating at Maximum Power Point (MPP). A DC/DC power converter is inserted between the Photovoltaic Generator (PVG) and DC motor by the duty cycle, which is considered to be the control variable. Some simulation results are given for comparison with standard SMC and Perturb and Observe (P&O) methods.

Maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic solar pump based on ANFIS tuning system

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are a clean and naturally replenished energy source. PV panels have a unique point which represents the maximum available power and this point depend on the environmental conditions such as temperature and irradiance. A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is therefore necessary for maximum efficiency. In this paper, a study of MPPT for PV water pumping system based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is discussed. A comparison between the performance of the system with and without MPPT is carried out under varying irradiation and temperature conditions. ANFIS based controller shows fast response with high efficiency at all irradiance and temperature levels making it a powerful technique for non-linear systems as PV modules.

Modelling and implementation of Mppt (Inc) algorithm for Pv water pump applications using Matlab

The presentdissertationhaggle by means of the configuration and enforcement proceeding from a common despite of a capable solar DC water pumping technique with battery backup by means of MATLAB SIMULINK software. The overall system depends on sunlight during daytime. It consists of subsystems like solar or photovoltaic (PV) panel, MPPT, Cuk converter, battery and DC motor and pump. This PV panel subsystem is designed by MATLAB range is 60W module with various irradiation rank and medium temperature. During daytime the clash of source and load, PV panel efficiency gets summarized.In some measures, to draw the zenith power to theammunition from PV panel, MPPT lives toput into effectin the Cuk converter manipulating by PWM Generator in addition to MPPT hill climbing (HC) algorithm which is also known as incremental conductance (INC). The result validates for MPPT put upessentially increases the system efficiency. The attainment of an overall solar power from the Photovoltaic (PV) water pump proposed system preserveindefinitely codified by a Simulink Paradigm. The MATLAB simulations ratify the DC-DC converter design. This allows a lower cost system. The battery was used as a backup during night time.

A Simplified Design and Modeling of Boost Converter for Photovoltaic Sytem

The Photovoltaic standalone system is gaining its high importance mostly for rural application like pv water pumping, solar lighting, battery charging etc.Considering environmental effects and scarcity of fossil fuel the trend has developed towards the use of more and more renewable energy.In this paper a basic circuit of boost converter is designed in MATLAB/Simulink with constant dc source voltage. However a comparative study has also been done for the converter connected with pv system directly with the converter connected with mppt tracking technique. Perturb and Observance (P&O) algorithm is implemented for providing the necessary duty pulse and makes the system operate at maximum power point.The boost converter connected with PV system without mppt operates at any other point other then the maximum power point and hence the output voltage decreases.But with mppt the proposed system performs better.