Photographic Materials Research Articles

Preparation and application of water-based nano-silver conductive ink in paper-based 3D printing

PurposeIn flexible electronics applications, organic inks are mostly used for inkjet printing. Three-dimensional (3 D) printing technology has the advantages of low cost, high speed and good precision in modern electronic printing. The purpose of this study is to solve the high cost of traditional printing and the pollution emissions of organic ink. It is necessary to develop a water-based conductive ink that is easily degradable and can be 3 D printed. A nano-silver ink printed circuit pattern with high precision, high conductivity and good mechanical properties is a promising strategy.Design/methodology/approachThe researched nano-silver conductive ink is mainly composed of silver nanoparticles and resin. The effect of adding methyl cellulose on the ink was also explored. A simple 3 D circuit pattern was printed on photographic paper. The line width, line length, line thickness and conductivity of the printed circuit were tested. The influence of sintering temperature and sintering time on pattern resistivity was studied. The relationship between circuit pattern bending performance and electrical conductivity is analyzed.FindingsThe experimental results show that the ink has the characteristics of low silver content and good environmental protection effect. The printing feasibility of 3 D printing circuit patterns on paper substrates was confirmed. The best printing temperature is 160°C–180°C, and the best sintering time is 30 min. The circuit pattern can be folded 120°, and the cycle is folded more than 60 times. The minimum resistivity of the circuit pattern is 6.07 µΩ·cm. Methyl cellulose can control the viscosity of the ink. The mechanical properties of the pattern have been improved. The printing method of 3 D printing can significantly reduce the sintering time and temperature of the conductive ink. These findings may provide innovation for the flexible electronics industry and pave the way for alternatives to cost-effective solutions.Originality/valueIn this study, direct ink writing technology was used to print circuit patterns on paper substrates. This process is simple and convenient and can control the thickness of the ink layer. The ink material is nonpolluting to the environment. Nano-silver ink has suitable viscosity and pH value. It can meet the requirements of pneumatic 3 D printers. The method has the characteristics of simple process, fast forming, low cost and high environmental friendliness.

Valerijs Bitenieks – From a Student of Riga Polytechnic Institute to a Construction Contractor in the Independent Latvia

A paper on Valerijs Bitenieks, a graduate (1986) of the Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering of Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI), reflects on the daily life of the Soviet students in the 1980s, the work of a young engineer while he was trying various opportunities in the labour market and the engineer’s growth as a successful contractor in the independent Latvia in the 21st century. It traces the life of V. Bitenieks from his childhood to the present day, paying attention to his professional activities. The research provides an insight into students’ internships and extracurricular activities during the Soviet era. Unpublished photographic material unknown to the general public has been obtained.

“Fijian Islanders preparing for a feast” (1959): The Influence of Photography on Popular Opinions of the Pacific

In 1959, a serialised, illustrated encyclopaedia, The Book of Knowledge, published a photograph captioned “Fijian islanders preparing for a feast,” suggesting to readers that butchering a turtle prior to cooking was a common sight in the 1950s and a cultural practice among modern-day Fijians. However, the photograph had been taken around the turn of the century by a British colonial official, Basil Thomson, and published elsewhere by him and others in the intervening fifty years. How much post–World War II illustrative photography of Pacific Islanders in encyclopaedias was misleading in this manner? How much illustrative (particularly photographic) material from an era long past was presented mid-century as being evidence of contemporary life in the Pacific? Or, was preparing a turtle for a feast a long-standing tradition and, therefore, the date of the photograph immaterial? This paper investigates these questions within the context of the creation of The Book of Knowledge and other such compendia, as well as Euro-American stereotypes of Fiji and the Pacific.

ПРИНЦИПЫ МОДЕРНИЗМА В АРХИТЕКТУРЕ ТОРГОВЫХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ 1960-1980-Х ГГ. В ГОРОДАХ ЮГА РОССИИ

The 1960-1980s is the time for the development of the wide architectural and construction practice of the Soviet Union of the techniques and methods of world modernism, the adaptation of world experience to the special socio-economic and political circumstances of the country. The public and shopping center on Kalinin Avenue in Moscow is one of the demonstrative experiments in Soviet architecture. It illustrates the functional-typological and spatial-planning findings of XX century architecture, demonstrates the attitude of modernism to the historical urban environment and at the same time fully meets the image of modernity in architecture. It shows the relationship of modernism to the historical urban environment. This ensemble has become an example to be repeated in many cities of the country, including in the South of Russia. The article is devoted to the architecture of the Krasnodar Book House and the Shopping Gallery on Navaginskaya Street in Sochi. They are considered as unique examples of the organization of an extended citywide public and shopping center. The author has carried out a comparative analysis of objects in the context of world and domestic trends in the formation of a functional-spatial type, identified space-planning and formal techniques of modernism in their architecture. On the basis of the conducted field surveys, photographs, study of literature, historical graphic and photographic materials, the now lost original appearance of the objects is restored. Despite the differences in the degree of spatial complexity, functional and imaginative content of the complexes built in Sochi and Krasnodar, the nature of their integration into the historical environment of cities, both objects are typical examples of their stylistic and typological group and are endowed with common recognizable features.

‘Your’s Truly’: The Creation and Consumption of Commercial Tourist Portraits

There is a long history of tourists substantiating their visits to a destination through the purchase of portraits that show them against a backdrop of the local setting. While its initial expression in the form of paintings was confined to the social elite who could afford to commission and sit for an artist, the advent of photography democratized the process, enabling the aspiring middle classes to partake in the custom. While some tourists took their own photographs, the majority relied on local photographers who offered their services in studio and open-air settings. Smaller-sized images, such as Cartes de Visite (2.5″ × 4″) and Cabinet Cards (4.5″ × 6.5″), could be enclosed with letters to family and social circles, thus providing proof of visits while the voyage was still in progress. The development of picture postcards as a postal item in the 1890s, coupled with the manufacture of precut photographic paper with preprinted address fields, revolutionized tourist portraiture. Photographers could set-up outside tourist attractions, where tourists could have their portrait taken with formulaic framing against a canonized background. Efficient production flows meant that tourists could pick up their printed portraits, ready for mailing within an hour. Using examples of San Marc’s Basilica in Venice (Italy), as well as Ostrich Farms in California and Florida (U.S.A.), this paper contextualizes the production and consumption of such commercial tourist portraits as objects of social validation. It discusses their ability to situate the visitor in locales iconic of the destination, substantiating their presence and validating their experience. Given the speed of production (within an hour) and their ability to be immediately mailed through the global postal network, such images were the precursor of the modern-day ‘selfies’ posted on social media.

부상으로 은퇴한 격투기 선수의 외상 후 성장 경험: 포토보이스의 적용

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the process and experiences of retired martial arts athletes due to injury who overcame posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and achieved posttraumatic growth (PTG) by utilizing Photovoice research methods. Methods: Four retired martial arts athletes who overcame injury trauma and achieved post-traumatic growth were selected through judging sampling. The data were collected through a total of 6 non-contact/contact interviews, including personal and group interviews, in accordance with Photovoice research procedures. The collected photographic materials were analyzed according to Photovoice analysis methods (photographic selecting, contextualizing, and codifying), and the interview materials were supplemented by compositional basis theory. Results: First, the PTG experiences of a retired athletes due to injury was presented as an narrative of life with photos of the participants. Second, the steps from immediately after injury to PTG are a total of four steps, showing the following. The first stage is ‘Immediately after Injury: Loss of Daily Life’, the second stage is ‘In to the Trauma, PTSD Experrience: Seclusion into the Abyss’, the third stage is ‘Turning Point of Growth: Rediscovered Gemstone’ and the fourth stage is ‘Post-traumatic Growth: Flowering Flowers’. Through the process of theoretical coding, we constructed a diagram that separated these steps into areas of ‘Crisis zone’, ‘Silent zone’, ‘Gemstone zone’ and ‘Flourish zone’. Through the results of this study, the PTG process and experiences of martial arts athletes caused by injury were compared with PTG’s existing model. Conclusion: The study applied the photovoice research method to vividly reveal the PTG experiences of a martial artist who retired from the participants. In addition, the process from trauma to growth of participants was analyzed, divided into areas, and theoretical schematics were established. This study draws social attention to retired athletes. It is expected to be useful as empirical data for programs and policies to support them.

Comprehensive treatment technology of mother liquid from bromine extraction

Bromine is one of the important chemical raw materials. It is widely used in flame retardants, petroleum exploitation, fungicides, pesticides, photographic materials and medicine. With the increasing pressure of environmental protection, the comprehensive treatment of mother liquid from bromine extraction becomes more and more serious. In this paper, we systematically studied the composition and concentration of mother liquid from bromine extraction, compared the effect of bromine extraction process on the change of seawater composition. The experimental study focused on pH recovery and residual chlorine reduction to provide a reference for the comprehensive treatment of mother liquid from bromine extraction.

«Проявленная этничность» в семейных фотоальбомах бурят

The article is devoted to the visual discourse of Buryat ethnicity in private photo collections of Buryats. The authors find out that the visual images of ethnicity and the principles of the family tree in the creation of family photo albums were transformed. Iconic codes demonstrate the hybridity and fluidity of the ethnic tradition, its performative nature in modern social conditions. Materials for the article were collected during field expeditions in the Irkutsk Region (2012–2013) and in the Republic of Buryatia (2019–2020). The research methods were visual analysis of photographs and narrative biographical interview. The research methodology was based on the works of R. Barth and D. Harper. The phenomenon of developing ethnicity in photographs is expressed in a visible and invisible three-layer structure: in iconic codes – ethnic costume, ethnic dwelling, ethnic rituals; in the hierarchical arrangement of pictures at album pages; and in biographical stories of the collection owners about photography. As a result, photographic materials from private photo archives are fragmentary for visualizing of Buryat ethnicity, but due to their typicality, they are structured as a representation of changes in Buryat corporeality. «Developing» ethnicity for the sake of presenting oneself to others existed until the 1950s. It goes into the dualism of the Buryat and Soviet features. The disappeared ethnic identity in photo albums by the end of the 1980s was undergoing a performative change from the 2010s. «Developing» ethnicity is expressed in the interest of the Buryats to the details of their ethnic presentation.

Misinformation in the Information Space of Ukrainian Society during the Covid-19 Pandemic

The specificity of misinformation about Covid-19 which was outspread in the media landscape of Ukrainian society was demonstrated in the article. The authors relying on the basics of postmodern theory within interdisciplinary discourse trace the means of forming misinformation and its influence on changing worldview landmarks of humanity. The authors underline that information in the postmodern conception of Jean Baudrillard is also capable to destroy its own content, communication and social ground. Misinformation about Covid-19 is «a stage setting of communication» since it only creates insight into sense and is outspreaded with different channels (traditional and new media) with usage of photographic and video materials, emotional headlines and messages. Fake materials which have been outspreaded in online media and social networks are analyzed in the article. The authors found out that fake messages outspreaded in Ukrainian media refer to the following topic (the origin of Covid-19; frauds under the guise of doctors try to get the money of nationals; fictional money penalties for breaking the rules of quarantine; pseudomedical recommendations for taking some medicines and means of diagnosis Covid-19; statements of public authorities about strengthening the regime of quarantine; the speed of spreading Covid-19 in other countries; insufficient readiness of the Ukrainian society to Covid-19, etc.). It is stated that the quick expansion of misinformation was facilitated by the fact that the nationals of Ukraine took information without criticism, without fact-checking, since they moved to a new space of life of the individual and made «a stage setting of sense».

Krasnoyarsk’s right bank. Industrialization heritage

The study is based on the historical analysis and archival photographic materials of the Krasnoyarsk Museum of Local Lore. The article is focused on residential architecture and its significance. It describes the housing development of Krasnoyarsk’s right bank in the 1960-1970s. It presents the examples of residential buildings of historical and cultural value. The article reviews the formation of the ensembles of the prospect named after the newspaper “Krasnoyarsk Worker”, the “Stone Quarter”, the Bridgehead Square and other areas of Krasnoyarsk’s right bank.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ КОМПЬЮТЕРНОГО ЗРЕНИЯ ДЛЯ РАЗРАБОТКИ МОДЕЛИ РАСПОЗНАВАНИЯ ПОРАЖЕНИЙ КУЛЬТУРНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ

In the Russian Federation, the agro-industrial complex is one of the leading sectors of the eco-nomy with a volume of domestic product of 4.5%. Russia owns 10 % of all arable land in the world. According to the data on the sown areas by crops in 2020, most of the agricultural area of Russia is occupied by wheat. The Russian Federation ranks third in the ranking of leading countries in the production of this type of grain crops, as well as leading positions in its export. Brown (leaf) and linear (stem) rust is the most harmful disease of grain crops. It is the reason for the sparseness of wheat crops and leads to a sharp decrease in yield. Therefore, one of the main tasks of farmers is to preserve the crop from diseases. The application of such areas of artificial intelligence as computer vision, machine learning and deep learning is able to cope with this task. These artificial intelligence technologies allow us to successfully solve applied problems of the agro-industrial complex using automated analysis of photographic materials. Aim. To consider the application of computer vision methods for the problem of classification of lesions of cultivated plants on the example of wheat. Materials and methods. The CGIAR Computer Vision for Crop Disease dataset for the crop disease recognition task is taken from the open source Kaggle. It is proposed to use an approach to the re-cognition of lesions of cultivated plants using the well-known neural network models ResNet50, DenseNet169, VGG16 and EfficientNet-B0. Neural network models receive images of wheat as in-put. The output of neural networks is the class of plant damage. To overcome the effect of overfit-ting neural networks, various regularization techniques are investigated. Results. The results of the classification quality, estimated by the software using the F1-score metric, which is the average harmonic between the Precision and Recall measures, are presented. Conclusion. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the DenseNet model showed the best recognition accuracy us-ing a combination of transfer learning technology and DropOut and L2 regulation technologies to overcome the effect of retraining. The use of this approach allowed us to achieve a recognition ac-curacy of 91%.

「有色の帝国」の身体表象――鳥居龍蔵の千島アイヌ調査写真をめぐって

「有色の帝国」の身体表象――鳥居龍蔵の千島アイヌ調査写真をめぐって

Inkjet-printed gradient colorimetric indicators for monitoring fish freshness

Gradient colorimetric indicators were developed by piezoelectric inkjet-printing, for monitoring the freshness of packaged fish fillets stored at 4 °C for 7 days. The pH-sensitive indicators involving three sulfonephthalein dyes were printed on inkjet photographic papers and applied as “intelligent” labels that were exposed to the headspace of the packages containing ocean perch, wild haddock or catfish fillets. The printability behaviours of the inks were investigated by determining their density, surface tension, and dynamic viscosity. The indicator labels exhibited striking color changes as the products spoiled during storage, which were correlated with total volatile basic nitrogen, trimethylamine, and dimethylamine levels in the package headspace. The indicators' color profiles observed at different storage times could be discriminated by principal component analysis. From partial least squares regression (R2 > 0.95), the changes of volatile amine contents could be predicted from the indicators' color responses. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that the innovative gradient indicator is promising for intelligent packaging of fishery and other perishable products.

Recording of carbon clusters and (–СН2–)n radicals in a vacuum at the site of irradiation (in situ) of polyethylene

For the first time, absorption bands of C atoms and carbon clusters C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6 were found in irradiated polyethylene. The relationship between the type and mass of –CH2–, –C2H4–, –C3H6–, –C4H8–, – C5H10–, – C6H12 – free radicals and clusters of C, C2, C3, C4, C5, and C6 with their ionization energy in electron-irradiated polyethylene has been established. The results are based on the measured transmission spectra of the films and calculated values of the absorption bands after each dose of electron exposure in a vacuum at the site of irradiation (in situ). A linear dependence of the energy position of absorption bands on the type and mass of free radicals and clusters has been obtained. By the areas of the absorption bands of free radicals and carbon clusters the contribution of each defect to their total concentration has been determined depending on the absorbed dose in the range of 104–107Gy. The established dependences correlate with the known regularities in the formation of colloidal and color centers during irradiation of alkali-halide crystals, photographic materials, and oxide compounds.

An Innovative Immunoanalysis Strategy towards Sensitive Recognition of PSA Biomarker in Human Plasma Samples Using Flexible and Portable Paper Based Biosensor: A New Platform towards POC Detection of Cancer Biomarkers Using Integration of Pen-on Paper Technology with Immunoassays Methods

Background: The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is one of the best markers for detecting prostate cancer. Rapid and real time recognition of PSA biomarker could be helpful in the early diagnosis and efficient treatment of prostate cancer. One of the usual methods to identify this biomarker is ELISA, which has a picomolar detection range but requires specialized personnel and also this technique is time-consuming and expensive. Methods: Cost-effective POC devices are great solutions because they are very cost-effective, sensitive and simple, do not require expert operators and have a high response time in a short time. With that in mind, in this work, a novel and simple label-free paper-based electrochemical immunosensor were designed by using conductive Ag-ink and designed directly by pen on paper technique on the surface of photographic paper, which is a suitable substrate for antibody immobilization, for rapid detection of PSA. Results: Based on the obtained results, under the optimum conditions, the synthesized Ag ink has a great substrate for antibody (Ab) and antigen (Ag) immobilization. The linear range was from 0.001 to 30 μg/L and the obtained low limite of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.001μg/L. This immunosensor also tested in human plasma samples, which had good analytical power. Conclusion: The proposed paper-based immunoassay could be a hopefully new and cheap tool for the diagnosis of other biomarkers.

Characterization of Riparian Tree Communities along a River Basin in the Pacific Slope of Guatemala

Ecosystem conservation in Mesoamerica, one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, is a top priority because of the rapid loss of native vegetation due to anthropogenic activities. Riparian forests are often the only remaining preserved areas among expansive agricultural matrices. These forest remnants are essential to maintaining water quality, providing habitats for a variety of wildlife and acting as biological corridors that enable the movement and dispersal of local species. The Acomé river is located on the Pacific slope of Guatemala. This region is heavily impacted by intensive agriculture (mostly sugarcane plantations), fires and grazing. Most of this region’s original forest is now restricted to forest remnants concentrated along the riverbank. However, the botanical composition and species diversity of the riparian communities has not been characterized. This baseline information is essential to develop restoration strategies and management plans. This study aimed to characterize the riparian tree communities along the Acomé riverbank by systematically collecting herbarium specimens and photographic material for trees over 10 cm DBH (diameter at breast height). Cluster analysis was used to identify the main riparian communities, and diversity indices were calculated for each community. A total of 115 tree species were identified, belonging to 91 genera and 43 families. The cluster analysis suggested the presence of four riparian tree communities along an altitudinal gradient. Rhizophora mangle, Cecropia obtusifolia, Guazuma ulmifolia, and Brosimum costaricanum were the dominant species of the identified communities. This research will support ongoing restoration efforts and biological connectivity plans in this region.

Like a Psalter for a Queen: Sancha, Melisende and the New Testament Cycle in the Chapter-House at Sijena

This article discusses the paintings of the chapter-house of Sijena, most of which were destroyed by fire in 1936. To this end, the paper makes use of earlier photographic material, proposes a new reading of the biblical cycle, reconstructs the architectural and ornamental setting of the chapter-house and examines the historical and largely unknown liturgical context that lay behind the selection of images. The striking correspondence between the New Testament cycle at Sijena and the prefatory cycle of miniatures in the Melisende Psalter (1131–43), as well as the use in the nunnery of a liturgy based on that of the canons regular of the Holy Sepulchre and the presence of a Lignum crucis in the chapter-house, sheds light on Sijena’s links to the art and liturgy of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and on Queen Sancha’s motives as patron of this Hospitaller foundation. Thus, we hope to present a holistic interpretation of the chapter-house in relation to queenship, pious devotion and the evocation of the Holy Land. This ultimately points up the cross-cultural interests of the Kingdom of Aragon and its developing projection into the Mediterranean.

An innovative flexible and portable DNA based biodevice towards sensitive identification of Haemophilus influenzae bacterial genome: A new platform for the rapid and low cost recognition of pathogenic bacteria using point of care (POC) analysis

Nowadays, different respiratory infections of Haemophilus Influenzae (H. influenzae) such as bronchitis, pneumonia, acute otitis media and sinusitis reveals the high demand for developing efficient, rapid and low-cost sensing platforms. In this concept, pDNA and cDNA were exploited in electrochemical biosensors for monitoring H. influenzae. Accordingly, the Ag ink and Au@Ag core–shell/GQDs nano-ink were synthesized and drawn on the surface of photographic paper for designing a three-electrode paper-based biodevice. The selectivity of the designed platform was evaluated by three mismatched. Under the optimal experimental conditions, due to the high affinity of cDNA toward pDNA, the fabricated electrochemical bioassay provided good selectivity and sensitivity for the monitoring of H. influenzae. The developed flexible sensor could detect cDNA with linear range and LLOQ (lower limit of quantitation) 100 ZM to 0.1 pM and 100 ZM, respectively. The main advantages of this paper-based DNA bio-electrochemical sensor include acceptable sensitivity, selectivity, easy and fast operation to clinical analysis and biomedicine.

Legitimizing Socialism? Hard-Currency Stores and Western Goods in Hungary, 1956–1989

ABSTRACT Throughout the Socialist Bloc, governments established hard-currency stores in an attempt to increase Western currency revenues. The Hungarian state launched IBUSZ Külföldi Kereskedelmi Akció [Foreign Commercial Enterprise, or IKKA] in 1949 and later replaced this enterprise with Intertourist stores in 1968. As in other socialist states, the purchase of Western and certain hard-to-get Eastern European goods was restricted and could only be acquired with hard currency. As a consequence, informal and black-market activities began to spread. Drawing on archival documents, Radio Free Europe research reports, local court cases, newspaper articles, and photographic material, this article examines how hard currency was perceived by ordinary citizens and explores whether the lesser buying power of the Hungarian forint in comparison to hard currencies contributed to the delegitimization of the Kádár regime. The study also explores the distinctiveness of socialist consumption culture to shed new light on the relative openness of Hungary’s “goulash communism” within the Eastern Bloc.

Restoration and Enhancement of Historical Stereo Photos.

Restoration of digital visual media acquired from repositories of historical photographic and cinematographic material is of key importance for the preservation, study and transmission of the legacy of past cultures to the coming generations. In this paper, a fully automatic approach to the digital restoration of historical stereo photographs is proposed, referred to as Stacked Median Restoration plus (SMR+). The approach exploits the content redundancy in stereo pairs for detecting and fixing scratches, dust, dirt spots and many other defects in the original images, as well as improving contrast and illumination. This is done by estimating the optical flow between the images, and using it to register one view onto the other both geometrically and photometrically. Restoration is then accomplished in three steps: (1) image fusion according to the stacked median operator, (2) low-resolution detail enhancement by guided supersampling, and (3) iterative visual consistency checking and refinement. Each step implements an original algorithm specifically designed for this work. The restored image is fully consistent with the original content, thus improving over the methods based on image hallucination. Comparative results on three different datasets of historical stereograms show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, and its superiority over single-image denoising and super-resolution methods. Results also show that the performance of the state-of-the-art single-image deep restoration network Bringing Old Photo Back to Life (BOPBtL) can be strongly improved when the input image is pre-processed by SMR+.