Photographic Film Research Articles

Using Backlight - Using Backlight to Create Dramatic Sense in Film Photography

世界科学出版社（World Science Publishing-WSP）立足国际，积极配合中国“走出去”出版战略，大力推进版权输出与引进，并不断拓展国际间的交流与合作，取得显著成绩。WSP国际图书出版项目力倡中国科研人员出版英文图书，出版社具有丰富的国际传播资源与雄厚的编辑、翻译、出版力量，拥有一批著名的中外翻译专家、出版专家，及一支精通国际出版的编辑、翻译和国际营销队伍。探索“科学进步”与“社会进步”是人类永恒主题，WSP推崇以科学信仰引领学术方向，遵循各国法律和地方法规，能够协助您优质、快捷、低

BAO Plate Archive Project: Recent Results

We present the recent results of the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory (BAO) Plate Archive Project that is aimed at digitization, extraction and analysis of archival data and building an electronic database and interactive sky map. BAO Plate Archive consists of some 37,000 photographic plates and films, obtained with 2.6m telescope, 1m and 0.5m Schmidt telescopes and other smaller ones during 1947-1991 and then by digital methods since 1996. Its most important part, the famous Markarian Survey (or the First Byurakan Survey, FBS) 1874 plates were digitized in 2002-2007 and the Digitized FBS (DFBS, www.aras.am/Dfbs/dfbs.html) was created. New science projects have been conducted based on this low-dispersion spectroscopic material. Several other smaller digitization projects have been carried out as well, such as part of the Second Byurakan Survey (SBS) plates, photographic chain plates in Coma, where the blazar ON 231 is located and 2.6m film spectra of FBS Blue Stellar Objects. However, most of the plates and films were not digitized. In 2015, we have started a project on the whole BAO Plate Archive digitization, creation of electronic database and its scientific usage. Armenian Virtual Observatory (ArVO, www.aras.am/Arvo/arvo.htm) database will accommodate all new data. The project lasted 4 years in 2015-2018. Later on, the project was renovated for 2020-2021. The final result will be an Electronic Database and online Interactive Sky map to be used for further research projects.

An Abstract Machine Approach to Preserving Digital Information

Preserving digital information for a very long time is difficult even when using a durable passive storage medium such as photographic film stored under the right conditions. On film one can combine analog descriptions, i.e. visual and thus human-readable text and diagrams, with encoded digital information. After hundreds of years, however, the formats used to represent and encode this information may have been forgotten, and any surviving source code may not simply be compiled and run. Explaining how to interpret data stored in a complex format runs the risks both of errors made today and of future misunderstandings. We present a solution based on (1) a very simple abstract machine, (2) independent, technology-neutral descriptions of the machine, preserved in analog form and aimed at future programmers and mathematicians, respectively, and (3) a C compiler targeting this machine. Currently, our toolset supports storing and retrieving data in the formats JPEG, TIFF and PDF/A, but other formats can be easily be added by adapting existing C programs for processing these formats. Binaries for the abstract machine are preserved alongside the digital information and the machine descriptions so that future generations can decode and present the information simply by implementing this machine.

„Konkurs Antropologiczny” na Pomorzu: przykład popularyzacji wiedzy antropologicznej przez ośrodek etnologii gdańskiej

The article presents one of the cyclical projects at the Student Circle for Ethnological Research and the Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology Division at the University of Gdansk, namely, the “Anthropology Contest” organized from 2013 to 2018. The aim of the project were, among others, to promote Gdansk ethnology, to spread knowledge about anthropology as an interdisciplinary science, and the increase cultural awareness among high school students. The four editions of the project differed from each other in both organization and theme. The formula of the project took on a different format, from test to photographic essays, film materials and micro-ethnographic research based on ethnographic interview. The article presents the format of the “Anthropology Contest” organization, topics of individual editions, as well as difficulties and dilemmas related to the dissemination of ethnological and anthropological knowledge among the young people.

Using DSLR to 'Scan' Colour Slides: learning from the Digitising Jemdet Nasr 1988–1989 Project

This article presents a cost-effective method for digitising photographic film for archival purposes using a DSLR camera, focussing on the widely used colour reversal Kodachrome film produced by Eastman Kodak between 1935 and 2009. I discuss the digitisation of an archive of 787 Kodachrome slides taken between 1988 and 1989 during the excavation of Jemdet Nasr, an archaeological site located in southern Iraq (Project website). I compare results obtained using a film scanner (Nikon Coolscan IV ED) with two different scanning software solutions (SilverFast and VueScan), a flatbed scanner (HP Scanjet 8300), and two DSLR cameras with macro lens (a Canon EOS KissX3 with 105mm lens and a Canon EOS 80D with 90mm lens). The results demonstrate the cost-effective value of the DSLR method for archives where time and resources are limited, but where digital photography equipment might be readily available, such as an archaeological unit or a university department. The method allows for high quality, fast and economical digitisation of excavation and collection archives that will enhance research. The method also offers superior results in rendering the high dynamic range of photographic film such as Kodachrome.

Artifacts in metallography: dust.

The article discusses the identification of dust particles on the surface of metallographic samples. It is noted that the volume of literature on metallographic artifacts is very small one. This is due to the fact that the Russian – language literature of the metallographic direction was wtitten long ago when the structure was fixed using the photographic method on photographic plates or film. The complexity of the process and the lack of photographic materials excluded the generation of information about metallographic artifacts.Modern metallographic complexes capture structure images digitally. Therefore, in addition to images of the structure, it is possible to record sample preparation artifacts without restrictions. Dust particles on the surface of metallographic sections and their difference from non-metallic inclusions are illustrated. The use of dark-field illumination and polarized light to identify artifacts is considered. Some effects arising from metallographic etching are illustrated.

RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF HISTORICAL 3D MODELING BASED ON ARCHIVED NON-OBLIQUE AERIAL PHOTOS

Abstract. Nowadays, the oblique and multi-view, large-overlap aerial photography and airborne LiDAR are the main sources to build the 3D scene model. However, most of our archived aerial photos are acquired by non-oblique, normal photography. Because of low resolution, low overlay and poor model texture, there were less relative research and application. With the development of pixel-level matching technology, especially the application of Semi-Global Matching (SGM) and Multi-View Stereo (MVS) algorithm, the normal (non-oblique, non-large overlap) aerial photos could also be explored to restore the dense Digital Surface Model (DSM) and 3D scene model. In this paper, the method of the 3D scene modelling with the non-oblique aerial photos are summarized into 4 steps consisting of Data preprocessing, Ground Control Points (GCPs) collection and aerial triangulation (AT), DSM extraction and editing, 3D modelling and visualization. For the archived non-oblique aerial photos, including the aerial photographic films, digital frame photos and push-broom aerial data, the key steps of the 3D modelling method with these non-oblique aerial photos are discussed. Based on the experiments, the method can effectively explore the archived normal aerial data for large range restoration, 3D restoration, time series change detection and etc., providing new valuable spatio-temporal data for the urban historical research.

Heat transport analysis of aluminum alloy and magnetite graphene oxide through permeable cylinder with heat source/sink

The flow through a stretchable cylinder has auspicious uses in many industrial processes like thermal processing of food particles, liquid coating on photographic films and tubular heat exchangers. Motivated from these applications, heat transport through a stagnation-point hybrid nanoliquid flow past a permeable cylinder is scrutinized. Aluminum alloy and magnetite graphene oxide with water-based nanoparticles are considered. A uniform heat source/sink term is added in the energy equations. The noted novelty of this work is the application of the hybrid nanofluid along with the heat generation/absorption effect for stretchable cylinders which has not been considered in the open literature. The strong form of ordinary differential coupled equations is solved by the Runge–Kutta-Fehlberg-45 (RKF-45) numerical approach via the shooting technique. Graphical profiles are obtained and discussed at diverse physical parameters. Moreover, the drag friction and the Nusselt number are computed. The results have shown that the higher variation in causes a reduction in the velocity and an enhancement in the temperature curves. Further, it is noted that the velocity curves of magnetite graphene oxide is higher than aluminum alloy nanoparticles. The Nusselt number is larger for the aluminum alloy nanoparticles case as compared to the values achieved for the case of magnetite graphene oxide nanoparticles.

Hall effects on radiated magneto-power-law fluid flow over a stretching surface with power-law velocity slip effect

PurposeThis paper aims to assess the effectiveness of Hall currents and power-law slip condition on the hydromagnetic convective flow of an electrically conducting power-law fluid over an exponentially stretching sheet under the effect of a strong variable magnetic field and thermal radiation. Flow formation is developed using the rheological expression of a power-law fluid.Design/methodology/approachThe nonlinear partial differential equations describing the flow are transformed into the nonlinear ordinary differential equations by employing the local similarity transformations and then solved numerically by an effective numerical approach, namely, fourth-order Runge–Kutta integration scheme, along with the shooting iteration technique. The numerical solution is computed for different parameters by using the computational software MATLAB bvp4c. The bvp4c function uses the finite difference code as the default. This method is a fourth-order collocation method. The impacts of thermophysical parameters on velocity and temperature distributions, skin friction coefficients and Nusselt number in the boundary layer regime are exhibited through graphs and tables and deliberated with proper physical justification.FindingsOur investigation conveys that Hall current has an enhancing behavior on velocity profiles and reduces skin friction coefficients. An increase in the power-law index is observed to deplete velocity and temperature evolution. The temperature for the pseudo-plastic (shear-thinning) fluid is relatively higher than the corresponding temperature of the dilatant (shear-thickening) fluid. The streamlines are more distorted and have low intensity near the surface of the sheet for the dilatant fluid than the pseudo-plastic fluid.Social implicationsThe study is pertinent to the expulsion of polymer sheet and photographic films, hydrometallurgical industry, electrically conducting polymer dynamics, magnetic material processing, solutions and melts of polymer processing, purification of molten metals from nonmetallic. The results obtained in this work can be relevant in fluid mechanics and heat transfer applications.Originality/valueThe present problem has, to the authors' knowledge, not communicated thus far in the scientific literature. A comparative study with the published works is conducted to verify the accuracy of the present study. The results obtained in this analysis are significant in providing the standards for validating the accuracies of some numerical or empirical methods.

New books & media

New books & media

Holography: CGH - a New Approach Towards Internet of 2030

In this growing era of new generation and well-developed technologies, the human mind is willing to develop something new every day, something more innovative to make our life simpler. The requirement of better and clear output has been increased tremendously. One of those developments started with the development of the Stereo-photographs, after which 3-D or 3D images came in the picture, now the development is taking place in computer holography or holographic communication. This paper will explore the evolution of 3D imaging and the basic physics involved in photographic film generation. The interconnection of holography with 5G and the Internet of things. The rising of pre era of 5G systems and the later requirement towards the future of the communication system is described. A brief idea about the market and trends of digital holography and teleportation.

Economical Laue x-ray diffraction using photographic film and orientation of single crystals.

Many Laue x-ray diffraction systems using the Polaroid XR-7 Land Diffraction Cassette camera became inactive after production of the required high sensitivity Polaroid T-57 instant film ceased. This Tutorial reports on a low-cost solution using the readily available replacement film with push processing to increase the effective film speed. The use of this film in the polaroid camera is described along with film development and digitization. The orientation of single crystals with the obtained data and free software is explained. A simple method to prepare single crystals with surfaces perpendicular to a desired crystallographic orientation is described. The content of this Tutorial may prove beneficial for educational and research laboratories.

My Lens, Our Ferguson

A protester shows his scars during the Ferguson protests days after Brown's killing in 2014. (Adrian Octavius Walker) (Mancy Gant) Adrian Octavius Walker is a mixed-media artist based in Chicago, by way of St. Louis, Missouri. His work is inspired by the Black body, dynamics of the Black family, and archival work related to the African American experience and the untold stories they share. Working in both film and digital-format photography, Walker creates penetrating portraits influenced by his deep awareness of the nuances that pervade the human experience. “After the uprising and amid the chaos, I found my creative voice during the time we were hurting the most. Beyond the extreme overpolicing by the city of Ferguson, we as people found a way to come together as one and rejoice in the name of Mike Brown. I was documenting one of the most televised uprisings in history, and I managed to learn what we can do once we are together as a community. Unity sparks change, and that was my main goal to photograph just that.” “‘Still here,’ to me, means still processing. The Ferguson uprising is something we will never forget. Our city changed right before our eyes, and a great majority of us are still mourning.” A protester shows his scars during the Ferguson protests days after Brown's killing in 2014. (Adrian Octavius Walker) Adrian Octavius Walker, untitled, 2014. Photograph. From Walker's self-published My Lens, Our Ferguson (2015), a book of photos taken during the days after Mike Brown's death. The book is “for people that want to own a piece of history showing real-life, emotion, and truth. . . . My hopes were for the people to keep and share the story of Ferguson with future generations.”

Automating 35mm Photographic Film Digitization: X-Y Table Capture System Design and Assessment

35mm still image formats are some of the most abundant photographic film types in cultural heritage collections. However, their special handling needs coupled with high resolution digital capture requirements have traditionally posed logistical constraints with regard to the formats' digitization at scale. Through the use of a programmable X-Y table camera capture system, both slide and strip 35mm photographic film can be digitized in an automated fashion following Federal Agencies Digitization Guidelines (FADGI).

A diagnostic tool for assessing the conservation condition of cellulose nitrate and acetate in heritage collections: quantifying the degree of substitution by infrared spectroscopy

Cellulose nitrate and acetate are materials at risk in heritage collections because it is not possible to predict the evolution of their conservation state over time. Knowing that the degree of substitution (DS) of these materials correlates with their state of conservation because the fundamental degradation mechanism is hydrolysis, in this work, DS was measured in historical objects and artworks. Infrared spectra were used to develop and optimize calibration curves for cellulose nitrate and acetate references that were next applied to calculate DS values of heritage objects. The extent of hydrolysis measured, with this tool, correlated well with the physical deterioration assessed through the sample hardness (Shore A) which was measured with a Durometer. Calibration curves were optimized in reference materials by Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR-FTIR) and Micro Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (μFTIR). The DS values of the AC reference materials was previously calculated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The calibration curves were obtained plotting DS as a function of the ratio between a reference peak (which does not suffer relevant changes during degradation) and selected peaks that monitor the degradation for cellulose acetate and nitrate polymers (avoiding the interference of plasticizers). The reference peak for both was the COC stretching mode (νCOC). The probe peak was, for cellulose nitrate, the NO2 asymmetric stretching (νaNO2) and, for cellulose acetate, the OH stretching mode (νOH). This ratio was then applied to calculate DS values of historical materials, in good and poor conservation condition; in situ by ATR, and in micro-samples collected from artworks by μFTIR. This selection comprises cinematographic and photographic films dated from the 1890s to the 1960s, and contemporary works of art made with cellulose acetate sheets by Portuguese artist José Escada dated from the 1960s. Finally, by comparison with the original estimated DS values, we show how this tool permits to define the state of degradation of these complex polymer matrixes. Thus, establishing the quantification of the DS as a novel tool to monitor the degradation of cellulose ester plastics, contributing in this way for a sustainable preservation of an irreplaceable heritage.

Overview of Segmentation X-Ray Medical Images Using Image Processing Technique

Image processing techniques have been used in a wide variety of applications nowadays to enhance the quality of raw image data. Today, image segmentation or detection of x-tray medical imaging is very popular and challenges task in order to improve the diagnosis and analysis result. An x-ray image is one of the oldest photographic films that is mostly used in medical diagnosis and treatment. An x-ray image is a very useful modality for the physicians and doctors to determine and analyze the bone fracture, which is an important symptom used for diagnosis, but x-ray produces an only medium quality image, which will normally affect the information of the image. This article provides a review study of the medical image segmentation. Based on this study, the advantages and drawback each method clearly explained. This article presents an exhaustive review of these studies and suggests a direction for future developments in order to propose segmentation methods.

Study on microbubble of cellulose acetate microfilm of the Republic of China (AD 1912\u20131949) collected in the Second Historical Archives of China

The white spots known as microbubbles that are formed in cellulose acetate film, significantly affects the texture of the image. However, the formation of microbubbles and their corresponding microstructure are poorly understood. In this paper, cellulose acetate microfilm from the Republic of China (AD 1912–1949) collected in the Second Historical Archives of China was chosen as a prototype to investigate the causes of microbubble disease for the first time. A comparative study was conducted between the film samples with and without microbubbles. Herein, the microstructural analyses including optical and SEM microscopy were conducted. The crystals in the microbubbles proved to be triphenyl phosphate as identified by NMR spectroscopy and SEM–EDX. Comparative properties of the film substrate with and without microbubbles were measured by TG, XRD and FT-IR spectroscopy. The results show that formation of microbubbles was generally accompanied with the vinegar syndrome and was produced between the protective and emulsion layers with the different types of shapes along the closed structure (the diameter of ~ 0.1–2 mm). The formed microbubble was filled with plasticizer. Based on the above-mentioned results, the possible formation process of microbubble was proposed in the present study. The results can provide support for the cause of microbubbles and basis for the conservation of photographic films.

The Worlding of Light and Air: Dufaycolor and Selochrome in the 1930s

During the 1930s, new photographic technologies and practices addressed the difficulties of dealing with different kinds of climate, in Britain and her colonies. This article draws on archival material associated with two brands of photographic film manufactured in England by Ilford Limited: Selochrome and Dufaycolor. It describes these films as involved in a process of ‘worlding’, and as part of a ‘photography complex’ which produces the tropics and the British seaside as testing grounds for photography. Worlding involves the harnessing of light and air, the recalibration of bodies, the redistribution of sensory experiences and the production of new materialities.

Carbon thick sheet potentiometric sensor for selective determination of silver ions in X-ray photographic film

Innovative screen-printed electrode (SPE) based on Alizarin Red S (ARS) for Ag (I) ion determination was developed. The ionophore content was varied and optimized which indicated that the ink incorporating 30 mg of Alizarin Red S reflects the best experimental performance exhibiting monovalent Nernstian slope value of 59.95 mV decade−1 over a considerable spacious concentration range from 5.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−2 mol L − 1 with a lower detection limit value of 5.0 × 10−7 mol L − 1. Additionally, the developed sensor stable for more than 112 days without any significant drift in potential exhibited a fast response time (7 s). The interaction between Ag (I) ions and ARS ionophore at the electrode surface was investigated and elucidated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and FTIR spectra measurement. The proposed sensor achieved constant potentiometric response in pH range of 4–8 and thermally stable to 50 ͦ C. The developed sensor indicates discriminating capability toward Ag (I) ions with regard to most common transition metal ions. The new developed sensor used for determination of Ag (I) ion in x-ray photographic film and can be applied as indicator electrode in precipitation titrations. Furthermore, the method was validated according to IUPAC recommendation parameters.

Exergy analysis and performance improvement of liquid-desiccant deep-dehumidification system: An engineering case study

Engineering case studies are important for providing valuable experience and reference for energy conservation in actual industrial factories with deep-dehumidification requirements. In this study, on-site measurements were conducted to reveal the performance of a liquid-desiccant deep-dehumidification system applied in a photographic film factory. The results reveal the current system has a limited exergy efficiency of 17.7%, because the high heat source temperature (120 °C) required for regeneration induces large parameter differences in heat and mass transfer processes, which dominates the exergy loss of the system. To improve the system performance, the limiting value of the required heat source temperature is investigated. It was revealed that the humidity ratio of the exhaust air determines the required heat source temperature and an increase in regeneration air flow rate helps decrease it. Next, a refined system combined with a heat pump cycle is developed with a near-optimal regeneration air flow rate. In the refined system, a low heat source temperature of 45.6 °C is achieved, which helps to significantly improve the exergy efficiency of the system from 17.7% to 28.6%. Operating the refined system, 33.7% of the system’s running cost can be saved to ensure a cost-effective operation compared with the original system.