Photopic Conditions Of Illumination Research Articles

Comparison of quality of life with two trifocal intraocular lenses under different lighting conditions

Aims/Purpose: To evaluate the effect of two types of trifocal intraocular lenses on the visual quality of patients undergoing cataract surgery by assessing contrast sensitivity, halo perception and subjective visual satisfaction under photopic and mesopic lighting conditions.Methods: Observational, prospective, cross‐sectional study. The study was conducted at the Hospital Universitario Sanitas la Moraleja in Madrid. The study followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The sample included 16 cataract or lensectomy patients with bilateral implantation of one of the two intraocular lenses (IOL) under study: 20 eyes implanted with FineVision and 12 eyes implanted with PanOptix. After 30 days after surgery, contrast sensitivity was measured with the CSV‐1000 test (2.5 metres) for four spatial frequencies (3, 6, 12 and 18 c/g), halo perception was assessed with the Halo.V.1 software and finally quality of life was assessed with the VF‐14 questionnaire. A p‐value < 0.05 was considered a criterion for statistical significance.Results: Analysis of contrast sensitivity under photopic conditions showed significant differences greater for the FineVision lens of 0.15 log units at 3 c/g and 12 c/g frequencies between the two lenses under photopic illumination conditions (p‐value 0.034). However, there were no statistically significant differences in mesopic illumination conditions. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference when purchasing the perception of halos, with a p‐value (0.149). On the other hand, patients' subjective perception of quality of life scored worse in night vision (p‐value 0.023) and near vision (p‐value 0.046) when comparing the PanOptix lens and the FineVision.Conclusions: The FineVision IOL lens provides better contrast sensitivity in photopic illumination conditions than the PanOptix. However, in mesopic conditions, both IOL designs provide similar contrast sensitivity values for the far distance. On the other hand, although the lenses did not show statistically significant differences in halo perception, the FineVision shows better vision satisfaction results during night driving than the PanOptix.

Analysis of the effects of visual quality under different light conditions in different intraocular lenses: Study pilot

AbstractPurpose: To compare the effects on visual function and quality of life in cataract patients undergoing cataract surgery between different extended depth of focus (EDOF) lenses, when subjected to different illumination conditions.Methods: Observational, prospective, cross‐sectional pilot study with a total of 31 eyes of 15 patients undergoing uncomplicated phacoemulsification cataract surgery with Tecnis Eyhance, Isopure1.2.3 and Vivity intraocular lenses. All patients underwent a complete preoperative examination. They were also evaluated on different days under mesopic and photopic conditions.Results: Thirty‐one eyes of 15 patients (70.5 ± 8.6) were included in the study. Statistically significant values were obtained when comparing intermediate visual acuity (VA) between mesopic and photopic illumination conditions for the Isopure and Eyhance lenses with a value of 0.021 and the Isopure lens with Vivity with 0.001. In photopic conditions at intermediate distance a significant value was obtained between Vivity and Eyhance with a value of 0.02 and in mesopic conditions at intermediate distance between Vivity and Isopure with a value of 0.001. Between the different lenses, no significant values were obtained between the photopic and mesopic conditions. No significant values were found for pupillometry and halometry in mesopic conditions either.Conclusions: All three intraocular lenses provided excellent distance vision in both photopic and mesopic conditions with no statistically significant differences. But in intermediate distance, significant differences were found between photopic and mesopic conditions between the Isopure lens and the Vivity and Eyhance lenses. Therefore, the Isopure lens has worse intermediate VA values in mesopic than the other lenses. There were also no significant differences in near vision in pupillometry and halometry.

Static and dynamic pupillary characteristics in high myopic eyes with two implantable collamer lenses

To determine static and dynamic pupillometry characteristics before and after implantable collamer lens (ICL) (V4 and V4c) implantation. Shanghai, China. Prospective consecutive observational case series. Patients who had either V4 or V4c ICL implantation were included in this observational study. An automatic quantitative pupillometry system (MonCv3) was used for pupillometry preoperatively and 1week, 1month, and 3months after surgery. Static pupillometry measurements (pupil diameters [PDs] at 4 standardized illumination levels) and dynamic parameters (including initial PD, amplitude of contraction, latency of contraction, duration of contraction, velocity of contraction, latency of dilation, duration of dilation, and velocity of dilation) were measured. The study comprised 98 eyes (50 patients). Mesopic and low photopic PDs declined by 0.32mm and 0.27mm, respectively, at 3months after ICL implantation; scotopic PD declined at 1week and recovered to preoperative levels at 3months; and high photopic PD remained unchanged. Regarding the pupil light reflex, contraction amplitude and velocity declined after surgery, whereas other dynamic parameters remained unchanged. The static and dynamic pupillary characteristics were similar between the V4 and V4c ICL groups. The V4 and V4c ICLs had similar influences on iris motility. ICL implantation had a miotic effect under mesopic and low photopic illumination conditions, resulting in decreases in pupil contraction amplitude and velocity in light reflexes.

Measurement of pupil center shift in refractive surgery candidates with caucasian eyes using infrared pupillometry.

To evaluate the effectiveness of the pupil center shift with changes in the state of pupil size and with other ocular variables. Dynamic pupillometry with the Topolyzer Vario (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX) was performed in 248 eyes of 124 patients scheduled for corneal laser refractive surgery. High-resolution images were obtained using the infrared-sensitive camera (incorporated in the videokeratoscope) under mesopic and photopic conditions. Measurements of pupil diameters, distance between the pupil center and keratoscopic axis, and spatial shift of the pupil center were obtained after analysis. The mean distance between the pupil center and the corneal vertex in mesopic and photopic conditions of illumination in myopic eyes was 0.27 ± 0.14 (range: 0.02 to 0.70 mm) and 0.24 ± 0.12 mm (range: 0.06 to 0.65 mm), respectively, whereas it was 0.36 ± 0.15 (range: 0.03 to 0.70 mm) and 0.31 ± 0.16 mm (range: 0.03 to 0.77 mm) in hyperopic eyes, respectively. The mean spatial pupil center shift was significant: 0.11 ± 0.07 mm (range: 0.02 to 0.57 mm) in myopic eyes and 0.12 ± 0.09 mm (range: 0.02 to 0.47 mm) in hyperopic eyes. The pupil center shifted consistently temporally as the pupil dilated. The pupil center shift was not significantly related to sex, age, eye (right or left), or refractive error. The mean distance between the pupil center and the corneal vertex is greater in hyperopic eyes than in myopic eyes, whereas the spatial shift of this pupil center has a temporal direction as the pupil dilates and is constantly small in all groups. However, pupil center shift can be important in a few patients.

Decreased proteasomal activity causes photoreceptor degeneration in mice.

To study the retinal degeneration caused by decreased proteasomal activity in β5t transgenic (β5t-Tg) mice, an animal model of senescence acceleration. β5t-Tg mice and age-matched littermate control (WT) mice were used. Proteasomal activities and protein level of poly-ubiquitinated protein in retinal extracts were quantified. Fundus images of β5t-Tg mice were taken and their features were assessed. For histologic evaluation, the thicknesses of inner nuclear layer (INL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), and photoreceptor outer segment (OS) were measured. For functional analysis, ERG was recorded under scotopic and photopic illumination conditions. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining and TUNEL were performed to investigate the mechanism of photoreceptor degeneration. Chymotrypsin-like activity was partially suppressed in retinal tissues of β5t-Tg mice. Retinal degenerative changes with arterial attenuation were present in β5t-Tg, but not in WT mice. Inner nuclear layer thickness showed no significant change between β5t-Tg and WT mice at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months of age. By contrast, thicknesses of ONL and OS in β5t-Tg mice were significantly decreased at 3, 6, and 9 months compared with those in WT mice. Electroretinograms showed decrease of scotopic a-wave amplitude in β5t-Tg mice. The number of TUNEL-positive cells in ONL were significantly increased in β5t-Tg mice and colocalized with apoptosis-inducing factor, but not with cleaved caspase-3 and -9, indicating that the photoreceptor cell death was induced via a caspase-independent pathway. The current data showed that impaired proteasomal function causes photoreceptor degeneration.

Frequency of anisocoria in patients with astenopia

AbstractPurpose Anisocoria ‐ an unequal size of pupils. According to literary data, almost 10 % of the healthy population has a difference in diameter of pupils no more than 1 mm in photopic conditions of illumination and in 20 % of cases – in mezopic. Differential diagnostics of physiological and pathological anisocoria frequently causes certain difficulty and in this question the essential help is rendered by modern diagnostic methods of research, including computer pupillography which allow evaluating objectively pupil sizes and its changes on different stimuli.To reveal if anisocoria in patients with astenopia can be found and what kind of anisocoria it is.Methods 91 patient at the age 7 ‐ 23 y.o. were observed. They had astenopia complaints; some of them had pupil unequal size, no somatic pathology. Pupillography was done by elaborated pupillography devise, blood circulation of the brain was defined by method of computer reoencephalography .Results 13 % (12) of observed patients had anisocoria. During direct, consensual and accommodative reaction asymmetry of pupil’s square have increased on 45,5 %, 51% and 67 % accordingly. Volume of blood supplement in internal carotids had increased values in average on 65 % from age norms. Marked asymmetry was found between right and left a. carotid internal which reached 50 % at 9 patients, and at 3 to 70 % in the given pool.Conclusion Anisocoria was revealed in 13% of patients with astenopia. Patients who had anisocoria, astenopia and accommodative dysfunction had functional disorders of brain blood circulation.

Changes in Pupil Size and Centroid Shift in Eyes With Uncomplicated In-the-Bag IOL Implantation

To determine changes in entrance pupil size and pupil center shift under low mesopic and photopic conditions of illumination in eyes with in-the-bag intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Entrance pupil size and pupil center shift were measured under low mesopic (0.06 lux) and photopic (60 lux) conditions of illumination in 55 patients with unilateral pseudophakia (study group) and 55 age- and sex-matched patients with bilateral cataracts (control group) using the NIDEK OPD-Scan. Pseudophakic eyes had an uncomplicated intraoperative and postoperative course and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity of 20/20. Cataractous eyes had no additional ocular or systemic problems affecting the pupil. Both groups were analyzed with respect to pupil size and shift in both conditions of illumination. Mean patient age was 64.2 +/- 6.8 and 63.6 +/- 4.3 years in the study and control groups, respectively (P = .45). In the study group, differences in pupil size under low mesopic (5.12 +/- 1.02 and 5.13 +/- 0.96 mm for pseudophakic and phakic eyes, respectively) and photopic (3.44 +/- 0.39 and 3.45 +/- 0.39 mm for pseudophakic and phakic eyes, respectively) conditions of illumination were not statistically significant (P = 1.00 and P = .95 for pseudophakic and phakic eyes, respectively). Differences in pupil shift between pseudophakic (0.11 +/- 0.08 mm) and phakic (0.12 +/- 0.10 mm) eyes were not statistically significant (P = .83) in the study group. In the control group, differences in pupil size under low mesopic (P = .59) and photopic conditions of illumination (P = .60) in the right and left eyes as well as pupil shift (P = .71) were not statistically significant. Uncomplicated in-the-bag IOL implantation has no influence on pupil size and shift.

Measurement of the spatial shift of the pupil center

Purpose To evaluate the effectiveness of the pupil center as an anatomic landmark for excimer laser treatments. Setting Sekal-Microchirurgia-Rovigo Centre, Rovigo, Italy. Methods Pupillometry with the Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici S.R.L. (CSO) pupil-measuring module (incorporated in Eye Top videokeratoscope) was performed in 52 patients with a diagnosis of myopia and in 25 patients with a diagnosis of hyperopia. Measurements both in mesopic and photopic conditions consisted of pupil diameters, spatial shift of the pupil center, and the distance between the pupil center and keratoscopic axis. Results The mean pupil diameter in photopic conditions of illumination in myopic eyes was 3.52 mm ± 0.56 (SD), while in mesopic conditions it was 5.37 ± 0.78 mm; in hyperopic eyes the mean photopic pupil diameter was 3.01 ± 0.46 mm, while the mean mesopic diameter was 5.12 ± 0.48 mm. The mean spatial shift of the pupil center in myopic eyes was 0.086 mm (maximum 0.269 mm), while in the hyperopic eyes it was 0.095 mm (maximum 0.283 mm). The mean distance between the pupil center and keratoscopic axis in myopic eyes was 0.226 ± 0.13 mm (maximum 0.75 mm), while in hyperopic eyes it was 0.45 ± 0.19 mm (maximum 0.8 mm). Conclusions The mean of the measured pupil sizes was greater in myopic eyes than in hyperopic eyes. The spatial shift of the pupil center, as the pupil dilates, was relatively small in all groups; therefore, the pupil center is a good anatomic landmark for both traditional refractive surgery and wavefront-guided treatments. The mean distance between the keratoscopic axis and pupil center was greater in the hyperopic group than in the myopic group. Therefore, centration of any laser treatment on the basis of the keratoscopic analysis should be done carefully, especially in hyperopic eyes and in cases in which the pupil center is meaningfully shifted from keratoscopic axis, even in photopic conditions of illumination.

Measurement of the spatial shift of the pupil center

To evaluate the effectiveness of the pupil center as an anatomic landmark for excimer laser treatments. Sekal-Microchirurgia-Rovigo Centre, Rovigo, Italy. Pupillometry with the Costruzione Strumenti Oftalmici S.R.L. (CSO) pupil-measuring module (incorporated in Eye Top videokeratoscope) was performed in 52 patients with a diagnosis of myopia and in 25 patients with a diagnosis of hyperopia. Measurements both in mesopic and photopic conditions consisted of pupil diameters, spatial shift of the pupil center, and the distance between the pupil center and keratoscopic axis. The mean pupil diameter in photopic conditions of illumination in myopic eyes was 3.52 mm +/- 0.56 (SD), while in mesopic conditions it was 5.37 +/- 0.78 mm; in hyperopic eyes the mean photopic pupil diameter was 3.01 +/- 0.46 mm, while the mean mesopic diameter was 5.12 +/- 0.48 mm. The mean spatial shift of the pupil center in myopic eyes was 0.086 mm (maximum 0.269 mm), while in the hyperopic eyes it was 0.095 mm (maximum 0.283 mm). The mean distance between the pupil center and keratoscopic axis in myopic eyes was 0.226 +/- 0.13 mm (maximum 0.75 mm), while in hyperopic eyes it was 0.45 +/- 0.19 mm (maximum 0.8 mm). The mean of the measured pupil sizes was greater in myopic eyes than in hyperopic eyes. The spatial shift of the pupil center, as the pupil dilates, was relatively small in all groups; therefore, the pupil center is a good anatomic landmark for both traditional refractive surgery and wavefront-guided treatments. The mean distance between the keratoscopic axis and pupil center was greater in the hyperopic group than in the myopic group. Therefore, centration of any laser treatment on the basis of the keratoscopic analysis should be done carefully, especially in hyperopic eyes and in cases in which the pupil center is meaningfully shifted from keratoscopic axis, even in photopic conditions of illumination.

Dopaminergic modulation of photopic temporal transfer properties in goldfish retina investigated with the ERG

The influence of dopamine (DA) through either D1- or D2-dopamine receptors (D1-/D2-R) onto temporal transfer properties of the retina has been investigated using the ERG. Single flash responses and flicker responses were measured in the vitreous under photopic illumination conditions after application of either D1-/D2-R agonists or antagonists. All DA-R drugs did change the single flash responses, but only blockade of D2-R or activation of D1-R also changed the temporal transfer properties. In the Bode plot the gain characteristic was changed and thereby the upper limit frequency reduced. The action of DA is discussed on the base of a membrane resonance model in the outer retina versus a feed-forward inhibition model in the inner retina.

Dopaminergic modulation of photopic temporal transfer properties in goldfish retina investigated with the ERG

The influence of dopamine (DA) through either D1- or D2-dopamine receptors (D1-/D2-R) onto temporal transfer properties of the retina has been investigated using the ERG. Single flash responses and flicker responses were measured in the vitreous under photopic illumination conditions after application of either D1-/D2-R agonists or antagonists. All DA-R drugs did change the single flash responses, but only blockade of D2-R or activation of D1-R also changed the temporal transfer properties. In the Bode plot the gain characteristic was changed and thereby the upper limit frequency reduced. The action of DA is discussed on the base of a membrane resonance model in the outer retina versus a feed-forward inhibition model in the inner retina.

D2-dopamine receptor blockade impairs motion detection in goldfish.

Under photopic illumination conditions, motion detection in goldfish is dominated by the long-wavelength-sensitive cone type (L-cone), and under scotopic conditions motion it is determined by rods (Schaerer & Neumeyer, 1996). The switch from rod-dominated to cone-dominated motion detection occurs during light adaptation. It has been suggested that dopamine acts as a neuronal light-adaptative signal. It is known that dopamine affects wavelength discrimination through D1-dopamine receptors (Mora-Ferrer & Neumeyer, 1996), and the dorsal light reflex through D1- and D2-dopamine receptors (Lin & Yazulla, 1994a). The purpose of this study was to determine whether dopamine influenced movement detection by goldfish, and if so, which dopamine receptor was involved. The D2-dopamine receptor antagonist sulpiride reduced the animal's sensitivity to the moving stimulus, whereas SCH 23390, a D1-dopamine receptor antagonist, did not have any effect. The effect of sulpiride is discussed in relation to known sulpiride effects on retinal neurons and the retinal pigment epithelium.

Visual detection probability of "sonar" targets as a function of retinal position and brightness contrast.

A study was carried out in the laboratory to determine the detectability of visual sonar targets as a function of retinal position and brightness contrast using a simulated sonar scope. Nine different retinal positions were investigated under photopic conditions of illumination. The target was approximately square and subtended 24 minutes of visual arc on a side. Average peak intensity of the sweep, which formed the target background was 9.12 FL. The results of the study were presented in terms of probability of detection curves. Equations were developed for determining the probability of detection given the target's normalized brightness intensity, expressed in Log ΔI/I, and its angular distance from the point of fixation.