Photo Editing Software Research Articles

Evaluation of “Golden Proportion” in Saudi individuals with natural smiles

BackgroundThe Golden Proportion (GP) has been considered by many as the most harmonious recurrent tooth-to-tooth ratio and has long been proposed as an aesthetic guideline for restoring/replacing maxillary anterior teeth. Researchers investigated GP in various populations. PurposeThe aim of the current study was to investigate the occurrence and prevalence of the GP between the perceived widths of maxillary anterior teeth in a Saudi population with natural smiles. Materials and MethodsA total of 360 Saudi dental students (180 males and 180 females) with natural smiles and who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Frontal photographs were captured for all participants while maximally smiling using a digital camera with standardized settings. Photo-editing software was used to measure the perceived mesiodistal width of each anterior maxillary tooth in all digital images. Paired and student t-tests were performed to detect side and/or gender differences respectively. Calculated ratios of the perceived mesiodistal widths of the teeth were compared with their respective GP values using a one sample t-test. Statistical significance was set at 5%. ResultsFor both genders, there were significant differences (P < 0.001) between the calculated ratios and the golden ratios. No side differences in the GP were detected. Males had wider teeth than females however significant differences between genders was detected for the centrals (P < 0.001) only. ConclusionsWidth ratios of the maxillary anterior teeth did not follow the GP for the examined Saudi population. Males had wider anterior teeth with the centrals exhibiting a significant gender-based difference. There was no side-dependent variation for both genders.

A Low-Cost High-Quality Mobile X-ray Film Digitiser with Storage Facilities

Digitisation of X-ray films reduces need for storage space and facilitates remote diagnosis, personal collections, teaching and publication. We describe a system that provides high-quality digitisation of X-ray films, especially suitable for low resource countries. The system comprises of a bespoke mobile cabinet with flat top-surface and lockable wheels, an X-ray viewing box, a small tripod, a good-quality digital camera and a computer with simple photo editing software. Compared to commercial digitisers, this system is much cheaper, uses local materials, provides employment for local people, is more physically and electrically robust and durable. It provides storage space, requires minimal training, and the components can be used for other purposes.

A Lost Page of Codex Bezae: Traces of the Bezan Greek Text of Acts 10.4–9

Codex Bezae lacks the Greek text of Acts 10.4–14, but the Latin text survives on fol. 455a. Damage to the manuscript has caused traces of ink from the now-lost Greek text to be transferred onto the Latin page of Acts 10.4–14. They preserve a mirror image of text from fol. 454b, the facing page at the time of the damage. By reversing high-resolution images of fol. 455a with photo-editing software, the offset ink can be deciphered. As a result, the surviving Greek text from Acts 10.4–9 in Codex Bezae is published here for the first time.

Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans.

Prehension, the act of reaching to grasp an object, is central to the human experience. We use it to feed ourselves, groom ourselves, and manipulate objects and tools in our environment. Such behaviors are impaired by many sensorimotor disorders, yet our current understanding of their neural control is far from complete. Current technologies for investigating human reach-to-grasp movements often utilize motion tracking systems that can be expensive, require the attachment of markers or sensors to the hands, impede natural movement and sensory feedback, and provide kinematic output that can be difficult to interpret. While generally effective for studying the stereotypical reach-to-grasp movements of healthy sighted adults, many of these technologies face additional limitations when attempting to study the unpredictable and idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements of young infants, unsighted adults, and patients with neurological disorders. Thus, we present a novel, inexpensive, and highly reliable yet flexible protocol for quantifying the temporal and kinematic structure of idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements in humans. High speed video cameras capture multiple views of the reach-to-grasp movement. Frame-by-frame video analysis is then used to document the timing and magnitude of pre-defined behavioral events such as movement start, collection, maximum height, peak aperture, first contact, and final grasp. The temporal structure of the movement is reconstructed by documenting the relative frame number of each event while the kinematic structure of the hand is quantified using the ruler or measure function in photo editing software to calibrate 2 dimensional linear distances between two body parts or between a body part and the target. Frame-by-frame video analysis can provide a quantitative and comprehensive description of idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements and will enable researchers to expand their area of investigation to include a greater range of naturalistic prehensile behaviors, guided by a wider variety of sensory modalities, in both healthy and clinical populations.

Effects of different peracetic acid formulations on post space radicular dentin

Statement of problemThe optimal irrigating solution with antimicrobial and dentin cleansing properties for post space preparation for fiber posts is unclear. Peracetic acid is one option but is available in various chemical formulations that require evaluation. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate dentin surface cleanliness based on the presence of a smear layer and the number of open dentin tubules. It also investigates the chemical composition of residues after canal irrigation with a 1% peracetic acid solution (PA) at low or high concentration of hydrogen peroxide during the preparation of intracanal fiber posts. Material and methodsAfter filling the root canals of 40 mandibular incisors, a rotary instrument was used for intracanal preparation to place fiber posts. The teeth were divided into 4 groups (n=10) according to the post space irrigation protocol as follows: CG (control): distilled water; NA (NaOCl): 2.5% sodium hypochlorite; LH: PA with low concentration of hydrogen peroxide; and HH: PA with high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. After irrigation, the teeth were sectioned, and the intracanal dentin surface was subjected to analysis using energy dispersive spectroscopy to evaluate chemical composition and to scanning electron microscopy (×500) to evaluate the presence of the smear layer. The number of open dentin tubules was measured by scanning electron microscopy analysis (×2000) using photo-editing software. ANOVA and the Tukey test (α=.05) were used to evaluate the data, except for the presence of a smear layer, for which the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests were used (α=.05). ResultsThe highest concentrations of oxygen in the dentin residues were detected in LH and HH (P<.05); CG and NA showed similar oxygen concentrations (P>.05). NA had a higher concentration of chlorine (P<.05), whereas LH had a lower amount of smear layer and a larger number of open dentin tubules than the other groups (P<.05). These were equivalent to each other (P>.05), except for HH, which also had a larger number of open dentin tubules than CG and NA (P<.05). ConclusionsPA 1% with a low concentration of hydrogen peroxide yielded a lower amount of smear layer and a larger number of open dentin tubules in the dentin of the post space when compared with PA 1% with a high concentration of hydrogen peroxide, despite maintaining a similar oxygen concentration in these dentin residues.

Towards recent developments in the field of digital image forgery detection

Proliferation of powerful computers, innovative photo-editing software packages, and high resolution capturing devices leads to effortlessness in generating digital image falsification. Indeed, the security apprehension of digital images has ascended since a long period and diverse techniques for authenticating the integrity of digital images have been established. Conversely, significant exploration in this realm would be not only verifying the integrity of images but also correspondingly sensing the hints of tampering or falsification without necessitating additional prior information of the image content or any embedded watermarks. This paper reviews the recent developments in the field of digital image forgery detection. With the concept and methods, various applications of forgery detection are presented especially focusing on the use of soft computing for developing the techniques for forgery detection. The future of development and application of soft computing in digital image forgery detection is discussed.

Towards recent developments in the field of digital image forgery detection

Proliferation of powerful computers, innovative photo-editing software packages, and high resolution capturing devices leads to effortlessness in generating digital image falsification. Indeed, the security apprehension of digital images has ascended since a long period and diverse techniques for authenticating the integrity of digital images have been established. Conversely, significant exploration in this realm would be not only verifying the integrity of images but also correspondingly sensing the hints of tampering or falsification without necessitating additional prior information of the image content or any embedded watermarks. This paper reviews the recent developments in the field of digital image forgery detection. With the concept and methods, various applications of forgery detection are presented especially focusing on the use of soft computing for developing the techniques for forgery detection. The future of development and application of soft computing in digital image forgery detection is discussed.

An Image Forgery Detection Approach Based on Camera's Intrinsic Noise Properties

Digital images are found everywhere from cell phones to the pages of online news sites. With the rapid growth of the Internet and the popularity of digital image capturing devices, images have become major source of information. Now-a-days fudge of images has become easy due to powerful advanced photo-editing software and high-resolution cameras. In this article, the authors present a method for detecting forgery, which is detected by estimating camera's intrinsic noise properties. Differences in noise parameters of the image are used as evidence of Image tampering. The method works in two steps. In the first step, the given image is classified as forge or non-forge. In the second step, the forged region in the image is detected. Results show that the proposed method outperforms the previous methods and shows a detection accuracy of 85.76%.

Block Truncation Coding based effective watermarking scheme for image authentication with recovery capability

Due to the advancement of photo-editing software, powerful computers and high resolution capturing devices, it has become tough to prevent the digital image from tampering. So, in these days just by looking a digital image we cannot say whether it is a genuine or not. This is why digital image authentication, as well as restoration, has become the essential issues, especially when it is utilized in medical science, evidence of court, and forensic science. This paper proposes an effective self-embedding fragile watermarking technique for the digital image authentication as well as recovery. The watermark is generated by quantization, and block truncation coding (BTC) of each 2 × 2 non-overlapping block and embedded in three least significant bits (LSBs) of the corresponding mapped block. The recovery bits are derived from most significant bits (MSBs) of the host image, and the authentication bits are derived from recovery bits, the spatial location of pixels and watermark keys. Even if tempering rate is 50%, the reconstruction of tampered image is achieved with high peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and normalized correlation coefficient (NCC). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme not only outperforms high-quality recovery fidelity but also negotiate the blocking artifacts additionally it improves the accuracy of tamper localization due to the use of very small size blocks.

The Effect of Lithotomy Position on Nerve Stretch: A Cadaveric Study.

The objective of our study was to design a method to measure nerve stretch in cadaveric subjects and then use the method to assess femoral nerve stretch in the lithotomy position with varying degrees of flexion and extension. A university-based, cadaveric observational study of femoral nerve stretch was conducted. In 6 cadaveric subjects, femoral nerve near the inguinal ligament was dissected in each cadaveric subject. The nerve was marked, and digital images of the nerve were obtained in the supine position and lithotomy position in both flexion and extension. Distances were calculated using the ratio of pixels to millimeter specific for each image. The average distance for each set of images was then used to calculate the percent change from supine for each position. We were able to assess nerve stretch using photo-editing software. For extended position, all nerves showed some degree of stretch with the mean percent change in nerve length being 10.35%. For all other positions, most showed a decrease of nerve length. There was not a significant relation between degree of extension and stretch (Pearson r, P < 0.05). Hip extension between 10 and 20 degrees consistently stretches the femoral nerve greater than 5%. The potential for femoral nerve stretch and avoiding hip extension should be considered when positioning a patient in lithotomy for surgical procedures.

Quantification of facial and smile esthetics

Statement of problemWhether deviations in alignment discrepancy, width-to-length ratio, application of the golden proportion, or number of teeth revealed in smile affect attractiveness is yet unknown. PurposeThe purpose of this analytical study was to quantify dental and facial esthetics to determine whether individuals identified as having superior smiles display differences in alignment discrepancies (angulation between interpupillary and commissure line); width-to-length ratios of maxillary anterior teeth; application of the golden proportion (approximately 1.618:1); and number of teeth revealed in an animated smile when compared with an average population. Material and methodsAn Internet search for “best smile” and “celebrity” identified 108 celebrities. Photographs showing smiles within 10 degrees of a frontal view were collected, while photographs of dental students were used for the control group. Alignment discrepancies, widths and lengths of the anterior teeth, and number of teeth revealed in an animated smile were measured with photo-editing software, and ratios were calculated. The groups were compared with repeated-measures ANOVA, the Mann-Whitney U test, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (α=.05). ResultsUsable photographs were obtained for 90 celebrities (58 women, 32 men) and compared with photographs of 97 dental students (54 women, 43 men). Statistically significant differences were found for alignment discrepancies (celebrities 0.97, students 1.25, P=.034) and for the number of teeth displayed (P=.049); 22.2% of the celebrities revealed 12 teeth, versus 6.2% of the students. In both groups, significant differences from the golden ratio (1.618:1) for the width of the central incisor/lateral incisor right and left and for the width of the lateral incisor/canine right and left were observed through 95% confidence intervals. Sex and left-right were nonsignificant factors. ConclusionsCelebrities identified as having a best smile had smaller mean alignment discrepancies and revealed a greater number of teeth in an animated smile than dental students.

Consistency features and fuzzy-based segmentation for shadow and reflection detection in digital image forgery

Advances in photo editing software have made it possible to generate visually convincing photo-graphic forgeries which have been increased tremendously in recent years. In order to alleviate the problem of image forgery, a handful of techniques have been presented in the literature to detect forgery either in shadow or reflection. This paper aims to develop a technique to detect the image forgery either in shadow or reflection using features enabled neural network. The proposed technique of image forgery detection contains three important steps, like segmentation, feature extraction and detection. In segmentation, shadow points and reflection points are identified using map-based segmentation and FCM clustering. Then, feature points from the shadow points and reflective parts are extracted by considering texture consistency and strength consistency using LVP operator. The final step of forgery detection is performed using the feed forward neural network, where a new algorithm called ABCLM is developed for training of neural network weights. The performance is analyzed with four existing algorithms using measures such as accuracy and MSE. From the analysis, we understand that the proposed technique obtained the maximum accuracy of 80.49%.

Image-format-independent tampered image detection based on overlapping concurrent directional patterns and neural networks

With the advancement of photo editing software, digital documents can easily be altered, which causes some legal issues. This paper proposes an image authentication method, which determines whether an image is authentic. Unlike many existing methods that only work with images in the JPEG format, the proposed method is image format independent, implying that it works with both noncompressed images and images in all compression formats. To improve the authentication accuracy, some strategies, such as overlapping image blocks only on concurrent directions, using a two-scale local binary pattern operator, and choosing the mean deviation instead of the standard deviation, are applied. A back-propagation neural network (BPNN) is used instead of support vector machines (SVMs) for classification to make online learning easier and achieve higher accuracy. In our experiments, we used the CASIA Database (CASIA TIDE v1.0) of compressed images and the Columbia University Digital Video Multimedia (DVMM) dataset of uncompressed images to evaluate our image authentication method. This benchmark dataset includes two types of image tampering, namely image splicing and copy–move forgery. Experiments were performed using both the SVM and BPNN classifiers with various parameters. We determined that the BPNN achieved a higher accuracy of up to 97.26 %.

Modified Endonasal Tongue-in-Groove Technique.

Achieving stable and desirable changes in tip rotation (TR) and tip projection (TP) is among the primary goals of modern day rhinoplasty. The tongue-in-groove (TIG) technique is one technique in rhinoplasty used to improve TR and/or TP. Performing TIG endonasally using a permanent suture can be quite cumbersome as the suture needs to be buried under the skin. We describe a variation of TIG technique for endonasal rhinoplasty using a permanent suture buried in small columellar skin incisions. The technique details are described and the postoperative changes in TR and TP are analyzed for the degree of change and longevity. A retrospective review of the preoperative and postoperative photographs of 12 patients treated with the endonasal TIG technique were analyzed for changes in TR and TP. Out of 12 patients, there were seven females (58.3%) and five males (41.7%), with age ranging from 17 to 49 years. The follow-up ranged from 6 months to 53 months, with mean follow-up of 12.1 months. All patients were treated by the senior author in a major New York City hospital. Postoperative changes in TR and TP were compared by measuring the nasolabial angle as well as the Goode ratio using a photo editing software. Using a t-test and a p-value criteria of 0.05, the difference between the preoperative and postoperative TR (p = 0.0069) and TP (p = 0.026) was found to be statistically significant. None of the study patients developed any complications related to the use of a permanent suture material during the follow-up period. Our modified TIG technique is a quick, reliable, and safe option in the surgical armamentarium to achieve desired changes in TR and/or TP. 4.

An Efficient Three-Dimensional Animation Film on The Autobiographies of Differently Abled Person

Objectives: The aim of the paper is making an animation film using cheap animation software to present various problems and their solution faced by a physically challenged person. Methods: The current work to use user-friendly animation software to depict the thick and thin in the life of physically disabled persons. Another aspect of the present study is to use secure keyframe animation techniques which have been applied for smooth animations. High-quality lighting effects and camera controlling method is also employed. The image processing portions like image enhancement, noise reduction, and so forth have been accomplished in a photo editing software platform at the initial stage before animation. Findings: This paper presents the application of cheap animation software and other associated software for making an animated film with music composition, sound recording, video editing and image processing. All this software is used to project a story of a physically challenged young person and his mentor, and it has produced a video show of 105 minutes’ duration. The existing script of this animation film has been prepared regarding the obstacles faced by a teacher and a student both being differently abled persons i.e. physically challenged ones. The contemporary animation film appears to provide through each video frame, a comfort, and pleasure for viewing by humans. The tunes and melodies of the contemporary film are composed by a music synthesizer to impart a feeling of the physically challenged persons to ordinary viewers. The entire saga is kept confined within the reasonable time limit. Novelty/Improvement: In the present study, an attempt has been made to utilize cheap animation software to produce high quality rendered scenes.

Demystifying ‘selfie’: a rampant social media activity

ABSTRACT‘Selfie’, the Oxford Dictionary’s word of the year in 2013, has been gaining popularity as a global phenomenon and its usage is growing with technological advancements in front-facing cameras and photo-editing software. Earlier studies hold a lopsided view of either criticising selfies as ‘vain’ and ‘narcissist’ or appreciate them as ‘feel good’ for ‘positive identity formation’. The current study intends to take a fresh look at the act and explores reasons and motivators of young college students in India, as they take selfies and traces the usage pattern and its likely relationship with the motivators of selfie-taking. Qualitative data were gathered through a focused group discussion conducted among graduate students with an average of 23.5 years who volunteered to participate in the discussion. Results show that male and female students have varying reasons for taking selfies and it is often an act of fun and assertion of one’s right to ‘self-depiction’. Selfies have a life-cycle which ends after they receive reviews on the social media platform. Results from the study can aid policy-makers in India and theoretically add to the nascent field of literature in the area.

Issue Cover (August 2016).

Cover legend: Absence of the novel endolysosomal trafficking regulator WDR81 (green) induces the accumulation of tetherin (red) in enlarged early endosomes. WDR81 knock-out HeLa cells were genetically complemented with an HA-tagged WDR81 construct and imaged by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. The original image was processed with photo editing software and overlaid with artistic effects. See Rapiteanu et al. Traffic 2016; 17(8):940-958. Read the full article on doi: 10.1111/tra.12409.

Validation of the computed assessment of cleansing score with the Mirocam® system.

A computed assessment of cleansing (CAC) score was developed to objectively evaluate small-bowel cleansing in the PillCam® capsule endoscopy (CE) system and to overcome the subjectivity and complexity of previous scoring systems. Our study aimed to adapt the CAC score to the Mirocam® system, evaluate its reliability with the Mirocam® CE system and compare it with three validated subjective grading scales. Thirty CE were prospectively and independently reviewed by two authors who classified the degree of small-bowel cleanliness according to a quantitative index, a qualitative evaluation and an overall adequacy assessment. The authors were blinded for the CAC score of each CE, which was calculated as ([mean intensity of the red channel]/[mean intensity of the green channel] - 1) x 10. The mean intensities of the red and green channels of the small-bowel segment of the "Map View" bar in the Miroview Client® were determined using the histogram option of two photo-editing software. There was a strong agreement between both CE readers for each of the three subjective scales used. The reproducibility of the CAC score was excellent and identical results were obtained with the two photo-editing software. Regarding the comparison between the CAC score and the subjective scales, there was a moderate-to-good agreement with the quantitative index, qualitative evaluation and overall adequacy assessment. CAC score represents an objective and feasible score in the assessment of small-bowel cleansing in the Mirocam® CE system, and could be used per se or as part of a more comprehensive score.

William Faulkner in the Media Ecology ed. by Julian Murphet and Stefan Solomon

Reviewed by: William Faulkner in the Media Ecology ed. by Julian Murphet and Stefan Solomon Patrick E. Horn William Faulkner in the Media Ecology. Edited by Julian Murphet and Stefan Solomon. Southern Literary Studies. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2015. Pp. [xii], 276. $45.00, ISBN 978-0-8071-5948-4.) This important new collection of essays grew out of an Australian research project titled “William Faulkner between Cinema and Literature,” which in turn sponsored an international conference on “Faulkner in the Media Ecology” at the University of New South Wales. It was therefore born global in ways that appeal to this southerner’s soul. However, replacing the title “Cinema and Literature” with the more theoretical (and more vague, hence conference-friendly) “Media Ecology” threatens to obscure the collection’s originating question: how did the rapidly evolving technologies of the early-twentieth-century film industry and its major architects influence and engage William Faulkner’s life and work? Previous scholarly forums and publications have posed similar questions. The University of Mississippi’s 2010 Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha Conference focused on “Faulkner and Film,” and selected essays from that conference were published in 2014. A search for scholarly articles on Faulkner and film published since 2010 yielded thousands of results as I sat down to write this review, and that number grows almost daily. And so the Faulkner factory continues to generate ever more light and heat, seeming to contradict the core principles of literary physics. [End Page 709] So, how to define this “media ecology”? According to an excellent introduction by Julian Murphet, the “techno-mediation” that Faulkner lived through and wrote about included traditional media technologies—radio, film, television, photography, the phonograph, the telegraph—as well as American culture’s mediation by other forms of technology—automobile, air, and rail travel as well as news journalism, monetary currency, and even celebrity status (p. 5). These “technologies,” which existed during the writer’s lifetime, were “mechanical and electric, if not yet digital” (p. 9). This answers one major question that the collection raises: whose “media ecology” are we talking about? Here I would caution potential readers that this book does not adequately address twenty-first-century media ecologies. There is little talk of social media or streaming video in these pages, although certain essays reference contemporary photo-editing software and recent television miniseries. Nevertheless, this book does many things well. As a conglomeration of erstwhile conference papers, it manages to hold together, both through the juxtaposition of thematically related essays and through a certain theoretical lingua franca. Theorists such as Sergei Eisenstein, Walter Benjamin, Marshall McLuhan, and Theodor W. Adorno make frequent appearances, lending a sense of coherence among essays that otherwise range widely. Many essays offer brief but fascinating (and well-documented) history lessons on the emergence of particular technologies, which will be especially interesting to students and scholars of cultural studies, American studies, and science and literature. Often these histories disclose that new technologies inspired Faulkner’s thinking less through the revelatory modes of perception that they made possible than through their early foibles and shortcomings. Other themes emerge, such as the notion that despite Faulkner’s adversarial relationships to the various technologies discussed herein, his work frequently attempted to co-opt and supersede the new modes of thinking that they made possible. For example, John T. Matthews compellingly argues that The Sound and the Fury (1929) moves from “the most purely cinematic narration” in its first section (that is, Benjy’s) to more traditional forms of literary narration in subsequent sections (Quentin’s and Jason’s), culminating with a return to “the conventions of realist fiction” in section four (p. 30). In sum, Matthews argues, “The Sound and the Fury is the novel that swallowed the movies” (p. 30). This is not a book that most readers will read from cover to cover: there is simply too much high-octane scholarship to take in, even under a rigorous reading regime. It would provide a meaningful backbone to a graduate seminar on Faulkner and film, or literature and media theory. Yet many of these essays can be understood and appreciated on their own. Jay Watson, for example, invites...

Research on Copy-Move Image Forgery Detection Using Features of Discrete Polar Complex Exponential Transform

With the aid of sophisticated photo-editing software, such as Photoshop, copy-move image forgery operation has been widely applied and has become a major concern in the field of information security in the modern society. A lot of work on detecting this kind of forgery has gained great achievements, but the detection results of geometrical transformations of copy-move regions are not so satisfactory. In this paper, a new method based on the Polar Complex Exponential Transform is proposed. This method addresses issues in image geometric moment, focusing on constructing rotation invariant moment and extracting features of the rotation invariant moment. In order to reduce rounding errors of the transform from the Polar coordinate system to the Cartesian coordinate system, a new transformation method is presented and discussed in detail at the same time. The new method constructs a [Formula: see text] shrunk template to transform the Cartesian coordinate system back to the Polar coordinate system. It can reduce transform errors to a much greater degree. Forgery detection, such as copy-move image forgery detection, is a difficult procedure, but experiments prove our method is a great improvement in detecting and identifying forgery images affected by the rotated transform.