This survey analyzes the results of investigations into nanotechnologies now underway at the Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences. The survey covers theoretical studies providing for the design of structures with new properties, studies of chemical and physical processes in polymer nanocomposites, design of nanocrystalline photoelectric converters of solar energy, and materials and coatings that scatter and absorb radiofrequency radiation. Qualitatively new results have been obtained in the development of processes and tools for the investigation and nondestructive testing of the structure and elastic properties of nanomaterials using hypersonic pulse acoustic microscopy. Important results have been obtained in the field of catalytic membrane nanocomposites based on polyelectrolytes, catalytically active nanosized particles, proteins, and enzymes. Studies intended to prepare magnetic (superparamagnetic) nanoparticles with polymer materials stand apart. New strategies were used to prepare biocompatible materials with new chemical, electrophysical, and magnetic properties. The Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, has carried out long-term theoretical investigations into the structure and properties of nanosized objects of various chemical nature and composites containing nanoparticles and into the design of materials with photocatalytic properties and biocompatible materials based on polyelectrolytes, proteins, and enzymes. The considerable recent rise of interest in nanotechnologies has provided the buildup and development of new scientific directions and tasks.