Photographic Film Research Articles

Exergy analysis and performance improvement of liquid-desiccant deep-dehumidification system: An engineering case study

Engineering case studies are important for providing valuable experience and reference for energy conservation in actual industrial factories with deep-dehumidification requirements. In this study, on-site measurements were conducted to reveal the performance of a liquid-desiccant deep-dehumidification system applied in a photographic film factory. The results reveal the current system has a limited exergy efficiency of 17.7%, because the high heat source temperature (120 °C) required for regeneration induces large parameter differences in heat and mass transfer processes, which dominates the exergy loss of the system. To improve the system performance, the limiting value of the required heat source temperature is investigated. It was revealed that the humidity ratio of the exhaust air determines the required heat source temperature and an increase in regeneration air flow rate helps decrease it. Next, a refined system combined with a heat pump cycle is developed with a near-optimal regeneration air flow rate. In the refined system, a low heat source temperature of 45.6 °C is achieved, which helps to significantly improve the exergy efficiency of the system from 17.7% to 28.6%. Operating the refined system, 33.7% of the system’s running cost can be saved to ensure a cost-effective operation compared with the original system.

Enzymatic recovery of silver from waste radiographic film: Optimize with response surface methodology

Silver is one of the valuable materials exist freely on earth crust. Worldwide, massive demand in different purpose makes silver very valuable. On information nearly twenty percent of silver were collected from non-ferrous metallurgical industry, locally generated scrap and photographic film. The toxicity of silver directly impact on surface and ground ecosystem. So it's compulsory to treat and recycle silver from waste material. To fulfil the demand of silver from waste, an enzyme from pineapple make of use. The aim of research work is to recover the silver metal from waste X-ray film by bromelain enzyme as biocatalyst. Response surface methodology full factorial design was used to optimize three operating parameters for maximum recovery of silver. The result shows silver recovery increases with increase in protein concentration, 5.4 mg of pure silver can be recovered from 600 mg of waste X-rays film at most favourable condition of protein concentration 0.2857 mg/ml; temperature 45 °C, pH6.5 and stripping time 20 min. At same optimised parameters, papain biocatalyst shows 4.8 mg and sodium hydroxide shows 5.2 mg recovery of pure silver. The obtained silver powder (grain) having 91.12% purity and total silver recovered.

Material Sight: A Sensorium for Fundamental Physics

Often our attempts to connect to the spatial and temporal scales of fundamental physics - from the subatomic to the multiverse - provoke a form of perceptual vertigo, especially for non-scientists. When we approach ideas of paralysing abstraction through the perceptual range of our sensing bodies, a ‘phenomenological dissonance’ can be said to be invoked, between material presence and radical remoteness. This relational dynamic, between materiality and remoteness, formed the conceptual springboard for 'Material Sight' (2016-2018), a research project based at three world-leading facilities for fundamental physics, that brought to fruition a body of photographic objects, film works and immersive soundscape that re-presented the spaces of fundamental physics as sites of material encounter. The research was premised on a paradoxical desire to create a sensorium for fundamental physics, asking if photography, film and sound can embody the spaces of experimental science and present them back to scientists and non-scientists alike, not as illustrations of the technical sublime but as sites of phenomenological encounter. This article plots the key conceptual coordinates of 'Material Sight' and looks at how the project’s methodological design – essentially the production of knowledge through the 'act of looking' – emphatically resisted the gravitational pull of art to be instrumentalised as an illustrative device within scientific contexts.

Emulating characteristic curve of B&W photographic films using image manipulation software

The aim of this research was to construct film characteristic curve using image manipulating software. Few types of chemically developed films over a range of processing time shows exceptional trend with similar trend to analog-based characteristic curves publish by film manufacturer. Typical toe & shoulder characteristic (D-Min & D-Max) can be observe in the digitally assessed curve albeit lacking of data in term of samples’ exposure ranges. Meanwhile, film contrast of each film types can be valued using this method by measuring the EV levels between peaks cause by different density of metallic silver on film negatives. Thus, characteristic curves generated via software analysis is feasible but requires further validation with the standard method to ensure its accuracy.

BAO plate archive project: digitization, electronic database and scientific usage

Observational archives are the main source for most of the astronomical studies, as given observations cannot entirely solve any problem and need to be complemented by related observing data both for construction of the time domain, multiwavelength, multi-technique and multi-method picture. This relates to both modern observations and historical ones preserved at many observatories. Therefore, digitization and accessibility of all possible data are rather important. The Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory (BAO) Plate Archive consists of some 37,500 photographic plates and films, obtained with 2.6m telescope, 1m and 0.5m Schmidt telescopes and other smaller ones during 1947-1991 and then by digital methods since 1996. Its most important part, the famous Markarian Survey (or the First Byurakan Survey, FBS) 1874 plates were digitized in 2002-2007 and the Digitized FBS (DFBS, www.aras.am/Dfbs/dfbs.html) was created. New science projects have been conducted based on this low-dispersion spectroscopic material. Several other smaller digitization projects have been carried out as well, such as part of the Second Byurakan Survey (SBS) plates, photographic chain plates in Coma, where the blazar ON 231 is located and 2.6m film spectra of FBS Blue Stellar Objects. However, most of the plates and films were not digitized. In 2015, we have started a project on the whole BAO Plate Archive digitization and its scientific usage. It was aimed at digitization, extraction and analysis of archival data and building an electronic database and interactive sky map. Armenian Virtual Observatory (ArVO, www.aras.am/Arvo/arvo.htm) database will accommodate all new data. The project runs in collaboration with the Armenian Institute of Informatics and Automation Problems (IIAP) and continued during 4 years in 2015-2018. Later on, the project was renovated for 2020-2021. The final result will be an Electronic Database and online Interactive Sky map to be used for further research projects. ArVO will provide all standards and tools for efficient usage of the scientific output and its integration in international databases.

Playing catch-up

Purpose Reviews the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoints practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings A great deal has been made in corporate strategy of the so-called ‘innovator’s dilemma’, where a once dominant firm gets caught out be upstarts in the same or adjacent markets, usually because it has failed to adjust to new technologies that are impacting on the market. Such market disruption, as it has been called, is often exemplified by the plight of Kodak in the 1980s and 1990s, as it lost ground to a succession of new entrants into the emerging digital photography market as film photography declined. A clear case of an incumbent force being complacent then. Practical implications Provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

Armenian Astronomical Heritage and Big Data

AbstractAstronomy in Armenia was popular since ancient times and Armenia is rich in its astronomical heritage, such as ancient and medieval Armenian calendars, records of astronomical events by ancient Armenians, the astronomical heritage of the Armenian medieval great thinker Anania Shirakatsi, etc. Armenian astronomical archives have accumulated vast number of photographic plates, films and other careers of observational data. The Digitized Markarian Survey or the First Byurakan Survey, is the most important low-dispersion spectroscopic database. It is one of the rare science items included in UNESCO “Memory of the World” Documentary Heritage list. The Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory (BAO) Plate Archive Project (2015–2021) will result in digitization and storage of some 37,000 astronomical plates and films and in creation of an Electronic Database for further research projects. Based on these data and archives and development of their interoperability, the Armenian Virtual Observatory was created and joined the International Virtual Observatory Alliance.

Guest Editorial: 2019 Digital Holography for Industrial Applications

The papers in this special section focus on the technology of digital holography and presents industrial applications for its use. Optical holography is a technique developed in the 1960s for recording a three-dimensional (3-D) scene on photographic film which is commonly referred to as hologram. Being different from classic photography that captures the intensity information from a single view point, a hologram is capable of recording the entire optical waves that are scattered from a 3-D object. Theoretically, when a hologram is illuminated by a coherent beam, the 3-D image it records will be reconstructed to the observer with complete depth and disparity information. It has been anticipated by many researchers of the 3-D technology that holography is likely to be the ultimate solution for the realization of 3-D display systems. Before the emergence of high-speed computers, optical holography has also been successfully applied in various kinds of tedious signal processing tasks. Notably, it has been demonstrated that computation intensive problems like Fourier transform and correlation can be obtained instantly through an optical system of lenses with coherent illumination. Despite these encouraging factors, it turns out that the practical applications of optical holography are rather restricted. The barricade could be attributed to the high complexity of the optical system and the strict demands on the environmental conditions that are required in setting up a holographic system.

A bibliometric analysis of possible alternatives to achieve the replacement of cellulose acetate in cigarette filters from agricultural residues

Polymers have become one of the most recognized materials in the industry, due to their good physical properties and the efficiency of their production process, in addition to the versatility and breadth of their fields of application in the aerospace, automotive, construction, textile and adhesive industries. In the case of cellulose acetate, it is used in a wide variety of everyday products such as photographic films, varnishes and cigarette filters, which makes it a factor that negatively affects the environment, since this material takes a long time to decompose and in the process contaminates the place where it is located with particles, on the other side are the agricultural residues that are manipulated in an inappropriate way, generating contamination in landfills and water sources, the following bibliometric analysis was carried out in order to provide a solution to the worrisome situation of this polymer contamination and the agricultural residues contamination, in order to encourage the development of studies focused on producing degradable materials. Therefore, this article presents a bibliometric analysis on the various alternatives to replace cellulose acetate, focusing on the collection methodology and comparison of studies with a tool known as HitsCite. The articles have been investigated by bibliometric, trend and cluster analysis in a sample of 361 articles. The research has been carried out in one of the most recognized databases such as web of science and has allowed to identify the main trends and dynamics of the scientific literature. This in order to mitigate the environmental problems that are present in our environment and being a starting point to support monetary studies that implement environmentally friendly materials, being a topic that can create a positive and innovating impact in the industries commercial sectors.

X-ray imaging of bio/medical samples using laser-plasma-based X-ray sources and LiF detector

This contribution to ECPD2019 is dedicated to the memory of Anatoly Faenov. During a period of approximately thirteen years 1994–2006, Anatoly and his wife Tatiana Pikuz (simply “Tania” for friends), accepting the frequent invitations of the National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) and of the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), cooperated with many Italian research laboratories dedicated to EUV and soft X-ray generation, spread in different towns (L'Aquila, Frascati, Milano, Padova, Pisa, Roma, etc.). In spite of the fact that they could stay in Italy only about one or two months per year, their activity was so intense that more than 50 peer- reviewed publications were generated from their experimental and theoretical work (just considering only the results obtained at L'Aquila and Tor Vergata—Rome Universities and at the ENEA Research Center of Frascati), without mentioning the cultural atmosphere that they stimulated in the field of Science and Humanity. The numerous experimental spectra obtained at ENEA by means of their spherically bent mica spectrometers, together with the corresponding theoretical simulations performed in Moscow, allowed to study the changing role of different excitations mechanisms for various plasma conditions, and to characterize at best the ENEA laser-plasma source for different applications: polychromatic and monochromatic micro-radiography of dried biological samples at 1 keV, soft X-ray contact microscopy (SXCM) of living cells in the water-window spectral region, spectroscopy of hollow atoms, etc. In this memorial paper, the main results of biological samples imaging on lithium fluoride (LiF) detectors, obtained with the ENEA and Tor Vergata University laser-plasma sources, are presented. In particular, the improvement of the micro-radiography and of the SXCM techniques obtained after moving from photoresist detectors and photographic films to lithium fluoride (LiF) detectors are discussed, for both dried and wet biological samples.

The ontological politics of the spoof image in Tamil cinema

ABSTRACT This article examines Thamizh Padam (‘Tamil Film’, dir. C. S. Amudhan), a 2010 spoof of the Tamil cinema of south India. While Thamizh Padam mocked near every aspect of mainstream Tamil cinema, its main target was the industry’s ‘mass heroes’, those larger-than-life stars whose image blurs onscreen and offscreen. While recalling Bazin’s discussion of the ontological identity of the photographic film image and its object, the auratic presence of the mass hero’s image affords a populist political potency that runs counter to Bazin’s liberal humanism and realist aesthetics. Drawing on analysis of Thamizh Padam and interviews with its makers, I show how Thamizh Padam attempted to undermine the ontology of the mass-hero’s image, its mode of production, and political charge. In its place, Thamizh Padam advocated for a narrative representationalism guided by the director and his script/story. The article concludes by rethiking Bazin’s discussion of the ontology of the film image, suggesting that it can be productively reframed by attention to the ontological politics of and for images.

Study on luminescence of fine-grained nuclear emulsion by charged particles

Abstract Silver bromide, which is an indirect transition-type semiconductor, has been used as a photographic film and a charged particle tracking detector since the 19th century because it is sensitive to absorption of light or energy loss by charged particles. At cryogenic temperatures, it is known that the luminescence occurs in silver bromide with high quantum efficiency via impurities such as iodide ions. It was studied only by photo-excitation and tribo-excitation in the previous studies, and in this paper, for the first time, we observed the luminescence produced by charged-particle excitation by using a fine-grained nuclear emulsion consisting of 40 nm silver iodobromide crystals. The ratios of the contribution to luminescence among the electron–hole pairs expected by the energy deposition of charged particles were (5.7 ± 0.8)% with 5.48 MeV α -rays and (22.5 ± 3.5)% with 10 to 60 keV γ -rays at 88 K. The luminescence wavelength produced by α -rays had a peak at 540 nm and was shorter than that produced by photo-excitation having a peak at 575 nm.

In My Element: Silver

The In My Element series celebrates the personal accounts from Chemistry – A European Journal Editorial Board members for the 2019 International Year of the Periodic Table. In this contribution, Younan Xia gives his story on silver. Silver (Ag) is my favorite chemical element due to its broad spectrum of unique properties and applications. Although a silver medal may not be as valuable as a gold medal, silver easily beats gold in an array of applications. Silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivities among all metals. Since ancient times, the antimicrobial capability of silver was utilized to purify water, preserve fresh milk, and treat wounds. Before digital cameras came of age, silver-based photographic films were everyday commodities. Silver is also an effective catalyst for oxidation reactions as molecular oxygen can adsorb and dissociate into atomic oxygen on its surface under ambient conditions. In fact, silver is the only catalyst capable of converting ethylene to ethylene oxide (on a scale of 20 million tons in 2009!). Oh, did I mention that silver is probably the best material for the production of shiny mirrors? The last but not least, the abundance of silver in Earth's crust is much higher than that of gold (79 vs. 3.1 ppb) so the price of silver is always a small fraction of that of gold ($17 vs. $1299 per oz.). Silver is also my lucky metal. Since 2001, my group has worked on the development of methods for the colloidal synthesis of silver nanocrystals with controlled shapes in an effort to tailor their surface plasmon resonance properties. We began with the silver mirror reaction, in which a silver ammonia complex is mixed with an aldehyde compound for immediate reduction and thus formation of a shiny mirror on the surface of the container (see the photo, left panel). With the addition of a polymer stabilizer, we could use the same reaction to produce a stable suspension of silver nanoparticles. The suspension displayed a yellow color (see the photo, right panel) because of the surface plasmon resonance peaked at 400 nm. In an effort to better control the reduction kinetics, we later switched to polyol reduction, in which a polyol such as ethylene glycol is thermally oxidized to glycoaldehyde. Since the reductant can be generated in situ and then consumed to maintain a relatively stable concentration in the reaction solution, we were able to synthesize silver nanocrystals with controlled shapes and facets, including cubes, octahedrons, cuboctahedrons, bipyramids, bars, rods, and wires. These novel nanocrystals have opened up a world of opportunities for applications in areas ranging from catalysis to plasmonics, photonics, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering, as well as fabrication of touchscreens, solar cells, flexible electronic devices, and metamaterials. In addition, our technology on silver nanowires has been commercialized by various companies for the production of flexible, transparent, and conductive electrodes. Photographs of (left) a silver mirror and (right) a colloidal suspension of silver nanoparticles. Position Brock Family Chair Professor and GRA Eminent Scholar E-mail [email protected] Homepage http://nanocages.com Education B.S (University of Science and Technology of China, 9/1982 to 7/1987, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China) M.S. (9/1991 to 5/1993, Alan G. MacDiarmid, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA) Ph.D. (9/1993 to 8/1996, George M. Whitesides, Micro- and Nanofabrication Based on Microcontact Printing and Replica Molding, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA) Postdoctoral Fellow (8/1996 to 7/1997, George M. Whitesides, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA) Awards MRS Medal (Materials Research Society, 2017); ACS National Award in the Chemistry of Materials (American Chemical Society, 2013); NIH Director's Pioneer Award (National Institutes of Health, 2006); Camille Dreyfus Teacher Scholar (2002); David and Lucile Packard Fellow in Science and Engineering (2000); Sloan Research Fellow (2000); CAREER Award (National Science Foundation, 1999); Victor K. LaMer Award (American Chemistry Society, 1999); New Faculty Award (Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, 1997) Research interests Nanocrystals, electrospinning, self-assembly, colloid science, catalysis, plasmonics, nanomedicine, regenerative medicine Hobbies Reading, cooking, table tennis

Ag+ ions imprinted cryogels for selective removal of silver ions from aqueous solutions

ABSTRACTThe removal of heavy metal ions from aquatic media or any conditions is crucial. Silver ions turn out to be the important example of this problem on earth when these are released to the environment. In the present study, silver ions (Ag+) imprinted poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)-based cryogels were prepared using N-methacryloyl-L-cysteine as functional monomer, to be chelated with Ag+ ions. The maximum adsorption capacity of Ag+-imprinted polymeric cryogel was found to be 49.27 mg/g from aqueous solutions. To investigate the affinity of Ag+-imprinted PHEMAC cryogel column, photographic film material from the natural silver ion source was used. The recovery results were 72.8% for the Ag+-imprinted PHEMAC cryogel and 0.62% for the non-imprinted PHEMAC cryogels. These values clearly showed the selectivity of the Ag+-imprinted PHEMAC cryogel column. The adsorption–desorption cycle was performed more 10 times with use of the same Ag+-imprinted PHEMAC cryogel for the determination of reuse. These molecularly imprinted cryogels were used in adsorption process for a long time with no significant loss.

What do we know about the Oldest Manuscript of the Tatars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania? (¸e Kitab of 1631 – Transliteration, Orthography, Translation, Comments)


 [full article, abstract in Polish; abstract in Lithuanian and English]
 The Kitab of 1631 is an object of understandable interest for researchers, because this manuscript must have been one of the first links in the chain of manuscript copies of religious books of the Tatars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). Unfortunately, soon after the manuscript was discovered, it disappeared along with the microfilm which was made by its first researchers. There are faint traces of the comprehensive monument (342 sheets) in the form of a brief description (the so-called imprint) in an unpublished manuscript and a reproduction of a sample page in an article of one of those who discovered the manuscript – Maciej Konopacki. Last year in autumn, the perusal of a collection of Tatariana from the collections of the Historical Museum of Białystok brought to light four frames of photographic film that present four heretofore unknown pages of the Kitab of 1631. This furnishes an opportunity to enhance our knowledge about this valuable monument. This article includes a copy of one of the manuscript pages along with its transliteration in a strictly scholarly version as well as a translation from Old Belarusian into Polish. The text is accompanied by a historical and philological commentary.

Combined device for vacuum electron diode adjustment

The article describes a principle, design and test results of a device for simultaneous capture of electron beam current ejected through an anode and optical image of a cathode surface. The device was tested on “ASTRA-M” pulsed electron accelerator (TPU, Russia) with the following parameters: 300 kV, 0.6 kA and beam current duration of 150 ns (FWHM). Light emission points have been registered for several individual emitters of the tested cathode. CMOS optical sensor of the device provides PC compatibility and detection of disturbances in the cathode or vacuum diode operation for single pulses and in burst mode. The efficiency of electron beam current ejection can be also estimated during vacuum diode adjustment. Detailed cathode images captured by photographic film include both frontal and angle (circular) projections of the cathode surface and can be used to study processes in the accelerating gap.

Digital neutron and gamma-ray radiography in high radiation environments with an MCP/Timepix detector

The radiation levels from used nuclear fuel make their post irradiation examination very difficult. Handling material removed from assemblies is almost exclusively performed inside shielded hot cells. Neutron radiography provides a non-destructive option for examining the internal structure, location and integrity of irradiated fuel. This paper addresses the performance and stability of a neutron imaging detector comprised of microchannel plates (MCPs) and a Timepix readout in gamma and neutron radiation environments. The detector is being considered as an alternative to the currently used activation foils and photographic film measurement techniques. The MCP/Timepix detector was used in neutron radiography experiment on a beam line at the Neutron Radiography Reactor (NRAD) at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The detector was installed ∼17.5 m from the reactor core with a line of sight view to the core, which results in a fast and epithermal neutron spectrum as well as high intensity gamma radiation. The gamma-ray dose rate in the beam line was 812 mSv/hr. Complementary measurements were made using 137Cs and 60Co isotopic sources at gamma dose rates in excess of 6 Sv/hr. The detector functioned normally over several hours in this environment. These conditions are comparable to planned radiography of irradiated nuclear fuel assemblies. Experimental results using ASTM sensitivity and beam purity indicators suggest that a spatial resolution of <100 μm may be possible in neutron radiographic measurements using this detector for studies of irradiated nuclear fuel. Potential radiographic and tomographic applications are discussed. The results of present experiments are not limited to the studies of irradiated fuel assemblies, but rather are relevant to any experiment where imaging needs to be performed in a high radiation environment.

The Performance Document: Assimilations of Gesture and Genre

Artist or activist actions and performances often take place just once and are intended to be experienced live. These actions are recorded and disseminated through photography and video taken from a range of perspectives, from paid-up and pre-briefed “professional” photographers or videographers through to spontaneously taken images by audience members or passers-by. Inevitably “documentation” is never neutral and these records are infused with the stylistic intervention and conventions of the photographer in question. Within our conversation, we locate the performance document as the site of a potential two-way assimilation of gesture and stylistic attributes of diverse photographic conventions. In our co-writing, we track parallel analyses of photographs taken by commercial photographer Françoise Masson of the 1970s actions of artist Gina Pane and the utilization of photographs within the contemporary lens-based practice of Dinu Li, in which gesture and conventions are assimilated and move fluidly backwards and forwards between political propaganda, film, documentary, and domestic photography.

What Lies in the Gutter of a Traumatic Past: Infancia clandestina [Clandestine Childhood], Animated Comics, and the Representation of Violence

This essay focuses on the animated comics in the representation of violence in Benjamín Ávila’s Infancia clandestina [Clandestine Childhood] (2011), a cinematic narrative of the seventies in Argentina. Drawing from animation and comic studies and adopting a formalist approach, the following analysis proposes ways in which the remediation of comics in the film underscores traumatic aspects of state terror and revolutionary violence and the problematic intergenerational transmission of memory of the 1970s–1980s militancy. Specifically, I comment on how the switch from photographic film to the animated frames draws attention to the blank space between the frames and thereby hints at the traumatic in what is left out, repressed, or silenced. While the gaps resist the forward motion of closure, paradoxically they allow for the suture of the frames/fragments in a postmemorial narrative, although not without a trace of the traumatic. Finally, extending the concept of the gutter as a liminal space, I analyze the connection between the animated scenes representing violence and the testimonial and documentary elements placed in the closing titles, a connection that asserts the autobiographical component of the film and enacts the conflictive character of intergenerational memory.

Recreando el fotorrealismo: la consultoría visual del director de fotografía Roger Deakins en Wall-E

&lt;p&gt;El dominio creciente de las técnicas de animación 3D a comienzos de la década de 2000 ha provocado un interesante cambio dentro del canon artístico de los largometrajes comerciales de animación estadounidenses. Aunque la animación 2D hollywoodiense siempre ha coqueteado con el estilo fotorrealista, esta tendencia visual se ha estandarizado en la producción de animación gracias a las posibilidades del paradigma digital. El artículo considera el estreno de Wall•E (Andrew Stanton, 2008), una de las obras visualmente más impactantes en la filmografía Disney/Pixar, como un momento crucial dentro de este proceso estético, ya que marca la primera colaboración entre el director de fotografía Roger Deakins y un estudio de animación. El artículo analiza los primeros diez minutos del largometraje para establecer si la labor de asesoría visual de Deakins pueden considerarse un hito que abrió nuevos caminos a la dirección de fotografía digital de imagen real. &lt;/p&gt;