Photocatalytic Dye Removal Research Articles

Copper phthalocyanine modified hydrogel inverse opal beads for enhanced photocatalytic removal of dyes

Copper phthalocyanine modified hydrogel inverse opal beads (CuPc-PACA HIOBs) were prepared with enhanced light absorption and photocatalytic degradation.

MoS2-coupled coniferous ZnO for photocatalytic degradation of dyes

BackgroundThe modification of ZnO through structural engineering and coupling with different 2D materials as a photocatalyst has received considerable attention. Few studies have reported the coupling of 2D material, MoS2, with ZnO for photocatalysis. However, no study has been conducted on MoS2-coupled coniferous T-shaped ZnO and its photocatalytic performance to the best of our knowledge. MethodsIn this study, the flame transport synthesis technique was employed for the preparation of coniferous T-shaped ZnO (T-ZnO). The as-prepared coniferous-like T-ZnO was coupled with MoS2 by hydrothermal treatment at 200 °C for 18 h and used for the photocatalytic dye removal. Significant findingsAfter coupling with MoS2, T-ZnO and spherical O-shape (O-ZnO) exhibited improved photocatalytic activities for the removal of dyes (methyl blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB)). Thanks to the heterojunction formation between MoS2 and ZnO, the electron transfer could be facilitated, evidenced by the small Tafel slope with a value of approximately 95.6 mv dec‒1. Moreover, the MoS2@T-ZnO sample could be recycled for photocatalytic MB removal at least 5 times. Our results suggested that the coupling of MoS2 over structural-engineered ZnO could be an alternative approach to further improving the photocatalytic activity of ZnO.

Network of graphene/black phosphorus/ZnO for enhanced photocatalytic dye removal under visible light

The synergistic effect between adsorption and photocatalysis with recoverable properties have attracted wide attention, and it is of great significance to construct a three-dimensional network structure catalyst with the properties of easy separation and recycle. In this study, three-dimensional network structure 3D-rGO/BP/ZnO was synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method, which possessed adsorption enrichment with photocatalytic degradation of RhB. Black phosphorous (BP) and ZnO were uniformly distributed and anchored into 3D-rGO structure, which was characterized by SEM, XRD, SEM, Raman, FTIR and XPS. The 3D-rGO network structure promoted pollutant enrichment, providing a preferable platform for the interaction between RhB and 3D-rGO/BP/ZnO. Three-dimensional structures with different BP loads were selected to analyze adsorption and catalytic capacity. The adsorption experiments showed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich model were appropriate for describing adsorption behavior. The photocatalytic experiment revealed that 3D-rGO/7-BP/ZnO had the best photocatalytic performance, which degrade 93.0% of RhB in 120 min 3D-rGO/BP/ZnO heterostructure could boost the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. Species capture experiments showed that superoxide radicals (·O2−) were the main active species. After three catalytic cycles, the photocatalysts exhibited excellent stability. This study offered a fresh perspective on the effective use of photocatalyst in environmental rehabilitation.

Excellent photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of bio-activated carbon decorated magnesium oxide nanoparticles

Green production of nanomaterials are restrict toxic substances and motivated the noxious free environment. Photocatalysis and antibacterial resistance are more promising and efficient fields for their chemical reductants and clean environment. Herein, we adopted a green and simple method for the biosynthesis of MgO NPs using Manilkara zapota as a bio source. Recently, the green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles has been a keen interest amongst researchers and scientists due to its simplicity eco-friendliness, non-toxic, inexpensive and potential to perform as an antibacterial agent. Activated carbon/Magnesium oxide (AC/MgO) photocatalyst was blended through a simple solution evaporation method. The surface electron microscopy (SEM) study reviles that AC/MgO had smooth and aggregated particles. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) study confirms the structural formation and incorporation of nanoparticles into the AC matrix. Results confirmed the flourishing integration of MgO NPs over the activated carbon matrix. The electron movement and valency of AC/MgO photocatalyst reduced the bandgap and their findings were characterized by ultra visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The blended AC/MgO photocatalyst was analyzed for photodegradation of Rhodamine- B (Rh–B) dye using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. The degradation study projects that the AC/MgO photocatalyst degrades (Rh–B) dye with 99% efficiency under simulated solar irradiation. This efficient degradation of (Rh–B) dye by AC/MgO photocatalyst is ascribed to the synergetic AC as catalytic support and adsorbent and MgO as photocatalyst. Finally, the photocatalytic material shows a better bactericidal effect in both gram-positive bacteria Escherichia coli-745 and gram-negative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus-9779. The AC/MgO photocatalyst is effectively used in bacteriocidal and photocatalytic removal of dyes and can be used for further development of water reuse and bio-medical fields. In addition, this research shows a viable method for synthesizing a cheap and effective AC/MgO for the photocatalytic destruction of organic pollutants.

Photocatalytic Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Medium by Fe, Mn and Fe-Mn Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Cannabis sativa Leaf Extract

Current work describes green synthesis of Fe, Mn (monometallic) and Fe-Mn (bimetallic) nanoparticles using Cannabis sativa leaf extract as stabilizing and capping agent. In order to assess the formation of nanoparticles UV/Vis and FTIR analysis was carried out. In addition, Scanning electron microscopy and XRD studies confirmed synthesis as well as morphology of the nanoparticles. All the nanoparticles were found having particle size 20–80 nm and crystallite 3–20 nm. Photocatalytic activity of synthesized nanoparticles has been evaluated by carrying out degradation of two dyes methyl orange (MO) and Congo red (CR) in the presence of nanocatalysts. Degradation of both the dyes was carried out separately using Fe, Mn and Fe-Mn nanoparticles to compare the efficiency of monometallic with bimetallic nanoparticles. Iron and manganese monometallic particles have completely degraded MO in 18 min and 20 min and CR in 24 min and 18 min respectively. However, due to increased synergistic effect Fe-Mn BNPs completely degraded MO dye in just 12 min and CR in 14 min. In nutshell, this work is actually a step towards the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles using a plant extract with improved synergistic photocatalytic activities which impart various properties to the designed nanomaterial.

Zeolites as Adsorbents and Photocatalysts for Removal of Dyes from the Aqueous Environment.

This study investigated the potential of zeolites (NH4BETA, NH4ZSM-5, and NaY) to remove two frequently used dyes, methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB), from an aqueous environment. The removal of dyes with zeolites was performed via two mechanisms: adsorption and photocatalysis. Removal of dyes through adsorption was achieved by studying the Freundlich adsorption isotherms, while photocatalytic removal of dyes was performed under UV irradiation. In both cases, the removal experiments were conducted for 180 min at two temperatures (283 K and 293 K), and dye concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically. Additionally, after photodegradation, mineralization was analyzed as chemical oxygen demand. A computational analysis of the structures of MB and RB was performed to gain a deeper understanding of the obtained results. The computational analysis encompassed density functional theory (DFT) calculations and analysis of two quantum-molecular descriptors addressing the local reactivity of molecules. Experimental results have indicated that the considered zeolites effectively remove both dyes through both mechanisms, especially NH4BETA and NH4ZSM-5, due to the presence of active acidic centers on the outer and inner surfaces of the zeolite. The lowest efficiency of dye removal was achieved in the presence of NaY zeolite, which has a lower SiO2/Al2O3 ratio. A more efficient reduction was completed for RB dye, which agrees with the computationally obtained information about reactivity.

A novel nanocomposite (g-C3N4/Fe3O4@P2W15V3) with dual function in organic dyes degradation and cysteine sensing.

Among the important needs of human societies is the elimination of environmental pollution and also the construction of high-performance and inexpensive biosensors. In this regard, the construction of multi-functional composites has been considered. A novel magnetic graphite carbon nitride decorated by tri-vanadium substituted Dawson-type heteropolytungstate nanocomposite (C3N4/Fe3O4@P2W15V3) effectively synthesized and characterized by prevalent functional analysis. The prepared nano-catalyst presents bi-functional usage involving photocatalytic removal of dyes (methylene blue, congo red and phenyl red) (around 98%) under visible light radiation and greatly sensitive colorimetric sensing of cysteine in an aqueous media. Moreover, synthesized nano-catalyst successfully recovered five times without any considerable deficiency on its photocatalytic ability. Further, Moreover, we propose a novel method for cysteine detection based on the C3N4/Fe3O4@P2W15V3 nanocomposite. This nanocomposite displayed a privileged catalytic feature for cysteine oxidation to extend a clock reaction of methylene blue as an indicator in the presence of NaBH4 in acidic solution. More importantly, this colorimetric sensing method of cysteine presents an easy, low-cost, selective, and rapid colorimetric assay with a detection limit value of 7.2μM in the acceptable linear range of 5-600μM.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from microalgae for potential photocatalytic dye removal

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with excellent optical and electronic properties is gaining significant attention by researchers for wastewater treatment. In recent years, the production of AgNPs has shifted towards green synthesis approach by using bio-reducing agent (e.g. plant extract). In this study, live cells Chlorella vulgaris were used as the bio-reducing agent to produce AgNPs from precursor (silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution). Two process parameters were investigated, namely incubation time and pH. The results affirmed that the optimum synthesis condition of AgNPs was at 24 hr incubation time and pH 8.4 in the mixture of live cells microalgae and 3 mM AgNO3 (3:1 v/v). The synthesized AgNPs showed Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) peak at 412.5 nm with absorption maxima of 0.81 a.u. as indicated using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The synthesized AgNPs had shown 80.7% of photocatalytic dye degradation in 5 mg/L MB solution and 32.1% in 25 mg/L MB solution within 9 hr of incubation time. The dye removal rate with the addition of AgNPs was 1.2 times faster in 5 mg/L MB solution and was 3.5 times faster in 25 mg/L MB solution as compared to control set.

Fabrication and evaluation of a photocatalytic membrane based on Sb2O3/CBO composite for improvement of dye removal efficiency

Methylene blue (MB) and Acid Blue 25 (AB 25) dyes are organic substances that are potentially harmful to humans and the environment. In this study, a photocatalytic membrane was fabricated based on Sb2O3/CuBi2O4 (Sb2O3/CBO) composite for the degradation of MB and AB 25 dyes under visible light irradiation. At the first, several significant parameters such as pH (2, 5, 7, 9, and 11), initial dye concentration (10, 30, 50, 60, and 75 ppm), and photocatalyst dosage (0.005, 0.0075, 0.01, and 0.02 g) were optimized by using Sb2O3/CBO composite under visible illumination in a batch system. Moreover, various characteristics of the as-synthesized materials were analyzed by FESEM, FTIR, XRD, PL, and UV–Vis DRS. Additionally, the continuous experiments were conducted with a hybrid of several percentages of produced nanoparticles and Polyethersulfone membrane to maximize the process efficiency. Results show that an increase in pH and catalyst dosage had a positive influence on dye degradation. Furthermore, the photocatalytic decolorization of MB in an alkaline solution was higher than that of the acidic solution and vice versa for AB 25. The optimum initial concentration and photocatalyst dose for both dye solutions were determined to be 10 ppm and 0.01 g, respectively, whereas the optimal pH values for AB 25 and MB were 2 and 11. The highest photocatalytic dye removal efficiency (94.6 percent) was obtained under optimal conditions using a 10% Sb2O3/CBO photocatalyst in the presence of a membrane.

Adsorption and photocatalytic properties of porphyrin loaded MIL-101 (Cr) in methylene blue degradation.

In this study for the very first time, zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) was loaded into MIL-101 (Zn[TPP]@MIL-101) to perform an adsorptive and photocatalytic dye removal. The physicochemical attributes of the catalyst were thoroughly determined by the usage of XRD, FTIR, FESEM, BET, UV-vis, and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The obtained XRD pattern exhibited the phase purity of MIL-101 and its structural stability. The solid-phase diameter of the catalyst was observed to be ~ 270.76 ± 119.95nm, while its gas adsorption data was indicative of a decrease in the specific surface area after the loading of ZnTPP. The ICP analysis displayed the amount of encapsulated Zn[TPP] (~ 17%) in MIL-101. The UV-vis confirmed the presence of Zn[TPP] in MIL-101 with the lack of any interferences or overlaps with the λmax of methylene blue (MB) with the support. The dye removal of MB was investigated under dark conditions (adsorption) and UV light (photodegradation). The observed adsorption under dark conditions using Zn[TPP]@MIL-101 (99.27% yield) demonstrated a superior dye removal in comparison to the cases of photodegradation of MB by MIL-101 and Zn[TPP]@MIL-101 or adsorption by MIL-101. In conformity to the gathered results, [ZnTPP] was able to increase the adsorption capacity at pH = 7 at room temperature.

Facile Development of Biocompatible Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots for Efficient Photocatalytic Removal of Dyes

Facile Development of Biocompatible Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots for Efficient Photocatalytic Removal of Dyes

Binary Co@ZF/S@GCN S-scheme heterojunction enriching spatial charge carrier separation for efficient removal of organic pollutants under sunlight irradiation

The hydrothermal approach was used to create a binary Co@ZF/S@GCN step-scheme (S-scheme) photocatalyst system. Cutting-edge devices such as TEM, XRD, XPS, FTIR, BET, UV–vis, transient photo-response, ESR signals, and EIS were used to analyze the hybrid photocatalyst. Combining 5% Co-doped zinc ferrite (Co@ZF) nanoparticles (NPs) with varying amounts (10–80 wt%) of S-g-C3N4 (S@GCN) yielded a series of binary nanocomposites (NCs). For photocatalytic dye removal, novel binary NCs built between Co@ZF and S@GCN create an enormous number of catalytic active positions. The results demonstrated that loading 5% Co@ZF NPs on S@GCN, which functions as a well-defined heterointerface for adequate charge transit and separation over the S-scheme Co@ZF/S@GCN NCs, resulted in a well-defined heterointerface. The loading of 5% Co@ZF NPs supports enhancing the BET surface area of the binary system for the photocatalytic response, boosting the sunlight harvesting capability and thereby improving the photocatalytic activity of the system. The binary hybrid photocatalyst system with optimal loading of 50% Co@ZF NPs showed the highest photo-removal efficiency (99%), which is about 2.5 times higher than those of their counterparts. Moreover, the trapping experiments revealed that •OH- and h+ were the main active species in the process of MB aqueous photo-degradation.

Fabrication of carbon nanotube (CNTs)/Co3O4-Ni3O4/Al2O3 nanocomposite catalyst and its application for photocatalytic removal of Celestine blue dye

In this work, we examined the photocatalytic activity of different composite ratios of doped co-oxide (Co3O4-Ni3O4/Al2O3) with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) toward Celestine blue dye (CBD). This work involves preparation of composite catalyst Co3O4-Ni3O4/Al2O3 doped with CNTs in different percent (2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) by using wet impregnation method. The prepared materials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-rays Diffraction technique(XRD). The photocatalytic activity of these materials were investigated by following photocatalytic removal of Celestine blue dye at λ max= 542 nm and dye concentration equal to 100 ppm in different irradiation times. The obtained results showed that the best percent of doping the co-catalyst with carbon nanotubes was 6%, which gives a high photocatalytic dye removal equal to 99%.

Synthesis of PVDF‐B4C mixed matrix membrane for ultrafiltration of protein and photocatalytic dye removal

AbstractIn this work, polyvinylidene fluoride‐boron carbide mixed matrix membranes were synthesized via phase inversion method. The synthesized membranes were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, porosity, and contact angle. The mixed matrix membranes (0–5 wt.% of boron carbide) were tested for ultrafiltration of bovine serum albumin solution and photodegradation property using rhodamine B and methylene blue dyes. The morphological images reveal the existence of boron carbide particles on the surface of the membranes. Upon introduction of B4C particles, the performance of the membranes was improved: permeate flux increases from 163.13 to 351.15 L/m2 h; bovine serum albumin rejection increased from 77.1% to 99.1%; relative flux reduction decreased from 45.58% to 16.06%; flux recovery ratio increased from 61.71% to 98.42%. Furthermore, maximum photodegradation yield was observed for membranes with 4 wt.% boron carbide particles with degradation efficiency of 96.7% and 96% for rhodamine B and methylene blue dyes, respectively. Furthermore, the rate constant of the optimum membrane was higher than the pristine membrane (about 2.05 and 2.26 times higher for rhodamine B and methylene blue dyes, respectively). Indeed, the mixed matrix membranes present a great prospect for the photodegradation of organic dyes.

Synthesis of TiO2-SiO2 nanocomposite by sol-gel method for photocatalytic removal of dye: potential application for dye industry

Sol-Gel technique was employed to synthesize TiO2-SiO2 nanocomposites using Titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) as a precursor of TiO2 in acidic pH. Silica sol was prepared using Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and mixed with Titania solution. HNO3 was used as a peptizing agent. Gel formation was obtained at room temperature followed by drying at 100°C and calcination at four different temperatures viz. 500°C, 550°C, 600°C and 700°C. The mean crystallite size of the particles was calculated from X-ray diffraction using Scherrer’s equation. Samples calcined at 550°C, showed minimum mean crystallite size (6.42nm). Surface morphology was observed from Field emission scanning electron microscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectra confirmed the existence of Ti-O-Ti, Si-O-Si and Si-O-Ti bond. Methylene blue was used as model dye for observing photocatalytic activity of nanocomposite material. About 99% dye removal was obtained after 20 min of adsorption and 10 min of UV-irradiation using 70:30 ratio of TiO2: SiO2 nanocomposite (2g/L)

Synergistic photocatalytic activity of SnO2/PANI nanocomposite for the removal of direct blue 15 under UV light irradiation

For the photocatalytic degradation of Direct Blue 15 (DB15), tin oxide/polyaniline (SnO2/PANI) nanocomposites were prepared using the co-precipitation process. SEM, FTIR, XRD, and UV–Vis analysis were used to characterize the as-prepared SnO2/PANI nanocomposites. The XRD pattern confirms the presence of SnO2 reflection planes in both bare and SnO2/PANI. The changes in planes of SnO2 are owing to the incorporation of PANI in the SnO2. The metal oxide and the hydroxyl group of SnO2 are altered slightly with the substitution of PANI. The inclusion of PANI in SnO2 reduces the crystallite size and increases surface area compared to bare SnO2 nanoparticles. The reflectance and bandgap energy (3.1–2.7 eV) of the SnO2 decreased after the substitution of PANI. The photocatalytic dye removal efficiency of the SnO2/PANI nanocomposite was significantly improved compared to bare SnO2. The photocatalytic mechanism of SnO2/PANI nanocomposites for the degradation of DB15 is systematically explained, as well as the synergetic effect of SnO2/PANI nanocomposites. Toxicity of treated DB15 prompts a lesser impact on Artemia salina than untreated DB15. This experiment clarified that SnO2/PANI nanocomposites produced non-toxic by-products and they are lesser toxic to aquatic food web components.

Coupling electrocoagulation and solar photocatalysis for electro- and photo-catalytic removal of carmoisine by Ag/graphitic carbon nitride: Optimization by process modeling and kinetic studies

Graphitic carbon nitride, g-C3N4, have been receiving intense attention the last decades due to its unique physicochemical properties, and even more importantly, due to the visible light driven photoreactivity. Hence, the design and synthesis of novel photocatalysts based on g-C3N4 is a prosperous approach towards water and wastewater treatment, especially against pollutants of organic nature. Among the various water treatment techniques, electrocoagulation (EC) has the advantages of economical and operational benefits, while photocatalytic approaches, and particularly the solar light driven ones, are assumed as the future towards sustainable design of modern industrialization. Herein, we present a process intensification aspect for environmental remediation applications by coupling EC and photocatalysis processes for the removal of the azo dye carmoisine. The iron-iron electrodes showed a superior removal efficiency of 37% compared to aluminum-aluminum electrodes (23%) for a initial high dye concentration. Regarding the photocatalytic degradation of carmoisine, g-C3N4 doped with 2% Ag showed a higher dye removal efficiency (31%) related to 5% Ag doping (21%). Two quadratic models for dye removal were developed by carrying the experiments according to full factorial design and Box–Behnken design (BBD) for EC and photocatalysis processes, respectively. The models revealed that the electrical potential in EC and irradiation time in photocatalysis are the main variables which affect the process efficiency. The highest dye removal efficiency of 77% in EC was achieved when pH, electric potential, and time were set to 5, 15 V, and 60 min, respectively. Moreover, the optimal conditions for a 90% photocatalytic dye removal was 7.96, 0.59 g/L, 119.8 min, and 62.5 mg/L for pH, Ag(2%)/g-C3N4 dose, solar irradiation time, and initial carmoisine concentration, respectively. The removal efficiency did not change after 3 cycles indicating a physicochemical stability of the photocatalyst. The experimental data were well described well by first and pseudo-first order of kinetic models. Coupling EC and solar-driven photocatalysis showed to be a promising efficient dye removal approach, bearing in mind the need for economic and environmental-friendly method for environmental remediation applications.

Ferroelectric, dielectric, magnetic, structural and photocatalytic properties of Co and Fe doped LaCrO3 perovskite synthesized via micro-emulsion route

In the present investigation, La1-xCoxCr1-yFeyO3 (x,y = 0.0, 0.12, 0.36, 0.60) perovskite was fabricated via a facile micro-emulsion route. The synthesized perovskites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques to examine the effect of Co and Fe ions on the physico-chemical properties. The ferroelectric, dielectric, and magnetic properties of La1-xCoxCr1-yFeyO3 were changed significantly as a function of dopants contents (Co and Fe ions). Outcomes revealed that the dielectric, ferroelectric and magnetic properties of LaCrO3 perovskite can be tuned significantly via Co and Fe doping and La0.40Co0.60Cr0.40Fe0.60O3 have potential for photocatalytic dye removal under (visible) light expoure. The photocatalytic activity (PCA) of the pristine LaCrO3 and La0.40Co0.60Cr0.40Fe0.60O3 photocatalyst was evaluated under (visible) light irradiation for crystal violet (CV) dye. Experimental results revealed that La0.40Co0.60Cr0.40Fe0.60O3 photocatalyst degrdae almost 77.21% CV dye with the rate constant value of 0.01475 min−1. In the presence of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) scavenger, the PCA of the La0.40Co0.60Cr0.40Fe0.60O3 photocatalyst and rate constant value of the photocatalytic reaction decreased to 32.5% and 0.00491 min−1, suggesting the superoxide as main active specie. Results revealed that Co and Fe doping doped material is efficient for photocatalytic presentations under solar light expoure.

Green synthesis of Fe nanoparticles by using Mangifera indica extract and its application in photo-catalytic degradation of dyes.

An exceedingly facile green approach that produces a reliable adsorbent based on a transition metal such as Iron (Fe) using Mangifera indica leaf extract at room temperature is described. A single pot method was used for synthesis with no capping agents, surfactants or other templates. The main intention of this study is to synthesize iron nanoparticles from leaf extract (Mangifera indica) and examine its degradation potential for photo-catalytic removal of dyes (Congo red and brilliant green) from wastewater. Characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was executed by pHpzc, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies and results confirm the presence of iron nano-sheets with biomolecules. All photo-catalytic experimental results were assessed by sum of squared estimate of errors and simple linear regression R2 with dye concentration, pH, contact time and dose rate as dependent and independent variables. Adsorption experimental data was verified by kinetics and isothermal models. Results showed that Langmuir and pseudo second order models give best fitness towards the photo-catalytic adsorption procedure. Thermodynamics revealed that adsorption mechanism is endothermic, described by the values of changes in Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy, and is chemisorption in nature, with spontaneous processes. Overall photo-catalytic adsorption execution with synthesized iron nanoparticles and simple biomass of Mangifera indica gives satisfactory results for treating dye wastewater.

CeO2 foam-like nanostructure: biosynthesis and their efficient removal of hazardous dye.

In this study, CeO2 (cerium oxide) nanoparticles were synthesized using Pinus halepensis pollen and were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that the ensuing CeO2 nanostructures, ranging in size from 5 to 25nm, had high porosity. Synthesized CeO2 showed the effective catalytic activity towards the photocatalytic removal of dyes. In this work, the photocatalytic activity to removal dye (methyl violet 2B), in the absence of UV radiation, using cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NP) was determined. In this research, four main factors such as effect on color, concentration and pH were examined and maximum %R was obtained about was 97% in 75min in presence of 50mg of hydrogen peroxide.