Photonic Crystal-based Biosensor Research Articles

Design and analysis of a photonic crystal-based biosensor for the detection of chikungunya virus

A two-dimensional photonic crystal biosensor is theoretically demonstrated and investigated based on refractive index sensing. It detects the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the various blood components with high sensitivity of 421.5 nm/RIU. Simulation and various analyses are done with both normal and infected blood constituents (uric acid, platelets and plasma) to detect CHIKV. The sensor operates within the wavelength range of 1230–1560 nm. The important optical parameters such as sensitivity and quality factor are analyzed and numerical investigations are done with the finite difference time domain method. The sensor is built with a circular array of holes etched on a silicon slab in a hexagonal lattice pattern. A nanohole resonant sensing cavity is placed at the center of two waveguides, enhancing the light–matter interaction of the analyte and trapping the optical mode at the nanohole of the sensor. When the sensor is completely submerged in blood constituents infected with CHIKV (plasma, platelets and uric acid), the resonating modes undergo a shift as the refractive index of each analyte is unique. The sensor has a very high sensitivity of 421.5 nm RIU−1, and a good quality factor of 229.68 for the different blood constituents is obtained. A maximum transmission of 89.25% with a detection limit of 0.01 are obtained and reported in this work.

One-dimensional photonic crystal-based biosensor for the detection of glucose concentration in human urine

A biosensor structure based on a ternary photonic crystal (TPC) containing a defect is designed and simulated. This proposed biosensor detects the concentration of glucose in human urine. Based on the transfer matrix method, we theoretically studied the transmission spectra through the TPC presuming blood samples with different refractive indices (RIs) infiltrated into the defect layer of the proposed structures. By varying the concentration of glucose in the urine, the RI of the urine is changed, which in turn changes the sensor’s output response; both transmission response and resonance wavelength are affected. We evaluated average sensitivity (S) for the number of periods at different values N for optimization purposes. Our results show that the biosensor has performance parameters for a period value N = 6. Indeed, a value of 1033 nm of full width at half maximum photonic bandgap can be observed with a S of 965 nm / RIU. The quality factor is 1892.542 and the figure of merit is 756.86 RIU − 1. The proposed biosensor can be a miniaturized structure with extreme sensitivity in the concentration of glucose detection models

Photonic Crystal-based Biosensor to Detect Multiple Myeloma from Blood Serum

Photonic Crystal-based Biosensor to Detect Multiple Myeloma from Blood Serum

Photonic crystal based biosensor with the irregular defect for detection of blood plasma

Truncated 1D photonic crystals-based biosensors with aperiodic defects under the Kretschmann configuration are investigated for sensing the refractive index changes in an aqueous solution polluted with blood components like plasma (n=1.35). The aperiodic defect cells are three types of Fibonacci sequences (S2, S3, and S4) made of two Dirac semimetal and dielectric materials. Dirac semimetal materials have considerably tunable permittivities and conductivities and evidence have shown that light-matter coupling is stronger than previously known materials like graphene. The Bloch surface waves and defect modes are the results of breaking the periodicity in an ordinary 1D photonic crystal that appeared in the photonic band gaps. The influence of the irregular, periodic defect layer on the hybridization of the defect and surface modes and the performance of the proposed biosensors are investigated by using the well-known transfer matrix method. The effect of the defect layer thicknesses is also taken into account. Plotting the electric field profile shows that the modes in the crossing region change their roles and those following the slope of the modes in the defectless structure have better sensing performance than farther ones. In addition, results show that the figure of merit of the structures (N′=2, N=4) using the aperiodic defect with mentioned Fibonacci sequences (FOM(S3)=525 and FOM(S4)=508) is considerably better than those made of periodic defects (FOM(S2)=406).

Photonic crystal-based biosensor for detection of human red blood cells parasitized by plasmodium falciparum

In this paper, a biosensors based on a two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PhC) waveguide including a ring resonator is designed and simulated based on refractive index changes of red blood cells. The proposed biosensor structure consists of an elliptical photonic crystal ring resonator and two linear waveguides containing silicon nitride rods in a 2D rectangular lattice with circular rods. The biosensor is utilized to detect the stages of the Plasmodium falciparum cycle in red blood cells and to diagnose malaria disease. The proposed design distinguishes with high sensitivity between normal red blood cells and cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum. This biosensor is very compact, consists of gold rods in the air background and works very well at two input central wavelengths of 0.514 and 1.55 μm. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to simulate and investigate the device. The biosensor is extremely compact which is very suitable for lab-on-chip applications and exhibits higher sensitivity at both input central wavelengths compared with that of previously reported sensors.

Design of Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal-based Biosensor for Abnormal Tissue Analysis

Design of Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal-based Biosensor for Abnormal Tissue Analysis

High-Sensitivity 3D ZIF-8/PDA Photonic Crystal-Based Biosensor for Blood Component Recognition.

Optical biosensors are sensitive devices used in bioanalytics detection. Analysis of blood constituents is very important for the detection of major diseases and also performs a significant role in the diagnosis of diabetes, various cancers, and cardiovascular disorders. In this work, a three-dimensional photonic crystal-based biosensor composed of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoarrays are placed on polydopamine (PDA) coated on a silicon substrate. This sensor is designed, simulated, and evaluated for various blood components in the wavelength range of 1.1 to 1.5 μm by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The proposed biosensor was used for 10 types of blood components such as biotin-streptavidin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), cytop, glucose (40 mg/100 mL), hemoglobin, blood plasma, Sylgard184, white blood compounds, urethane dimethacrylate, and polyacrylamide. The FDTD technique was used for the performance analysis of the biosensor. The design parameters of the radius, the lattice constant, the thickness of the ZIF-8 arrays, and the PDA layer thickness are chosen to optimize the photonic crystal structure. This study indicates that the thickness of the PDA is the most important parameter for peak wavelength value in comparison to the other physical parameters. The factors for optimizing the photonic crystal-based biosensors such as the peak wavelength value (PWV), sensitivity, full width at half-maximum (FWHM), and figure of merit (FOM) are significant in comparison with pertinent works in this field, which evaluated 171 nm/RIU, 7.62 nm, and 22.5 RIU-1, respectively. A change of 0.01 nm in the refractive index of the constituents of the blood leads to a shift of 80 nm in the maximum peak wavelength, therefore acting as a functional biosensor with a high detection limit of 0.004 RIU.

Optimization of the Performance of Biosensor Based on Photonic Crystal Resonant

In recent decades, extensive studies have been conducted on biosensors. Of these, biosensors are of great importance, and various photonic structures have been used to design these types of sensors. In this work, optimization of the performance of photonic crystal-based biosensor has been addressed. The nano-resonant sensor is within the structure and is surrounded by two waveguides. The resonator is formed by the smaller air cavities. In order to increase the optical constraint and better coupling of light between the waveguides and the resonator, two finis waveguides have been used. By connecting the biological molecule to the measuring cavity wall, its refractive index will change and the wavelength of the resonant structure will be shifted. Several parameters such as number, thickness of layers and slope affect this sensitivity. By optimizing these parameters, changes in the refractive index can be detected.

Label-Free Monitoring of Human IgG/Anti-IgG Recognition Using Bloch Surface Waves on 1D Photonic Crystals.

Optical biosensors based on one-dimensional photonic crystals sustaining Bloch surface waves are proposed to study antibody interactions and perform affinity studies. The presented approach utilizes two types of different antibodies anchored at the sensitive area of a photonic crystal-based biosensor. Such a strategy allows for creating two or more on-chip regions with different biochemical features as well as studying the binding kinetics of biomolecules in real time. In particular, the proposed detection system shows an estimated limit of detection for the target antibody (anti-human IgG) smaller than 0.19 nM (28 ng/mL), corresponding to a minimum surface mass coverage of 10.3 ng/cm2. Moreover, from the binding curves we successfully derived the equilibrium association and dissociation constants (KA = 7.5 × 107 M−1; KD = 13.26 nM) of the human IgG–anti-human IgG interaction.

Kinetics of Antibody Binding to Membranes of Living Bacteria Measured by a Photonic Crystal-Based Biosensor.

Optical biosensors based on photonic crystal surface waves (PC SWs) offer a possibility to study binding interactions with living cells, overcoming the limitation of rather small evanescent field penetration depth into a sample medium that is characteristic for typical optical biosensors. Besides this, simultaneous excitation of s- and p-polarized surface waves with different penetration depths is realized here, permitting unambiguous separation of surface and volume contributions to the measured signal. PC-based biosensors do not require a bulk signal correction, compared to widely used surface plasmon resonance-based devices. We developed a chitosan-based protocol of PC chip functionalization for bacterial attachment and performed experiments on antibody binding to living bacteria measured in real time by the PCSW-based biosensor. Data analysis reveals specific binding and gives the value of the dissociation constant for monoclonal antibodies (IgG2b) against bacterial lipopolysaccharides equal to KD = 6.2 ± 3.4 nM. To our knowledge, this is a first demonstration of antibody-binding kinetics to living bacteria by a label-free optical biosensor.

Label-free detection of glycated haemoglobin in human blood using silicon-based photonic crystal nanocavity biosensor

In this paper, we describe a two-dimensional photonic crystal-based biosensor that consists of a waveguide and a nanocavity with high sensitivity. A new method is employed for increasing sensitivity of the biosensor. The simulation results show that biosensor is highly sensitive to the refractive index (RI) variations due to injected biomaterials, like glycated haemoglobin, into the sensing surface. The proposed biosensor is designed for the wavelength range of 1514.4–1896.3 nm. The sensitivity and the quality factor are calculated to be 3000 and 272.43 nm/RIU, respectively. The designed structure can detect a 0.002 change in the RI via resonant wavelength shift of 0.9 nm. The band diagram and transmission spectra are computed using plane wave expansion and finite difference time domain methods.

Design of Photonic Crystal-Based Biosensor for Detection of Glucose Concentration in Urine

In this paper, we have demonstrated and designed a 2D photonic crystal-based biosensor with line defect, which can detect glucose concentration in urine. Simulation and analysis have been done in order to detect glucose concentration in normal urine (0-15 mg/dL), urine with 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 gm/dL of glucose concentration in the wavelength range of 1530-1565 nm. Finite-difference time-domain method has been used for the analysis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology electromagnetic equation propagation and MIT photonic bands simulation tools have been used for modeling and designing of photonic crystal, and IPKISS software framework has been used for generation of mask design, which can be used for the fabrication of the photonic crystal sensor. It has been observed from the band structure that for little change in refractive index, there will be a moderate shift in the frequency and transmitted output power and hence it acts as a sensor. This indicates that it is highly sensitive for the change in refractive index.