Photoelectric Efficiency Research Articles

Study on Photoelectric Efficiency and Failure Mechanism of High Purity 4H-SiC PCSS

Study on Photoelectric Efficiency and Failure Mechanism of High Purity 4H-SiC PCSS

Atmospheric transmission calculation of diode‐pumped alkali laser energy transfer

AbstractWireless power transfer has become a research hotspot in the field of energy transmission, among which laser energy transfer is one of the best approaches for long‐distance wireless transmission. Based on good atmospheric transmittance, especially the wavelengths consistent with the response range of mainstream Si and GaAs photovoltaic cells with relatively high photoelectric efficiency, diode‐pumped alkali laser (DPAL) energy transfer will have huge prospects. To solve the problem of long‐distance laser energy transfer of DPALs, laser atmospheric molecular absorption was calculated by analyzing the atmospheric transmission absorption effects of laser beams with specific wavelengths. The atmospheric transmission of three typical alkalis at different atmospheric modes and altitudes was calculated and compared, and practical suggestions were given.

High‐Performance NIR Emission in Chromium‐Doped Garnet Phosphors Enabled by Structure and Excitation Regulation

AbstractThe burgeoning phosphor‐converted near‐infrared light‐emitting diodes (pc‐NIR LEDs) have important applications in special illumination and spectroscopy analysis. However, the development of efficient NIR‐emitting phosphors with high performance is still a challenge. In this work, a chemical unit co‐substitution strategy is proposed to realize the excitation transition regulation and successfully achieve high‐performance NIR luminescence in Ca3‐yNayMg1‐ySb2‐xAl2+yO12: xCr3+ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1) garnet‐type solid solution phosphors. Through the excitation transition modulation from the 4A2 ground state to the 4T1(4P) and 4T1(4F) excitation state, the excitation intensity at the blue light region is largely enhanced by 25.6 times. Moreover, the NIR‐emitting efficiency and thermal stability are improved, with the optimal luminescence internal quantum efficiency of 90.6% and thermal stability of 97%@423 K, without any flux‐assisted sintering or reduction atmosphere protection. The structure regulation induced small Stokes shift, weak electron‐phonon coupling effect, and decreased non‐radiative transition are responsible for the excellent NIR‐emitting performance. Finally, the NIR pc‐LED is fabricated with photoelectric efficiencies of 18.7%@100 mA and NIR output powers of 63 mW@100 mA, presenting potential applications in nondestructive internal defect detection, veins imaging, and night vision surveillance.

Enhancing quantum efficiency of Mn4+-doped fluoride phosphors through reverse doping strategy toward potential biological detection

Mn4+-doped fluoride red-emitting materials are renowned for their distinct characteristics, including fixed emission peaks and narrow spectral emission, rendering them highly favored in photoluminescent light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, achieving ultra-high-concentration Mn4+ doping in fluoride phosphors is imperative to enhance quantum efficiency. Nevertheless, attaining such doping levels in metastable compound systems poses considerable challenges. In this study, we introduce an innovative reverse doping strategy, leading to the synthesis of Mn4+-doped cubic K2SiF6 phosphor (11.38 mol %) from hexagonal K2MnF6. Remarkably, this approach significantly improves the external quantum efficiency (EQE) to 66.7 % upon 450 nm excitation. Through systematic comparisons with conventional co-precipitation and ion exchange methods, our findings unequivocally demonstrate the superior efficacy of this approach in achieving high-concentration Mn4+ ion doping within relatively insoluble matrices. The successful application of our optimized phosphor enabled the fabrication of a red light-emitting diode (LED) that exhibits an exceptional photoelectric efficiency of 31.67 % at 350 mA, surpassing the performance of a commercial red LED chip. Furthermore, the stable red-light emission from the phosphor-converted LED (pc-LED) proves instrumental in rapid-response vascular imaging, showcasing the potential of our findings in advancing light sources for biological detection applications. This research provides valuable insights into enhancing red emission efficiency in slightly-soluble fluoride phosphors via novel synthetic strategy, unlocking possibilities for the development of highly efficient light sources in biological detection and imaging applications.

Constructing a Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst I-ABN-C3N4@CDs/BiOI by synergistically in situ modified g-C3N4 via carbon dots and copolymerization for BPA degradation

The rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers and the narrow absorption range of visible light greatly limit the photocatalytic activity of graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4). Herein, g-C3N4 was jointly modified by carbon dots (CDs) and copolymerization via in situ co-calcining of three precursors (urea, glucose and 2-amino-5-iodo-benzonitrile (I-ABN)), and named as I-ABNx-C3N4@CDsy. Then, solid-state Z-scheme photocatalysts PC1–PC9 with CDs as the electron mediators were prepared via in situ growth of BiOI on the surface of I-ABNx-C3N4@CDsy through solvothermal method. The optimal proportion of each component was explored through orthogonal experiments. The existence of CDs act as an electron transport medium to accelerate the transportation rate of photogenerated carriers, improve the light absorption capacity. The copolymerization with I-ABN introduce benzene rings and I− to g-C3N4, which enhance the light absorption capacity and photoelectric efficiency. The Z-scheme heterojunction effectively suppresses the recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Therefore, PC1–PC9 presented excellent performance for the degradation of BPA due to the synergistic effects of the above three points. Among them, PC6 showed the best photocatalytic activity, which completely degraded BPA (15 mg/L) within 40 min, and whose rate constant (0.091 min−1) was 22.8 times that of bulk g-C3N4. The active radical trapping experiment determined •O2− and h+ were the main active radicals. Finally, the BPA degradation mechanism by PC6 was proposed. This study provides new insights for the combination of heterojunction, carbon dots, and copolymerization to rationally design efficient photocatalysts to restore the environment.

Highly efficient and stable Cr3+-activated oxyfluoride near-infrared emitting phosphor for night vision and plant growth

Near-infrared (NIR) light sources have many potential applications in biological, night vision, food safety, and plant growth. In this study, we report a highly efficient and thermally stable NIR phosphor LiAl4(1-x)O6F:xCr3+ (in brief LAOF:Cr3+). Under 565 nm excitation, the optimal LAOF:1.1%Cr3+ phosphor shows two sharp line spectra (named Cr1) centered at 703 nm and 713 nm, and a broadband emission (named Cr2) centered at 770 nm, which is ascribed to the [AlO6] and [Al(O, F)6] octahedra in the LAOF structure. Its unique narrowband and broadband emission correspond well with the absorption band of far-red phytochrome pigments (PFR), suggesting the potential application in plant growth. The FWHM extends from 25 to 53 nm as rising the Cr3+ ions concentration, and the Cr2 emission becomes more and more conspicuous. The LAOF:1.1%Cr3+ phosphor exhibits a high internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of ∼83.0% and 36.4%, respectively. Moreover, the LAOF:1.1%Cr3+ phosphor has good thermal stability (84.3%@373 K). NIR pc-LED device manufactured with a 450 nm blue LED chip and LAOF:1.1%Cr3+ phosphor exhibits good NIR output power (31.07 mW@100 mA) and photoelectric efficiency (13.3%@10 mA). The findings suggest the LAOF:Cr3+ phosphor holds potential in NIR pc-LED applications.

Luminescence characteristics of ultra-broadband near-infrared emission Li3Mg2SbO6:Cr3+ phosphors and their applications in light-emitting diodes

In this study, a Li3Mg2SbO6:Cr3+ phosphor was prepared by high-temperature solid-phase reaction. The phosphors doped with 0.03Cr3+ showed broadband emission at 805 nm, a wide spectral band of 200 nm at 435 nm excitation, an internal quantum efficiency of 80.8%, and the integrated emission intensity at 423 K of Li3Mg2SbO6:Cr3+ is about 50% of that at room temperature. The phosphors conversion (pc) - light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with broadband near-infrared (NIR) emission were prepared using the Li3Mg2SbO6:Cr3+ phosphor coating on blue LED chips. They achieved 10.4% photoelectric efficiency and 60.2 mW NIR output power at 210 mA. All results showed that the Li3Mg2SbO6:Cr3+ phosphors had considerable potential in NIR spectroscopy applications.

Suppressed Concentration Quenching Brightens Short-Wave Infrared Emitters.

The brightness of doped luminescent materials is usually limited by the ubiquitous concentration quenching phenomenon resulting in an intractable tradeoff between internal quantum efficiency and excitation efficiency. Here, an intrinsic suppression of concentration quenching in sensitized luminescent systems, by exploiting the competitive relationship between light emitters and quenchers in trapping excitation energies from sensitizers, is reported. Although Cr3+ sensitizers and trivalent lanthanide (Ln3+ , Ln = Yb, Nd, and Er) emitters themselves are highly susceptible to concentration quenching, the unprecedentedly high-brightness luminescence of Cr3+ -Ln3+ systems is demonstrated in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) range employing high concentrations of Cr3+ , whereby a record photoelectric efficiency of 23% is achieved for SWIR phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes, which is about twice as high as those previously reported. The results underscore the beneficial role of emitters in terminating excitation energies, opening up a new dimension for developing efficient sensitized luminescent materials.

Establishment of a photoactive heterojunction of triazine covalent-organic polymer and copper (II) selenide: Photoelectrochemical aptasensing strategy for efficiently detecting Salmonella typhimurium

The sensitive determination of foodborne pathogens in foodstuffs or water system is essential for protecting food and environment safety. Herein, we have proposed a photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor based on two-dimensional (2D)/3D organic–inorganic heterojunction for the efficient detection of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). The heterojunction was established via the in situ growth of copper (II) selenide (CuSe) nanosheets around the photoactive triazine covalent-organic polymer (COP) nanospheres, which was synthesized using 2,4,6-Tris(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,5-Triazine (TAPT) and 2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3,5-benzenetricarbaldehyde (Tp) as building blocks (denoted as TAPT-Tp-COP@CuSe). Integrating the features of TAPT-Tp-COP (such as large specific surface and pore size, multi-functionality, and rich defects) and CuSe (such as high photoabsorption ability, fast electron transfer and effective separation of the photo-generated charge carrier) not only can accelerate the photoelectric transformation efficiency, but also can promote the aptamer immobilization. Consequently, the constructed PEC aptasensor based on TAPT-Tp-COP@CuSe illustrated a low detection limit of 3.4 CFU mL−1 with a linear range from 1 × 101 to 1 × 105 CFU mL−1 toward S. typhimurium. In addition, it demonstrated high selectivity in light of the specific recognition of aptamer toward S. typhimurium, good reproducibility and stability, and promising regeneration ability, as well as wide applications for the detection of S. typhimurium in diverse foodstuffs systems. The present work provides a new aptasensing strategy for the effective detection of foodborne pathogens from diverse foodstuffs by combining the merits of COPs and PEC technique.

The Electrochromism and Photoelectrochemical Performance of WO3/Cu Composite Film Electrodes

WO3/Cu composite film electrodes were synthesized by hydrothermal combined electrodeposition method. Characterization of samples was conducted by SEM, XRD and XPS, which showed WO3/Cu composite films had been synthesized. The diffusion coefficient, reversibility, response time, coloration efficiency and transmission rate of the samples were obtained by electrochemical and spectral measurements. The photocurrent and photoelectric catalysis degradation efficiency of the samples were obtained by photocurrent and photoelectric catalysis measurements. The WO3/Cu composite films improve electrochromic performance, photocurrent and photoelectric catalytic activity compared with pure WO3 nanoblocks, and the WO3/Cu composite film obtained by depositing Cu nanoparticles at 50 s shows the highest electrochromic performance, photocurrent and photoelectric catalytic activity. Meanwhile, the direct photocatalytic and electric catalytic activity of the composite film are also discussed. The combined effects of the lower band gap and the Schottky junction lead to significant enhancement in the electrochromic and photoelectrochemical properties of the WO3/Cu composite film.

Design and Performance Analysis of a Novel Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) with a Supercritical CO2 Bottom Cycle

The integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC) system is a proven solution for grid-connected power generation from solar energy. How to further improve the ISCC system efficiency and propose a more efficient system solution has become a research focus. A novel gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC) benchmark system is proposed by replacing the conventional steam Rankine bottom cycle with a supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle, whose output power and efficiency are increased by 9.07 MW and 1.3%, respectively, compared to those of the conventional GTCC system. Furthermore, the novel ISCC systems are established with the parabolic trough solar collector (PTC) and the solar tower (ST) collector coupled to the novel GTCC system. Thermal performance analysis, exergy performance analysis, and the sensitivity analysis of the ISCC systems have been performed, and the results show that the system efficiencies of both ISCC systems are lower than that of the GTCC system, at 57.1% and 57.5%, respectively, but the power generation of the ISCC system with PTC is greater than that of the benchmark system, while that of the ISCC system with ST is less than that of the benchmark system. The photoelectric efficiency of the ISCC system with PTC is 27.6%, which is 2.1% greater than that of ISCC system with ST. In the ISCC system with PTC, the components with the highest exergy destruction and the lowest exergy efficiency are the combustion chamber, and PTC, respectively. ST is the component with the highest exergy destruction and the lowest exergy efficiency in the ISCC system with ST. With the increase in direct normal irradiance (DNI), the total output power, solar energy output power, and photoelectric efficiency of the ISCC system with PTC increase, while the system efficiency decreases; the solar energy output power and photoelectric efficiency of the ISCC system with ST increase, while the total output power and system efficiency decrease. The photoelectric efficiency of the ISCC system with PTC is greater when the DNI is greater than 600 W/m2; conversely, the photoelectric efficiency of the ISCC system with ST is greater. After sensitivity analysis, the optimal intercooler pressure for the ISCC system is 11.3 MPa.

A sandwiched photoelectrochemical sensor for high-throughput single-cell analysis based on low-toxic and near-infrared AgInS2 microarray

High-throughput single-cell quantitative analysis is becoming increasingly important to elucidate cellular heterogeneity and further understand some related disease mechanisms. Various techniques including mass spectrometry, fluorescence detection, and electrochemiluminescence analysis have made significant progress in this area, but their dilemma is the destruction of cellular activity, the introduction of exogenetic probes and the resulting cellular metabolism perturbation, or the steric hindrance of the cells to the substrate. Here, we develop a non-destructive, probe-free, and hindrance-free photoelectrochemical (PEC) single-cell microsensor. First, a patterned PEC microelectrode with low-toxic and near-infrared AgInS2 microdots is simply fabricated by using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microstencil, exhibiting high photoelectric efficiency and low S2- detection limit (1.0 nM). Then, a PDMS microwell array is prepared for single cells trapping, matching the size of the microelectrode and with high single-cell occupancy (>93%). Finally, a sealed sandwiching platform is formed by aligning and clamping the two arrays, each microdot contacts with a single cell in one microwell and reacts with the secreted H2S, preventing the neighboring microwell’s cross-contamination, cellular analyte’s dilution, and cell’s steric effect. The different light-addressable recorded photocurrent signals of all single cells directly reflect the 55.6% cell-to-cell differences. This report provides a useful and powerful tool to study single-cell heterogeneity.

Comprehensive performance of pv/t-gchps under heating conditions

In HSCW (Hot Summer and Cold Winter) climate zone of China, the building heat load is usually less than the cooling load which caused the problem of thermal accumulation of underground soil to damaged the COP of the heat pump system. PV/T-GCHPs (Photovoltaic/photothermal - Ground-coupled heat pump system) is a system that realizes the complementary utilization of geothermal energy and solar energy to solve the problem. The experimental platform of the system was designed and built, and the effect of the temperature of the outlet water from the ground buried pipes on the photoelectric efficiency of the PV panel was analyzed through experiments and simulations under the heating conditions of the PV/T-GCHPs system, and the heating performance coefficients of PV/T-GCHPs and GCHPs were compared. The results show that the PV plate temperature reaches the lowest when the heat pump load is 75% and the circulating water flow is 0.28 kg/s, when the outlet temperature of buried pipe is 8℃. The maximum photoelectric efficiency increased by 6.4% under above conditions, the average heating performance coefficient of PV/T-GCHPs is increased by 2.2% compared with GCHPs. The daily average comprehensive efficiency is 63.32%, the maximum comprehensive efficiency of the system is 74.67%. The maximum heat collection efficiency of PV/T collector is 48.33%. This paper hopes to provide a theoretical basis for the promotion of PV/T-GCHPs in HSCW climate zone of China.

Theoretical study on Cs-activation mechanism of two-dimensional GaN photocathode

Based on the first principles, this paper studied the structure and photoelectric properties of two-dimensional GaN adsorbed by Cs atoms with different concentrations. The results show that the most stable adsorption position is located above Ga atom. The adsorption concentration increases and the system become unstable. With the increase of Cs adsorption atoms, the energy band moves towards showing stronger metal properties. The work function of 2D GaN is reduced after adsorption of Cs atom, which is beneficial to photoelectron escape and exhibits better photoelectric efficiency. The optical properties reveal that peak value of adsorption coefficient, reflectivity and loss function of 2Cs-adsorbed 2D GaN system is lower than that of 1Cs-adsorbed system, which means that 2Cs-adsorbed 2D GaN have a better optical performance.

Design and thermodynamic analysis of an innovative parabolic trough photovoltaic/thermal system with film-based beam splitter

This study aims to find a feasible photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) utilization method based on film-based beam splitting technology. In contrast with previous studies, the main novelty of this paper is proposing the design of an innovative PV/T system using both parabolic trough concentrator (PTC) and film-based beam splitter (FBS). The design approach of the PV/T system is presented. A new FBS used for this PV/T system is designed by using the Needle method, and its average reflectivity and transmissivity are 27.2% and 72.8%. By using Ray Tracing and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation methods, the performance evaluation of the PV/T system is conducted. The evaluation results reveal that when the East-West sun tracking error is 0.2°, the optical efficiencies of the photovoltaic module and the solar thermal collector tube (TCT) can be kept at 95% and 93.9%. Moreover, when the heat transfer fluid (HTF) in the TCT is selected to be the ethylene glycol, the operation analysis results demonstrate that the photoelectric efficiency of the photovoltaic module is 25.4% and the thermal efficiency of the PV/T system is 17.24%. The thermal performance of the system can be improved when the HTF flow velocity is increased properly or when the inlet HTF temperature is decreased. The technical feasibility of the proposed PV/T system can be revealed from the analysis results of this study.

Optimization of Perovskite-Solar-Cells with AlOx Passivated NiOx Hole-Transport-Film

Perovskite solar cells have good photoelectric performance and simple fabrication process which received extensive attention in recent years. However, defects-induced carrier recombination strictly inhibits the photovoltaic performance of the device. This paper proposes a simple, fast and efficient interfacial passivation strategy based on sol–gel micro-reaction. The AlOx nanoparticles deposition at NiOx/perovskite interface reduces defect density providing inverted planar PVCs. The influence of aluminum sec-butoxide concentration on the morphology and optical properties of hole-transport layers discovered the internal relationship between the passivation parameters and the carrier transport process at NiOx/perovskite interface. This breakthrough investigation shows the increase in photoelectric efficiency from 12.26% to 14.54% and the retention efficiency from 63% to 72% after 240 h. Therefore, this feasible experiment for interfacial regulation and passivation for PSCs is a gate to new discoveries.

Integration Optimization of Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) System Based on System/Solar Photoelectric Efficiency

Integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC) systems play a pivotal role in the utilization of non-fossil energy; however, the efficient application of solar energy has emerged as a primary issue in the study of ISCC systems. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to propose the best optimization scheme for ISCC under different operating conditions. In this paper, according to the idea of temperature matching and cascade utilization, the optimization of the ISCC system is carried out with the genetic algorithm for the whole working conditions, and the optimization schemes with the highest photoelectric efficiency and system efficiency under different working conditions are derived. In comparison with two optimization schemes with different objective functions, the conclusion can be drawn that: At 100% gas turbine load—30% DNI and 100% gas turbine load—100% DNI working conditions, respectively, the maximum system efficiency of 56.32% and the maximum solar photoelectric efficiency of 35.5% are attained. With the decreasing of gas turbine load, the solar energy integration position will gradually change from the topping cycle to the bottom cycle; with the gas turbine load variation from 100% to 75%, the optimal photoelectric efficiency model prefers two-stage integration, and up to 141.3 MW of solar energy could be integrated, which is greater than the maximum value of 127.1 MW for the optimal system efficiency model. Regarding the heat collection choice of bottom cycle, the optimal photoelectric efficiency model prefers the high-pressure boiler (HPB), while the optimal system efficiency model prefers the high-pressure superheater (HPS). The comparison between the optimal solution and the actual cases confirms the correctness of the optimization results and provides guidance for the subsequent ISCC study.

Luminescence enhancement of Cr3+ doped garnet phosphor for high-performance LED towards smart NIR light source

Cr3+ doped phosphor shows great potential for near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes (LED), but it suffers from low quantum efficiency and poor thermal stability. Herein, a novel Cr3+ doped broadband NIR garnet Ca3Sc2Ge3O12 phosphor was developed. The multisite structure of the emission band is investigated by site-selective spectroscopy and is attributed to the octahedral Cr3+ perturbed by defects. Moreover, we propose different strategies to enhance the luminescence of the phosphor, including enhancement of crystallinity and elimination of defects. Compared with the initial sample, the emission intensity of the optimized phosphor is improved for 8.6 times. The optimal Ca3Sc2Ge3O12: 0.06Cr3+ phosphor exhibits excellent thermal stability. At 423 K, the integral emission intensity of the optimal sample remains 94.7% of that at room temperature. Finally, high-performance NIR LED was fabricated using a blue LED and the title phosphor. The packaged LED lamp has high radiance (109.3 mW@300 mA) and photoelectric efficiency (15.96%@40 mA). Our study not only provides a boulevard for enhancing the luminescence of Cr doped NIR phosphor, but also gives a new perspective for understanding the multisite luminescence of Cr3+ in garnet host.

The cysteine-induced BiOBr as a novel photoactive material with high photoelectric efficiency for ultrasensitive detection of microRNA

In this work, cysteine-induced BiOBr (cys-BiOBr) was prepared as a novel photoactive material with high photoelectric efficiency to construct a photochemical (PEC) biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of microRNA-155 (miRNA-155). Impressively, the photocurrent signal of cys-BiOBr showed an increase of 6 times compared to that of individual BiOBr, since the doping of S not only narrowed the band gap to enhance light absorption and accelerate carrier separation, but also augmented the surface oxygen vacancy concentration for preventing electron-hole pairs recombination, resulting in the obvious improvement of photoelectric efficiency. Furthermore, through exponential amplification reaction (EXPAR), a few miRNA-155 could be derived into abundant steady G-quadruplexes for immobilizing hemin to form the G-quadruplex/hemin complex for catalyzing H2O2 decomposition to significantly amplify photocurrent signal. The proposed PEC biosensor performed a wide range from 0.5 fM to 1 nM with a detection limit of 0.13 fM. This strategy provided a new method to prepare the highly efficient photoactive material for sensitive detection of biomolecules and exhibited enormous potential in early clinical diagnosis.

Photothermal conversion potential of full-band solar spectrum based on beam splitting technology in concentrated solar thermal utilization

It is still a great challenge for the concentrated solar thermal (CST) technology to promote the utmost out of solar energy further because the CST's receiver generally discards the longer wavelength spectra to prevent radiative heat loss due to high temperatures. Spectrum splitting is a well-known technology generally used in multi-energy cogeneration devices, such as Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems, aiming to improve photoelectrical efficiency. In this study, the solar spectrum splitting technology is employed in the CST system to take full advantage of solar radiation through enhanced absorptions and conversions of piecewise solar radiation. The exergy efficiency of a beam-splitting photothermal (BSPT) system is used to evaluate its effectiveness. Here, the mechanisms of beam splitting under different splitting wavelengths (λsp) and concentration ratios (Cr) are investigated. Furthermore, the influence of the split number is evaluated, and the performance of the dual-segment BSPT system is compared with traditional photothermal systems with real and assumed coatings. It shows that beam splitting can play an excellent role in improving exergy performance. The exergy efficiency improvement ratio of the BSPT stabilizes at around 9% when λsp is 1300 nm, and the proposed dual-segment BSPT system can maintain an excellent performance even under off-design working conditions.