Phosphorous Doping Research Articles

Characterisation Analysis of Sulphur and Phosphorous Doped and Co-doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Materials

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is tailored with doping of different non-metals (Sulphur and Phosphorus). For synthesis through thermal condensation method, the mixtures of urea and dopant with diverse concentrations have been added for preparation of materials. The basic effect of doping and its concentration on the structural morphology and absorption spectra of the samples is investigated in detail. Pure g-C3N4 suffers from high recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs resulting in low photocatalytic activity. Different techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) have been used for the characterization. X-ray diffraction studies confirm the formation of the g-C3N4 structure and SEM images reveal crumpled sheets and irregular plate like shapes of the doped graphitic nitride samples. FTIR analysis identify the presence of surface amino (N-H) and water (O-H) groups, cyano terminal group (C≡N), (C≡C), C–N) and (C=N) bonds and breathing mode of the tri-s-triazine units in the samples. PL spectra shows that the sulphur and phosphorus co-doped PSGCN (8 wt.%) sample is better for photocatalytic activity.

Low-temperature epitaxial SiGe:P for gate-all-around n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor devices

This study investigates the viability of Si1−x Ge x :P (x ≤ 0.3) as a novel source/drain material for n-channel Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor for Gate-All-Around (GAA) transistors, addressing the challenges posed by the evolving semiconductor technology. Utilizing a reduced-pressure chemical vapor deposition system, undoped SiGe with low Ge contents were grown at temperatures of ≤500 °C. The addition and optimization of phosphorous doping using phosphine results in improved surface morphology and increased active carrier concentration. The study compares Si1−x Ge x :P with different silicon precursors and temperatures, emphasizing the potential for maintaining high growth rates at lower temperatures when using Si3H8. Ti/Si1−x Ge x :P stacks reveal a promising reduction in contact resistivity with decreasing the Ge content, particularly when incorporating thin Si:P cap layers at the Ti/Si1−x Ge x :P interface. This comprehensive study highlights the potential of Si1−x Ge x :P as an alternative material for advanced GAA transistor technologies, offering improved mobility and meeting the thermal budget requirements.

In situ anchoring of bimetal (Cu, Fe) sulfides featured by sulfur vacancy and phosphorus doping within porous carbon nanocubes derived from Prussian blue analogs to activate peroxymonosulfate for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants

In this work, Prussian blue analogues (CuFe-PBA) derived copper-iron sulfides/N-doped porous carbon composite (CuFe-NC-SP-x) was prepared as an effective peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator to degrade sulfadiazine (SDZ). A strategy that kills two birds with one stone was proposed to construct CuFe-NC-SP-x, i.e., S-etched CuFe-PBA (CuFe-PBA-S) was annealed with NaH2PO2 in N2 atmosphere to simultaneously introduce sulfur vacancy (Sv) and phosphorus doping. 40 μM SDZ was completely removed by CuFe-NC-SP-2/PMS in 20 min (0.2 g/L catalyst and 0.5 mM PMS). The kobs value obtained by CuFe-NC-SP-2 (0.48 min−1) was nearly 33 and 17 times higher than that of CuFe-PBA (0.014 min−1) and CuFe-PBA-S (0.028 min−1), respectively. Quenching tests, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis indicated that PMS activation in the system involved radical pathway (26.1 % OH and 22.7 % SO4–) and non-radical pathway (17.8 % 1O2 and 33.4 % electron transfer process). OH, SO4– and 1O2 were mainly produced by S enhanced metal sites for PMS activation. The synergistic effect of Sv and P doping enabled the powerful electron transfer mechanism. Electrochemical tests and DFT calculations demonstrated that Sv existing in CuFe-NC-SP-x improved the electron donor ability and increased the adsorption energy toward PMS, and phosphorus doping accelerated the electron transport from SDZ to PMS. This work not only provides a novel strategy to synthesize a high effective PMS activator by introducing Sv and phosphorous doing in one step, but also manages to comprehensively understand the electron transfer activation mechanisms of PMS facilitated by Sv and phosphorous doping.

Phosphorous - Containing Activated Carbon Derived From Natural Honeydew Peel Powers Aqueous Supercapacitors.

The introduction of phosphorous (P), and oxygen (O) heteroatoms in the natural honeydew chemical structure is one of the most effective, and practical approaches to synthesizing activated carbon for possible high-performance energy storage applications. The performance metrics of supercapacitors depend on surface functional groups and high-surface-area electrodes that can play a dominant role in areas that require high-power applications. Here, we report a phosphorous and oxygen co-doped honeydew peel-derived activated carbon (HDP-AC) electrode with low surface area for supercapacitor via H3PO4 activation. This activator forms phosphorylation with cellulose fibers in the HDP. The formation of heteroatoms stabilizes the cellulose structure by preventing the formation of levoglucosan (C6H10O5), a cellulose combustion product, which would otherwise offer a pathway for a substantial degradation of cellulose into volatile products. Therefore, heteroatom doping has proved effective, in improving the electrochemical properties of AC-based electrodes for supercapacitors. The specific capacitance of HDP-AC exhibits greatly improved performance with increasing carbon-to-H3PO4 ratio, especially in energy density and power density. The improved performance is attributed to the high phosphorous doping with a hierarchical porous structure, which enables the transportation of ions at higher current rates. The high specific capacitance of 486, and 478 F/g at 0.6, and 1.3 A/g in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte with a prominent retention of 98.5 % is observed for 2 M H3PO4 having an impregnation ratio of 1 : 4. The higher yield of HDP-AC could only be obtained at an activation temperature of 500 °C with an optimized amount of H3PO4 ratio. The findings suggest that the concentration of heteroatoms as surface functional groups in the synthesized HDP-AC depends on the chosen biomass precursor and the processing conditions. This work opens new avenues for utilizing biomass-derived materials in energy storage, emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices in addressing environmental challenges and advancing toward a greener future.

Tailored Core-Shell Nanostructure Achieved through Atomic Layer Deposition for Superior Energy Storage Performance Application

A distinctive method was employed to construct ultrathin NiO on phosphorous-doped MnO2 nanosheets, utilizing a straightforward hydrothermal process to form a Mn precursor on Ni-foam followed by phosphorous doping through a simple solid-state annealing process and ALD technique. The impact of phosphorous doping was examined by varying the annealing temperature, resulting in a significant increase in oxygen vacancies and electrochemical performance. Additionally, the atomic layer deposition of NiO not only improved electrochemical performance but also ensured cycling stability without impeding the system. By adjusting the thickness of the NiO thin films over phosphorous-doped MnO2, a notable enhancement in electrochemical performance was achieved, as evidenced by the performance of the solid-state asymmetric device. This hybrid approach is expected to pave the way for novel electrode material designs for high-performance supercapacitors, leveraging electroactive metal oxides through ALD coating.

Overcoming Challenges in Ion-Pair Membrane Technology: Advancements in Fuel Cells and Electrochemical Hydrogen Pumps

The Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) stands as the pivotal element in electrochemical devices such as fuel cells and electrochemical hydrogen pumps (EHP). Notably, ion-pair High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (HT-PEMFCs) with reduced phosphoric acid concentrations within the MEA have been innovatively designed, allowing for the integration of diverse ion-conducting binders, known as ionomers, into both the cathode and anode electrodes [1]. This study delineates initial distinctions in MEA configurations among different device types (HT-Fuel cell and EHP), conducting a comprehensive analysis of performance disparities between traditional polybenzimidazole-based systems and various ion-pair proton exchange membranes [2].Subsequently, a detailed exploration unfolds, focusing on the utilization of ion-pair membranes and different ionomer types for the three aforementioned devices. This comprehensive examination offers a unified comparative analysis encompassing ionomer type, membrane thickness, catalyst:ionomer ratio, and phosphoric acid doping levels, particularly in the context of performance at intermediate temperatures (160℃). Conclusions are drawn based on results derived from both half-cell and single-cell evaluations. Finally, overarching guidelines are presented to inform the formulation of high-performance MEA configurations tailored for ion-pair HT-PEMFCs and EHPs.

Challenges to extracting spatial information about double P dopants in Si from STM images

The design and implementation of dopant-based silicon nanoscale devices rely heavily on knowing precisely the locations of phosphorous dopants in their host crystal. One potential solution combines scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging with atomistic tight-binding simulations to reverse-engineer dopant coordinates. This work shows that such an approach may not be straightforwardly extended to double-dopant systems. We find that the ground (quasi-molecular) state of a pair of coupled phosphorous dopants often cannot be fully explained by the linear combination of single-dopant ground states. Although the contributions from excited single-dopant states are relatively small, they can lead to ambiguity in determining individual dopant positions from a multi-dopant STM image. To overcome that, we exploit knowledge about dopant-pair wave functions and propose a simple yet effective scheme for finding double-dopant positions based on STM images.

D-band center modulation of supported Ru on phosphorous doped black TiO2 for efficient hydrogen generation

Metal oxide has been considered as promising support to regulate the active microenvironment of noble metals to promote the catalytic performance, but they suffer from unsatisfactory electrical resistance and poor stability. Herein, ultrafast quasi-solid microwave (60 s) is employed to achieve phosphorous-doped black TiO2 supported Ru (Ru/P-TiO2) with d-band center modulation to optimize the reaction kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The as-synthesized Ru/P-TiO2 exhibits extraordinary HER activities in alkaline fresehwater/seawater electrolytes with overpotential of 43 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2 coupled with satisfactory stability. Experiment and density functional theory (DFT) calculation clarify that the achieved Ru/P-TiO2 owns optimal d-band center for H* adsorption. Moreover, the phosphorous doping enhanced the electronic interactions between Ru and oxygen vacancy-enriched TiO2 to optimize the reaction kinetics and enhance the stability. This work provides promising strategy to modulate the metal oxide matrix for designing novel catalysts on energy conversion and storage applications.

Role of sulfur and phosphorous doping on the electrochemical performance of graphene oxide-based electrodes

Heteroatom doping of graphene oxide (GO) with phosphorous (P), and sulfur (S) was studied. In-situ grown binder-free electrodes of these doped and un-doped GO systems were developed via hydrothermal process. S-GO, P-GO, PS-GO, and un-doped hydrothermally treated GO (H-GO) electrodes were thoroughly investigated through physical and electrochemical characterization. The PS-GO electrode, comprising P (10.90 at%), S (0.3 at%), C (45.54 at%), O (36.36 at%), and Ni (2.38 at%) atoms, exhibited a mixed morphology of a few hundred nanometers doped GO flakes and dissolved Ni foam nanorods. Electrochemical analysis showed, this mixed morphology stimulates the charge storage ability of the PS-GO electrode and achieved a high specific capacity of 1218 C/g, compared to 647 C/g for H-GO at 1 mV/s. Electrochemical analysis revealed, charge was primarily stored through the capacitive charge storage mechanism, where only surface atoms are solely responsible for developing a double layer or facilitating redox reactions between electrode atoms and electrolyte ions. Additionally, the PS-GO electrode demonstrated an energy density of 76.94 Wh/kg at 1 A/g, which is much closer to that of batteries. We anticipate that PS-GO has the potential to be utilized as electrode material in modern energy storage devices.

Multifunctional activated carbon derived from novel biomass for high-performance energy storage applications: A sustainable alternative to fossil-fuel-derived carbon

Biomass-derived activated carbon materials have been attracted as low-cost and sustainable electrode materials for energy storage applications. In this work, we synthesised activated carbon from black gram whole skin for the first time, and the used source is a cost-effective carbon precursor. Nitrogen and phosphorous doping in activated carbon improved electronic conductivity, surface area and porosity. In supercapacitor application, the nitrogen and phosphorous doped activated carbon sample showed a high specific capacitance of 425 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and cycling stability of about 92.5 % capacitance retention even after 5000 cycles in a three-electrode system. The observed stable specific capacitance in a three-electrode system encouraged us to make a two-electrode symmetric device, showing a specific capacitance of 100 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 with a higher energy density of 20 Wh kg−1. In addition, the lithium storage capability of doped carbon showed good capacity of 750 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 with a reversible capacity of 687 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. The hetero-atom doped activated carbon derived from black gram skin showed outstanding electrochemical performance towards supercapacitor and lithium battery application, indicating a potential alternative to fossil fuel-derived carbon.

Effects of phosphorous and antimony doping on thin Ge layers grown on Si

Suppression of threading dislocations (TDs) in thin germanium (Ge) layers grown on silicon (Si) substrates has been critical for realizing high-performance Si-based optoelectronic and electronic devices. An advanced growth strategy is desired to minimize the TD density within a thin Ge buffer layer in Ge-on-Si systems. In this work, we investigate the impact of P dopants in 500-nm thin Ge layers, with doping concentrations from 1 to 50 × 1018 cm−3. The introduction of P dopants has efficiently promoted TD reduction, whose potential mechanism has been explored by comparing it to the well-established Sb-doped Ge-on-Si system. P and Sb dopants reveal different defect-suppression mechanisms in Ge-on-Si samples, inspiring a novel co-doping technique by exploiting the advantages of both dopants. The surface TDD of the Ge buffer has been further reduced by the co-doping technique to the order of 107 cm−2 with a thin Ge layer (of only 500 nm), which could provide a high-quality platform for high-performance Si-based semiconductor devices.

Effect of sulfur and phosphorous doping on the growth rate of CVD diamond (111)

The purpose with the present study has been to theoretically investigate the effect of P (or S) doping on the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth rate of diamond. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations under periodic boundary conditions were then used for the investigation of the highly symmetric H-terminated diamond (111) surface. It was shown that both the thermodynamics and kinetics of P (or S) substitutional doping during diamond (111) growth were severely affected by the dopants (as compared with the non-doped situation).As a result of the thermodynamic calculations, except for P doping in C layer 1, the thermodynamic driving force for the diamond (111) growth was found to be largely improved by positioning P within the upper surface region of the H-terminated diamond (111) surface, while the opposite was true for S-doping. The P doping had a local vertical influence on the H abstraction energies, which was not the situation for the S doping. Also, both P and S doping showed a local lateral influence on the H abstraction energies, which was more pronounced for P doping.As a result of the kinetic calculations, the vertical and lateral P doping showed no local effect on the H abstraction energy barriers. In fact, these energy barriers became zero for P positioned in C layer 2 and downwards and were also zero for longer distances from the H adsorbate. On the other hand, the vertical S doping showed a local effect on the calculated barrier energies, but no lateral effect. The calculated energy barriers were zero for all surface H adsorbates on the H-terminated diamond (111) surface when S was positioned in the 4th atomic C layer. The different results for P doping versus S doping could be explained by the fact that S contains one electron extra and that P has a larger electronegativity value.Consequently, the results showed that P positioned in the upper diamond (111) surface lattice caused an enhancement in the diamond growth rate. The exception was the position in C atomic layer 1, for which both P doping and S doping had no effect on the diamond growth rate. On the other hand, a growth rate improvement was only found for S positioned in the 4th C layer. Due to the much higher (i.e., more positive) theoretical incorporation energies of S dopants versus P dopants in the diamond lattice, it has here been concluded that P doping is more effective than S doping in increasing the growth rate of the H-terminated diamond (111). Especially when considering that the H adsorbates are very mobile on this diamond surface, which has been shown by ab initio MD simulations at experimental CVD temperatures. These observations correlate well with experimental results.

Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction by Amine Functionalization of Graphitic Carbon Nitride

Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN) is a promising photocatalyst for solar fuel generation, but its charge carrier mobility, charge recombination, and CO2 reduction/H2 evolution efficacy and selectivity are a strong function of the synthesis and postsynthesis techniques employed. Protonation and phosphorous doping of g‐CN yield promise visible light activities, promoting enhanced CO2 reduction and hydrogen evolution. However, the amine‐functionalized surface chemistry of g‐CN gains little attention in open literature. Herein, g‐CN and phosphorus‐doped g‐CN are synthesized via facile one‐pot pyrolysis and subjected to protonation postsynthesis to quantify the influence of common strategies on surface amine content and photocatalyst activity for H2 evolution and CO2 reduction. Material characterization confirms the exfoliation of the photocatalyst and change in the amine functionalization of the surface. The amorphous phosphorus‐doped g‐CN material exhibits a high number of surface amine groups, increasing the adsorption prior to reduction and enhancing selectivity for CO2 reduction.

Phosphorus-doped Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets enabling ambient NH3 synthesis with high current densities.

Herein, we show that P-doped Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets can effectively catalyze the NO3RR-to-NH3 conversion with a high faradaic efficiency of 95% and a yield rate of 5.39 mg h-1 mgcat.-1. Moreover, the catalyst achieves an impressive high current density of -1200 mA cm-2 at a low potential of -1.51 V, accompanied by an NH3 productivity of 123.5 mg h-1 mgcat.-1. Theoretical calculations further reveal that phosphorous dopants facilitate the adsorption and activation of reactants/intermediates and thus lower the energy barrier.

Activated Vacuum Residue for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Media

As a potential replacement for Pt-based materials, the heteroatom-doped and metal-free porous carbons have always been a crucial challenge in modern electrocatalysis. On the other hand, petroleum waste, particularly, vacuum residue presents as a carbon-rich precursor for the development of porous carbons for electrocatalysis. Herein, the new catalysts were prepared from vacuum residue gained from the local petroleum industry. The porous carbons (PCs) as the catalysts were prepared via a simple single route activation at 800 °C and 2 hours in the presence of phosphoric acid. PC possesses a high surface area at ~2200 m2/g with mixed micro- and meso porosities as well as high graphitization content. Spectroscopic analyses reveal up to ~6 % of phosphorous doping content. PCs were tested against oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) as an important challenge in electrochemistry. The structural features and the differences in the activating agents for the development of the PCs were compared to decipher the importance of the doped heteroatoms’ environment in ORR. The ORR efficiency of the electrocatalysts was compared against the commercial 5% Pt/C under alkaline conditions to show the potential of the vacuum residue-derived PCs as the sustainable utilization of petroleum waste.

Enhanced photocatalytic and antimicrobial activities of carbon-dots nanozymes modulated with P-doping

Bacterial contamination poses a serious and global threats to public health. Due to broad-band antimicrobial capacity and unspecific tissue interaction, antibacterial nanomaterials offer promising alternative and green strategies to resist bacterial contamination. Herein, an enhanced metal-free carbon-dots nanozymes, i.e., m-aminophenol based phosphoric acid doping carbon dots (P-CDs), with excellent photoresponse enzyme-like properties are designed through a simple one-pot hydrothermal method for highly effective antimicrobial. Developed P-CDs exhibited superior photoresponse oxidase-like activity, which may attribute to the higher crystallinity conferred by P-doping. Interestingly, the generation of superoxide radicals (O2•−) under photocatalytic for such P-CDs exhibited excellent antimicrobical effects with a high maximum reaction rate (33.3 × 10-8 M/s). Notably, P-CDs effectively inhibited the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria under a 1 W white LED irradiation, especially against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Plate counting experiments confirmed that 75 μg/mL P-CDs could kill 98 % of E. coli when illuminated for 60 min, however, 50 μg/mL P-CDs could inhibit 100 % of S. aureus for the same illumination time. Surely, our metal-free carbon dots nanozyme provides a strong and viable alternative for the management of bacterial contamination in food security and environmental preservation, as well as a theoretical basis for P-doping to promote photocatalytic activities of carbon-dots.

Revealing the structure of SiO2 and its effects on electrical properties

In this paper, the effects of vacancies and dopants on α-SiO2 are fully investigated with the first principle calculation and the finite element analysis method. The vacancies and dopants including the oxygen vacancy, silicon vacancy, boron dopant, and phosphorous dopant are considered. The oxygen vacancy, P substituted with O, and Si substituted with B are the most stable in the process of the oxide growth leading to the multi-layer microstructure of the tunneling oxide on the silicon substrate, and their concentrations increase with the temperature. Si substituted with B has larger capture cross sections than the other two types. The SONOS FLASH structure is built with the realistic manufacturing process to clarify the electrical effect of the multi-layer. The programming process with introduced levels from vacancies and dopants will be weakened with less charges storing in the floating gate which can reduce the circuit performance. The theoretical study from the electronic structure to electrical properties has remarkable senses for manufacturing devices and improving device performance in the future.

Development of PVA-ABO3 organic-inorganic nanocomposite proton exchange membrane for HT-PEMFCs

In this study for the first time, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-ABO3 (BaCeO3/SrCeO3/SrZrO3) nanocomposite membranes were prepared as proton exchange membrane for high-temperature proton exchange membranes fuel cell (HT-PEMFC). Proton ion-conducting material based on perovskite ceramic ABO3 were prepared by sol-gel combustion method. PVA-ceramic nanocomposite membrane containing BaCeO3, SrCeO3, SrZrO3, nanoparticles in various compositions were developed by solutions casting method. Structural features are confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR. Uniform dispersion of ceramic particles in polymer membrane is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Proton-conducting ability of the composite membranes was revealed by impedance spectroscopy. The ion-conducting ability of the membrane was studied under three conditions (1) by hydrating the membrane, (2) by phosphoric acid doping, and (3) by sulphuric acid doping. Proton conductivity of phosphoric acid doped nanocomposite membrane is found to be highest amongst the others. The dynamics of proton ion conduction were revealed by electric modulus spectrum. The composite membrane exhibited good mechanical strength and thermal stability up to 120 °C. The PVA-BaCeO3 (PVA-BCO) composite membrane demonstrates maximum proton ion conductivity 2.84 × 10−3 S/cm as compared to PVA and other PVA-based composites at 120 °C using phosphoric acid doping. For PEMFC applications, phosphoric acid-doped composite membranes made of PVA and barium cerate (BaCeO3) have a high potential of effectiveness.

Multi-Scale Engineered 2D Carbon Polyhedron Array with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance.

Electrocatalyst engineering from the atomic to macroscopic level of electrocatalysts is one of the most powerful routes to boost the performance of electrochemical devices. However, multi-scale structure engineering mainly focuses on the range of atomic-to-particle scale such as hierarchical porosity engineering, while catalyst engineering at the macroscopic level, such as the arrangement configuration of nanoparticles, is often overlooked. Here, a 2D carbon polyhedron array with a multi-scale engineered structure via facile chemical etching, ice-templating induced self-assembly, and high-temperature pyrolysis processes is reported. Controlled phytic acid etching of the carbon precursor introduces homogeneous atomic phosphorous and nitrogen doping, as well as a well-defined mesoporous structure. Subsequent ice-templated self-assembly triggers the formation of a 2D particle array superstructure. The atomic-level doping gives rise to high intrinsic activity, while the well-engineered porous structure and particle arrangement addresses the mass transport limitations at the microscopic particle level and macroscopic electrode level. As a result, the as-prepared electrocatalyst delivers outstanding performance toward oxygen reduction reaction in both acidic and alkaline media, which is better than recently reported state-of-the-art metal-free electrocatalysts. Molecular dynamics simulation together with extensive characterizations indicate that the performance enhancement originates from multi-scale structural synergy.

Enhancing quantum efficiency of Mn4+-doped fluoride phosphors through reverse doping strategy toward potential biological detection

Mn4+-doped fluoride red-emitting materials are renowned for their distinct characteristics, including fixed emission peaks and narrow spectral emission, rendering them highly favored in photoluminescent light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, achieving ultra-high-concentration Mn4+ doping in fluoride phosphors is imperative to enhance quantum efficiency. Nevertheless, attaining such doping levels in metastable compound systems poses considerable challenges. In this study, we introduce an innovative reverse doping strategy, leading to the synthesis of Mn4+-doped cubic K2SiF6 phosphor (11.38 mol %) from hexagonal K2MnF6. Remarkably, this approach significantly improves the external quantum efficiency (EQE) to 66.7 % upon 450 nm excitation. Through systematic comparisons with conventional co-precipitation and ion exchange methods, our findings unequivocally demonstrate the superior efficacy of this approach in achieving high-concentration Mn4+ ion doping within relatively insoluble matrices. The successful application of our optimized phosphor enabled the fabrication of a red light-emitting diode (LED) that exhibits an exceptional photoelectric efficiency of 31.67 % at 350 mA, surpassing the performance of a commercial red LED chip. Furthermore, the stable red-light emission from the phosphor-converted LED (pc-LED) proves instrumental in rapid-response vascular imaging, showcasing the potential of our findings in advancing light sources for biological detection applications. This research provides valuable insights into enhancing red emission efficiency in slightly-soluble fluoride phosphors via novel synthetic strategy, unlocking possibilities for the development of highly efficient light sources in biological detection and imaging applications.