Phosphorus Acid Research Articles

Effect of Foliar Spraying with Ascorbic Acid and Dry Yeast Extract on Some Vegetative Growth Traits and Chemical Content of Bitter Almond (Prunus Amygdalus Var. Amara) Seedlings

Bitter almond seedlings are an important rootstock of sweet almond and other stone fruit species. The suitable stem diameter of rootstock for budding and grafting is the aim of nurseries. Thus, the seedlings are treated with nutrients, hormones and organic materials to enhance the vegetative growth and produce healthy and typical rootstocks. In this study, the emerged bitter almond seedlings were sprayed with three concentrations of ascorbic acid (AsA) (150, 300 and 450 mg. L−1), two concentration of dry yeast extract (DY) (4 and 8 g. L−1) and their interactions, as well as the control treatment (Tap water). The treatments were applied three times throughout the 2017 growing season. The results showed that the ascorbic acid spraying especially 300 mg.L−1 significantly increased leaf area, total leaves area per plant, seedling height, stem diameter, branches length and leaves’ content of phosphorus and ascorbic acid. Meanwhile the effect of dry yeast extract treatments when separately sprayed were less than expected, but the interaction treatments affected positively on some studied measurements. The foliar spray with 150 mg.L−1 AsA + 4.0 g.L−1 DY gave the highest values of stem diameter, branch length and carbohydrate concentration in leaves of bitter almond seedlings. Finally, the foliar spray with 300 mg. L−1 AsA alone or 150 mg.L−1 AsA + 4.0 g.L−1 DY are the recommended to obtain rootstocks of suitable diameter to budding or grafting during one growing season.

Phosphorus-doped activated carbon catalyst for n-hexane dehydroaromatization reaction

Phosphorus-doped activated carbon (P@AC), prepared by wet impregnation method, can serve as efficient metal-free catalyst for the dehydroaromatization of n-hexane to benzene under mild conditions. The effect of phosphorus amount and phosphorus sources including phenylphosphonic acid (PPOA), phosphorus acid (H3PO4), triphenylphosphine (TPP), and tributylphosphine (TBP) on catalytic performance of P@AC were investigated. Combining with characterization analysis, functional groups containing -P(O)(OH) on the carbon surface are believed to be the active sites for dehydroaromatization catalysis.

FUNCTIONAL STATE OF KIDNEYS IN PATIENTS WITH IHD

The aim of the study: to study the functional state of the kidneys in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) in the long-term period after myocardial revascularization. Material and research methods. The study included 160 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD), hospitalized for coronary angiography and decisions on the appropriateness and choice of revascularization technique. The study did not include patients with eGFR less than 60 ml/min. All patients were prescribed standard IHD therapy. On the second day after the endovascular procedure, coronary angiography/percutaneous coronary intervention (CAG/PCI), all patients underwent determination of the blood creatinine concentration to identify patients who developed contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). In dynamics, three months later, at the end of the first and second years of observation after revascularization, all patients underwent determination of the functional state of the kidneys: the concentration of blood creatinine, with the calculation of GFR, the concentration of parathyroid hormone, phosphorus, uric acid in the peripheral blood. According to the results of coronary angiography, 21 patients underwent surgical revascularization (coronary artery bypass grafting CABG) within a month after CAG. Endovascular revascularization (stenting of the coronary arteries) was performed in 139 patients. CIN in the early period after endovascular intervention was observed in 37 patients. The study showed that during 2 years of follow-up after coronary revascularization, there was a progressive decrease in eGFR: by the 3rd month, eGFR decreased by -17.39 ± 1.17%, by the end of the 1st year - by -43.62 ± 1.28%, by the end of the second year of follow-up - by -46.50 ± 1.79% The decrease in eGFR was significantly more pronounced in the group of patients who had CIN in the early period after endovascular intervention (37 patients): (-39 , 82 ± 2.02% by the end of the 3rd month, -54.61 ± 2.94% by the end of the 1st year and -60.10 ± 3.99% by the end of the 2nd year of follow-up versus -10, 65 ± 0.57%, -40.32 ± 1.27% and -42.41 ± 1.85% in patients with CIN, respectively, p <0.001). By the third month of follow-up, the dynamics of eGFR in the groups, depending on the revascularization method, did not differ (-16.36 ± 3.30% and -17.55 ± 1.25%, respectively). By the end of the 1st year of follow-up, in patients who underwent surgical revascularization, the decrease in eGFR was significantly more pronounced than in patients who underwent coronary artery stenting (-51.80 ± 3.51% versus -42.39 ± 1.35%, p <0.05), and the differences increased even more during the second year of observation (-57.99 ± 4.75% versus -44.76 ± 1.89%, p <0.05). Violation of the functional state of the kidneys was manifested by an increase in the concentration of blood phosphorus, parathyroid hormone and uric acid. The concentration of these markers increased during observation in parallel with a decrease in eGFR. The concentration of these substances was higher in patients after CIN. compared with patients with an uncomplicated postprocedural period. The concentration of uric acid was initially higher in the group of patients who underwent CABG compared with patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention PTCI. Conclusion. In patients with IHD after revascularization, there is a significant decrease in the glomerular filtration function of the kidneys by the 3rd month after the endovascular procedure and lasts at least 2 years. The most significant decrease was observed in patients with diabetes mellitus, as well as in patients who underwent CIN in the early period after endovascular intervention. The progression of CKD continues to be accompanied by an increase in the concentration of parathyroid hormone, uric acid and blood phosphates.

Comparison of digestible and metabolizable energy and digestible phosphorus and amino acid content of corn ethanol coproducts from Brazil and the United States produced using fiber separation technology for swine.

Three experiments (exp.) were conducted to determine and compare the digestibility of nutrients and energy of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from the United States (USDDGS), a dried mixture of corn bran with solubles (CBS) from Brazil (BRCBS), and high protein corn distillers dried grains (HP-DDG) from the United States (USHPDG) and Brazil (BRHPDG) in growing pigs. The feed ingredients were evaluated for apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract, neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF and ADF, respectively), and digestible and metabolizable energy (DE and ME, respectively) using the total collection and index methods in exp. 1; ATTD and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in exp. 2; and apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibilities of CP and amino acids (AA) in exp. 3. Fifty crossbred barrows (32.4 ± 6.9, 38.3 ± 5.2, and 46.2 ± 5.3 kg body weight [BW], in exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were fed a corn basal diet in exp. 1, a P-free diet in exp. 2, and an N-free diet in exp. 3 or diets with 40% inclusion of test ingredients to provide 10 replications per treatment. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism cages (exp. 1) or in pens (exp. 2 and 3) and fed at 2.8 times the maintenance DE requirement (110 kcal/kg BW0.75) based on their BW at the beginning of each experiment. Except for ATTD of NDF, which tended (P = 0.058) to be greater by the index method compared with the total collection method, no difference between the total collection and index methods was observed for ATTD of remaining nutrients and DE. The ATTD of DM, GE, NDF, and DE content of BRHPDG were greater (P < 0.001) than USHPDG, BRCBS, and USDDGS. The AID of CP, Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Thr, and Val and the SID of His, Leu, Lys, and Val of BRHPDG were 8% to 36% greater (P < 0.05) than those from USHPDG. Except for Trp, all AID and SID AA values were greater (P < 0.05) in BRHPDG than in USHPDG. The ATTD of DM, GE, NDF, and ADF; DE and ME content; AID of CP, Arg, Ile, Leu, Phe, Thr, and Trp; and SID of CP, Arg, Phe, and Thr of USDDGS were 9% to 45% greater (P < 0.05) than those in BRCBS. The ATTD and the STTD of P in USHPDG and USDDGS were 26% to 42% greater (P < 0.05) compared with BRHPDG and BRCBS. In conclusion, BRHPDG had a greater digestibility of energy and most of the AA than USHPDG, while the BRCBS evaluated had lower nutritional value than the USDDGS source.

Multifunctionality-assisted supramolecular architecture formation in tert-butyl phosphonic acid adducts with cytosine and adenine

Studies on interaction of phosphorus acids with N-heterocycles/nucleobases can unravel supramolecular architectures which can have implications in understanding similar interactions in biological systems. Interaction of tert-butyl phosphonic acid (tBuPO3H2) with nucleobases cytosine (cyt) and adenine (aden) leads to the isolation of hydrogen-bonded supramolecular motifs [(tBuPO3H)(cyt-H)] (1) and [(tBuPO3H)(aden-H)] (2). Solid-state structures of these two adducts established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies were found to contain a 1:1 ratio of the phosphorus acid and the nucleobase. Presence of hydrophobic t-butyl groups on phosphorous in compounds 1 and 2 aids the isolation of water-free acid-base complexes. Adducts 1 and 2 exist as hydrogen-bonded ion pair, each possessing eight-membered hydrogen-bonded rings involving nucleobase molecules and PO3H units of the phosphonate anions. A number of N–H···O, C–H···O, and O–H···O hydrogen bonds apart from weak C–H···O interactions are prevalent in the structures of these supramolecular architectures.

Characterizing the diversity of grain phytic acid content in Indian rice landraces by multivariate genetic analyses

Phytic acid (PA) acts as chelator of cationic mineral elements iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) and obstructs their absorption in the human gut. We have evaluated a set of 162 traditional rice landraces for phytic acid phosphorus (PA-P), inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and total phosphorus (TP). Wide variability was observed for PA-P, Pi and TP ranging from 1.12 to 3 mg/g, 0.004 to 0.16 mg/g and 1.17 to 3.04 mg/g respectively. The mineral micronutrients, Fe and Zn were not in correlation with PA-P, Pi and TP implicating the possibility of their independent improvement while PAP showed a significant positive correlation with TP and significant negative correlation with Pi. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified two principal components PC1 and PC2, explaining 50.6 % and 32.1 % of the total variation, respectively. Cluster analysis grouped the accessions into four clusters. The study has also led to the identification of promising donors such as P1490 and Gowri with low PA content to be utilized in rice biofortification programmes.

Interactions between cover crops and soil microorganisms increase phosphorus availability in conservation agriculture

AimsAn essential task of agricultural systems is to improve internal phosphorus (P) recycling. Cover crops and tillage reduction can increase sustainability, but it is not known whether stimulation of the soil microbial community can increase the availability of soil organic P pools.MethodsIn a field experiment in southwest Germany, the effects of a winter cover crop mixture (vs. bare fallow) and no-till (vs. non-inversion tillage) on microbial P-cycling were assessed with soybean as the main crop. Microbial biomass, phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), P cycling enzymes, and carbon-substrate use capacity were linked for the first time with the lability of organic P pools measured by enzyme addition assays (using phosphodiesterase, non-phytase-phosphomonoesterase and fungal phytase).ResultsMicrobial phosphorus, phosphatase, and fatty acids increased under cover crops, indicating an enhanced potential for organic P cycling. Enzyme-stable organic P shifted towards enzyme-labile organic P pools. Effects of no-till were weaker, and a synergy with cover crops was not evident.ConclusionsIn this experiment, cover crops were able to increase the microbially mediated internal P cycling in a non-P-limited, temperate agroecosystems.

Organocatalytic Enantioselective Aza‐Michael Addition of Arylamines to 7‐Methide‐7H‐Indoles

AbstractA chiral phosphorus acid catalyzed enantioselective 1,4‐conjugate addition of arylamines to in situ formed 7‐methylene‐7H‐indoles from 7‐indolylmethanols has been developed for the first time. Without additives, the catalytic protocol enabled the formation of 1,4‐adducts with a nitrogen‐containing tertiary carbon stereocenter in 66–96% yield with 70–89% ee under mild conditions.magnified image

Tumor Lysis Syndrome: Implications for Oncology Nursing Practice.

To provide an overview of tumor lysis syndrome, which is one of the metabolic oncologic emergencies. A review and synthesis of empirical articles. One of the metabolic oncologic emergencies identified by the Oncology Nursing Society is tumor lysis syndrome. This condition is life-threatening and is characterized by metabolic derangements that can lead to acute kidney injury and multiple organ dysfunction. Normal intracellular components (potassium, phosphorus, and nucleic acids) spill into the bloodstream when cancer cells die. If the tumor is large and highly responsive to chemotherapy, the resulting cascade of dead tumor cells may overwhelm normal homeostatic mechanisms. The cells enter the bloodstream faster than they can be cleared by the kidneys. This results in hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia. Nucleic acids convert to uric acid in the liver with a resultant hyperuricemia. Excess uric acid in the kidneys can lead to uric acid nephropathy and renal insufficiency. Phosphorus binds with calcium, leading to hypocalcemia from the formation of calcium phosphate precipitate or crystals. These crystals can also lead to renal insufficiency or acute kidney injury, which can lead to a metabolic acidosis and exacerbation of the hyperkalemic state. These metabolic derangements define presence of tumor lysis syndrome. Multidisciplinary collaboration and communication is essential to identifying patients at risk prior to treatment. Meticulous nursing care in terms of prevention and treatment is critical to patient survival.

Effect of Citric Acid and Phosphorus Coexistence on Cadmium Adsorption by Soil

In brown-red soil, the effect of phosphorus and citric acid co-existence on the adsorption of cadmium was studied using indoor experiments and isothermal equilibrium adsorption analysis. After treatment with different doses of phosphorus and citric acid, the fractions of cadmium were altered by varying dry and wet conditions. The results showed that:① Soil treated with 10 mg·L-1 of CdCl2 solution showed no notable effect on cadmium adsorption when a low concentration of phosphorus was added (40 mg·L-1); however, higher a concentration of added phosphorus (80 mg·L-1) significantly increased cadmium adsorption (an increase of 78 g·kg-1 and 7.89% compared to the control treatment); ② Using a 40 mg·L-1 phosphorus solution, the addition of citric acid proportionally reduced cadmium adsorption. This inhibition effect was more notable for the soil treated with low-dose phosphorus (40 mg·L-1) than the high-dose treatment with 1 mmol·L-1 and 5 mmol·L-1 citric acid (cadmium adsorption decreased by 30.89% and 40.97%, respectively). The effect of citric acid was not significant, however, at higher concentrations of phosphorus. When the concentration of citric acid reached 5 mmol·L-1, cadmium adsorption was only 1% lower than without citric acid treatment; ③ Periodic dry-wet alternation significantly promoted the transformation of cadmium from a weak acid extractable and reducible state to an oxidizable and residual state in the soil. That is, the availability of cadmium in soil subjected to the combined action of phosphorus and citric acid decreased with an increase in wet and dry alternations.

Potential of corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in the diet of European catfish (Silurus glanis)

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the suitability of corn DDGS as a protein source for European catfish (Silurus glanis). The first experiment consisted of an in vivo digestibility assessment to determine apparent digestibility coefficients for protein, lipid, phosphorus and amino acids available in DDGS. One hundred twenty juveniles (average weight, 154.29 ± 2.73 g) were distributed in recirculation water system equipped with six 1m3 fiberglass tanks (20 fish per tank), which were allotted to two experimental group in triplicates. Juveniles were fed either of the two diets, with or without DDGS (DDGS diet or reference diet) ad libitum till saturation 3 times per day for two weeks. Apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and phosphorus of DDGS ingredient for Europeean catfish were found 49.42 %, 73.39 %, 77.38 % and 87.98 % respectively. The second experiment was conducted for eight weeks to evaluate the effect of corn DDGS on growth, nutrient utilization and metabolism of European catfish. Two hundred forty juveniles of European catfish (average weight, 272.7 ± 37.8 g) were stocked in 1000 L glass fibre tanks in a recirculation system in triplicates. Juveniles were fed with either of the four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric (37 % crude protein and 6 % crude fat) experimental diets formulated with the inclusion of 0, 10, 20 and 30 % corn DDGS with partial replacement of soybean and wheat. No significant differences were found between the experimental groups regarding growth performance and plasma biochemical parameters. The liver histopathological observations showed that 20 and 30 % DDGS groups had less vacuolized hepatocytes than the other groups. Both experiments conclude that apparent digestibility of corn DDGS is auspicious for European catfish and 30 % DDGS can be included in the diet of European catfish without compromising the growth performance and nutrient utilization.

Reaction Kinetics of Palm Char and Coke with Iron Oxides in EAF Steelmaking Slag

The reaction kinetics, activation energy, and reduction rates of different carbon reductant properties with electric arc furnace (EAF) slag determine the effectiveness of carbon in EAF steelmaking. This article investigates the interaction between slag and carbonaceous materials derived from palm char and coke. Palm shells were converted into palm char using chemical activation method (phosphorus acid, H3PO4) and pyrolyzed at 450 °C for 2 h in a horizontal tube furnace. Then, all the carbonaceous materials were mixed with iron oxide from slag with mass ratio of 1:3.73. The reduction reaction was carried out in a horizontal tube furnace at different temperature ranges of 1250–1550 °C under argon gas to understand the reaction kinetics, activation energies, and reduction rates of iron oxide from EAF slag with palm char and coke. All iron oxides in EAF slag were completely reduced into metallic iron at 1550 °C for both reductants. The phase and quantity of reduced iron were confirmed by Rietveld refinement method using X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Palm char/slag has lower activation energy value, E (38.52 kJ/mol), than coke/slag (47.75 kJ/mol). The reaction rate of palm char was found faster (4.99 × 10–5 mol/cm2 s) than coke due to larger specific surface area, higher pore volume, amorphous carbon structure, and higher fixed carbon with high volatile content leading to lower activation energy, thus accelerating the iron oxide reduction rates. This finding forms the basic understanding of the reaction between EAF slag and carbonaceous materials for future research on the production of palm char as a feasible carbon reductant in EAF steelmaking.

Антипіренна композиція для вогнезахисту целюлозовмісних матеріалів

The article presents the results of research on the creation of flame retardant composition for fire protection of cellulose-containing materials. The analysis was performed of flame retardant compositions for impregnation of cellulose-based materials. Phosphorus-based compounds have been shown to be most effective in providing fire protection in the solid phase and during decomposition. They are able to decompose when heated to form phosphoric acid, which inhibits direct oxidation and greatly reduces the spread of fire. Also, noteworthy are compositions based on salts and acids of phosphorus and nitrogen. The mechanism of action of these compositions is aimed at reducing the amount of heat during combustion and becomes insufficient for self-combustion. It was also found that during ignition fire-retardant compositions interact with the components of cellulose, which forms residual phosphorus and nitrogen, resulting in increased efficiency of fire-retardant action. Fire-retardant impregnating compositions are aqueous solutions of flame retardants. The materials are impregnated in a container with a flame retardant solution or sprayed on the surface of the material with an industrial spray. This method is simple and effective, but the result is short-lived. More effective is the method of introducing flame retardant at the molecular level into the fiber structure. One of the important methods is to restore the fire-retardant properties of materials during their operation and products from them.

Dual emissive carbon dots with one-pot synthesized and their tunable luminescence

In this study, a dual photoluminescence (PL) carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are obtained using two common raw materials, phenylenediamines and phosphorus acid, with a one-step hydrothermal method. The three typical CQDs are obtained by using three phenylenediamine isomers as carbon source, which can emit a bright and stable turquoise, green and yellow light under a single ultraviolet-light excitation, respectively. In addition, the effect of reaction temperature and ambient pH on the performance of CQDs is systematically researched in the hydrothermal process. The results show that tunable optical properties of CQDs can be achieved by changing the reaction temperature, carbon sources and the surrounding pH value.

A novel flame retardant based on polyhydric alcohols and P–N synergy for treatment of cotton fabrics

A novel flame retardant with high P content and multi-reactive ammonium phosphorus acid groups Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) imino tris-(hydroxymethyl)-methane methylphosphonic acid (ABTMPA) was synthesized for treatment of cotton fabrics. The ABTMPA treated cotton fabrics were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The structure of the ABTMPA was analyzed by the nuclear magnetic resonance. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) was used to evaluate the flame retardancy and durability of the treated cotton fabrics. The LOI value of cotton fabric treated with 31% ABTMPA was 50.2%, and an LOI of 41.2% was retained after 50 laundering cycles. Micro-burning calorimetry showed that total heat of combustion of the treated cotton fabric was reduced, and the char residual was much higher than that of pure cotton. Thermogravimetric (TG) and TG-FTIR analyses indicated that the flame retardant ABTMPA changed the thermal decomposition pathway of cellulose, and the combustible gases generated at high temperature was much lower than that of pure cotton. Flame retardant treated cotton fabric had excellent flame retardancy and durability. In addition, whiteness and breaking strength are well maintained. Therefore the ABTMPA shows the potential of flame retardants in future commercial applications.

A novel high durability flame retardant with phosphoric acid ester groups and a reactive ammonium phosphorus acid group for cotton fabrics

A novel reactive flame retardant with two phosphoric acid ester groups and one ammonium phosphorus acid group, the ammonium salt of 2,7-bis(dimethoxyphosphoryl)-3,7-dimethyl-3-phosphonic acid (FR–LO), was synthesized. The treated cotton fabrics displayed a high flame retardancy and excellent durability because the FR–LO molecule contains two phosphoric acid ester groups without an ammonium ion that can be eliminated and decrease the flame retardancy. The cotton fabrics treated with 30% FR–LO had limiting oxygen indexes of 43.4, and 29.7 after 50 laundry cycles according to AATCC 61–2013 2A standard. Scanning electron microscope images and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that the treated cotton fibers retained their complete structure after combustion, and nitrogen and phosphorus were present in the treated cotton fibers. Thermogravimetric and thermogravimetric-infrared analyses showed that the treated cotton produced more carbon residue and released fewer combustible gases during thermal decomposition. Microscale combustion calorimetry showed that the heat release rate and total heat release of the treated cotton during combustion were much lower than those of pre-treated cotton. The stiffness of cotton treated with FR–LO increased, and its tensile strength decreased compared with pre-treated cotton.

Novel nano-architectured carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with phosphorous acid tags as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of multisubstituted 4H-pyran with indole moieties under mild conditions.

In this work, a new nano-structured catalyst with phosphorus acid moieties, synthesized by the reaction of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and phosphorus acid under refluxing EtOH. The structure and morphology of CQDs–N(CH2PO3H2)2 were fully characterized using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, fluorescence and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The new CQDs–N(CH2PO3H2)2 catalyst was successfully used for the synthesis of 2-amino-6-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-pyran-3,5-dicarbonitriles by the one-pot reaction of various aromatic aldehydes, 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile derivatives and malononitrile in refluxing EtOH and/or ultrasonic irradiation conditions.

Efficiency of Transfer of Essential Substances from Phytoplankton to Planktonic Crustaceans in Mesotrophic Conditions

We assessed the efficiency of the transfer of essential substances (carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, and fatty acids (FA), including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)) from phytoplankton to planktonic crustaceans in experimental mesocosms in the presence and absence of fish. The experiments were conducted under mesotrophic conditions in 300 L mesocosms. We have found that transfer efficiencies from producers to consumers are different for different substances. In particular, FA, including PUFAs, are transferred less efficiently than carbon. In contrast, the efficiency of nutrient transfer, especially phosphorus, is higher than that of carbon. This evidences that zooplankton can accumulate nutrients, increasing their quality as a resource for higher trophic levels. Fish significantly reduced the efficiency of carbon transfer from phytoplankton to zooplankton per unit of water volume, but did not affect the transfer of substances per unit of biomass. Thus, the quality of zooplankton as a food resource for higher trophic levels did not decrease in the presence of fish, despite the decline in the efficiency of the transfer of the essential substances per unit of water volume under their influence. Since the efficiency of essential substances transfered from phytoplankton to zooplankton determines the functioning of the entire trophic web, we should seek ways to increase it.

Efficient Synthesis of Tetraacetylglycoluril in the Presence of Phosphorus-Containing Catalysts

The effect of phosphorus-containing catalysts, namely phosphorous acid, phosphoric acid, diethyl hydrogen phosphite, and 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diyldiphosphonic acid (HEDP), in the synthesis of tetraacetylglycoluril by acylation of glycoluril with acetic anhydride at 140°C has been studied. The use of 4 equiv of phosphorous or phosphoric acid with respect to glycoluril has been found to be the most appropriate for achieving the maximum yield (95–98%), and specific effect of HEDP leads to N-acetylation–deacetylation of substrates. The positive effect of phosphorus acids on the formation of tetraacetylglycoluril may be related to not only their catalytic action but also the ability to solubilize the substrate.

Recent Therapeutic Interventions of Fenugreek Seed: A Mechanistic Approach.

Fenugreek seeds have widespread relations with Ayurveda, Unani, and Arabic medicine. The seeds were useful for the treatment and prevention of different ailments. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) or methi is from the Leguminosae family and are primarily known for its anti-diabetic and hypocholesterolemic activities. The germinated fenugreek seeds were used in the treatment of E.coli infection in Germany and France. The important phytoconstituents responsible for such medicinal applications are saponins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, galactomannans, trigonelline, and 4-hydroxy isoleucine. Flavonoids, apigenin 6,8-di-C-glucoside, apigenin-6-C-glucosyl-8-C-galactoside, 6-Cgalactosyl- 8-C-arabinoside are the chief ingredients of fenugreek seeds; responsible for reducing blood glucose while given to diabetic rats, whereas important flavones are epigenin, luteolin and vitexin. The other major bioactive components in fenugreek seeds are polyphenols like rhaponticin and isovitexin. Fenugreek seeds contain phosphorus and are categorized into different classes such as inorganic phosphorus, phospholipids, phytates, phosphor-proteins, and nucleic acid. Germinated seeds profusely filled with amino acids with amino acids, proteins, ascorbic acid, sugars. Further, this review shares information about the recent therapeutic intervention not covered earlier; on in vivo and in vitro and some clinical applications against certain interesting ailments other than older applications. This review includes certain nano delivery systems of Fenugreek seeds and their medicinal application.