Phosphokinase Activity Research Articles

Efficacy of plasma exchange in patients with ischemia-reperfusion syndrome of the lower extremities

Aim. Optimization of treatment of patients with critical lower limb ischemia in ischemia-reperfusion syndrome by a combination of infusion therapy and plasma exchange.
 Methods. The study included 58 patients (48 men, 10 women) aged 52 to 87 years (mean age 67.1±6.2 years) operated for critical lower limb ischemia. In the postoperative period all patients received standard conservative treatment. Depending on its effectiveness, the patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=30) with a positive response to the treatment and group 2 (n=28) where plasma exchange was required. The indications for plasma exchange were a decrease in the rate of diuresis <0.5 ml/kg/h after the surgery for 4-6 hours, exceeding 5 times the normal values of creatine phosphokinase and 3 times the level of myoglobin.
 Results. In 48% of patients (group 2), deterioration of the condition was registered, which manifested by deterioration of the state, increase in shortness of breath, decrease in the rate of diuresis. In the laboratory analysis of patients of group 2, attention was drawn to an increase in the level of myoglobin to 287.8±30.1 ng/ml, creatine phosphokinase activity to 1769.3±191.8 u/l, and that of lactate to 2.2±0.3 mmol/l. These parameters exceeded not only the normal values, but also the indicators of group 1. These changes indicated the manifestation of ischemia-reperfusion syndrome and the threat of acute kidney injury. Plasma exchange was accompanied by clinical improvement (decrease in shortness of breath, increase in the rate of diuresis) and pronounced positive dynamics of laboratory parameters. The inclusion of plasma exchange into the complex therapy of ischemia-reperfusion syndrome was accompanied by an increase in the rate of diuresis by 1.7 times (p <0.05), a decrease in the level of myoglobin by 3.1 times (p <0.05) and the activity of creatine phosphokinase by 2.8 times (p <0.05).
 Conclusion. The use of plasma exchange during the first hours of clinical and laboratory manifestations of ischemia-reperfusion syndrome can prevent the development of fatal complications associated with the progression of this syndrome.

Cardiorespiratory disorders in preschool aged children associated with aerogenic impact of benzene, phenol and formaldehyde

There was performed an examination of 437 pre-school aged children living in the conditions of the pollution of atmospheric air with benzene, phenol andformaldehyde. Children with the elevated blood content of benzene, phenol andformaldehyde were detected to be diagnosed as having chronic respiratory diseases and asteno-neurotic syndrome by 3 and 1.3 times more often, respectively, in contrast to the reference group. Cardiorespiratory disorders in children with the elevated content of benzene, phenol and formaldehyde are manifested by restrictive and mixed disorders of airway conductance followed by the increase in markers of proliferative cell activity (CA-72-4 and M 20), changes in the electrophysiologicalprocesses in cardiac muscle pronounced by the decreased electric ventricular systole (QT interval) followed by the decline of the content in blood of glutathione-S-transferase, zAMF, nitrogen oxide and the increase in the lipids hydroperoxide level, and creatine phosphokinase activity.

Sleep deprivation reduces the recovery of muscle injury induced by high-intensity exercise in a mouse model

Sleep is crucial to improve athlete performance and their circadian rhythm, but sleep patterns may be disturbed because athletes participate in several competitions. In addition, intensive training programs can cause muscle pain and psychological stress in athletes, resulting in a lack of sleep. Sleep also plays a critical role in the recovery of muscle injury induced by exercise. The current study evaluated the effect of sleep deprivation on the recovery of muscle injury induced by high-intensity exercise in a mouse model. In this study, 28 mice were randomly assigned to four groups (N = 7): control (Control), exercise (EX), sleep deprivation (SD), and sleep deprivation with exercise (EX+SD). The mice from the EX and EX+SD groups were subjected to high-intensity swimming. The results showed that 72-h sleep deprivation increased food intake and reduced body weight. However, the manipulation of 8-week exercise and/or 72-h sleep deprivation did not have any effect in the elevated plus maze task and tail suspension test. Interestingly, the EX+SD group exhibited improved memory performance in the Morris water maze and impaired motor activity in the open field test. According to the TNF-α level and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatine phosphokinase (CK) activities, only the EX+SD group exhibited muscle impairment. Overall, high-intensity exercise may cause muscle injury, and adequate sleep can recover muscle damage. However, sleep deprivation reduces protein synthesis, which decreases the ability to restore muscle damage and aggravates the harmful effect of high-intensity exercise.

Hypothyroidism manifesting as multiple cranial neuropathies: a case report

IntroductionThe clinical picture of hypothyroidism, including neurological symptoms, can be multiform, which may delay or hamper the correct diagnosis.Case presentationWe present an uncommon clinical presentation of a 38-year-old Caucasian man with mild facial palsy on the left side, uvular deviation to the left with preserved gag reflex, tongue deviation to the left, lingual dysarthria, and xerosis by severe hypothyroidism. Blood tests on admission showed elevated serum creatinine of 151 μmol/L (glomerular filtration rate 47 ml/min/1.7 CKD-EPI [Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation]), increased creatinine phosphokinase activity (1243 U/L), markedly elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (292.2 mIU/L), low free thyroxine level (1.1 pmol/L), and free triiodothyronine level below the limit of detection (< 0.4 pmol/L). Results of brain magnetic resonance imaging and renal ultrasound were unremarkable. Lumbar puncture revealed a normal cell count in cerebrospinal fluid, with an increased protein level of 758 mg/L and a cerebrospinal fluid/serum albumin ratio of 10.5 × 10− 3/L (reference range < 6.7). Further diagnostic workup did not reveal any inflammatory or infectious systemic pathologies as an underlying cause. The patient’s neurological symptoms, as well as laboratory findings including renal function, creatinine phosphokinase, and initially altered blood lipid levels, normalized with levothyroxine substitution.ConclusionsMultiple cranial neuropathy is an uncommon clinical finding in hypothyroidism, which is an important differential diagnosis in the workup of new neurological deficits.

Changes in Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Concentration in Arabian Endurance Horses During First Training Season.

Sport training leads to adaptation to physical effort that is reflected by the changes in blood parameters. In equine endurance athletes, blood testing is accepted as a support in training, however, only the changes before versus after exercise in creatine phosphokinase activity (CPK) and basic blood parameters are usually measured. This study is the first longitudinal investigation of the changes in routinely measured blood parameters and, additionally, serum amyloid A (SAA), during seven months, in Arabian horses introduced to endurance training and competing in events for young horses. It has been determined that CPK, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count (RBC), and concentration of total serum protein (TSP) slightly increased after training sessions and competitions in similar manner. The increase in white blood cell (WBC) count was higher after competitions and SAA increased only after competitions. Total protein concentration was the only parameter that increased with training during a 7-month program. SAA indicated only in the case of heavy effort, and, it thus may be helpful in the monitoring of training in young horses. In an optimal program, its concentration should not increase after a training session but only after heavy effort, which should not be repeated too often.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Is Involved in Stress-Induced Hypothalamic Neuronal Injury in Rats via the PERK-ATF4-CHOP and IRE1-ASK1-JNK Pathways.

ObjectiveAs a high-level nerve center that regulates visceral and endocrine activity, the hypothalamus plays an important role in regulating the body’s stress response. Previous studies have shown that stress can cause damage to hypothalamic neurons. The present study aimed to further clarify the mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) involvement in hypothalamic neuronal injury.MethodsA 7-day stressed rat model was established with daily restraining for 8 h and forced ice-water swimming for 5 min. The rats were randomly divided into control, stress, stress + GSK2606414 (PERK phosphorylation inhibitor), stress + KIRA6 (IRE1 phosphokinase activity inhibitor), GSK2606414, and KIRA6 groups. The pathological changes of hypothalamic neurons were observed by thionine staining. Expression of ERS proteins GRP78, ATF4, ASK1, JNK, and CHOP in the hypothalamic neurons were observed by immunohistochemical staining. The expression of JNK and CHOP mRNA in the hypothalamic neurons were observed by RNA in situ hybridization (RNA Scope) and the expression of related proteins and mRNA was semiquantitatively analyzed by microscopy-based multicolor tissue cytometry (MMTC).ResultsThionine staining revealed that stress exposure resulted in edema, a lack of Nissl bodies, and pyknosis in hypothalamic neurons. Immunohistochemistry and RNA Scope showed that stress exposure significantly increased the expression of GRP78, ATF4, ASK1, CHOP, JNK, JNK mRNA, and CHOP mRNA. Treatment with PERK and IRE1 inhibitors attenuated pathological damage and downregulated the expression of ATF4, ASK1, JNK, CHOP, JNK mRNA, and CHOP mRNA.ConclusionStress caused pathological changes in rat hypothalamic neurons. ERS PERK-ATF4-CHOP and IRE1-ASK1-JNK pathways were involved in the injury process.

Metabolic Responses of the Female Body during a Short-term Isolation in Hermetic Environment

The program of the Moon-2015 eight-day experiment simulating a lunar flyby to study the mechanisms controlling the female body adaptation to the conditions of isolation in a hermetically sealed environment (IHE) during interplanetary voyages included the measurement of 42 biochemical indices characterizing the state of organs and tissues, as well as the main metabolic pathways, in six female volunteers aged from 25 to 34 years. Venous blood samples were collected 25 days before the IHE start, 1 h after centrifugation (+Gz, 2g, 21 min) on a short-radius centrifuge (SRC) before the IHE start, on day 5 of the IHE, immediately after the IHE completion and one hour after centrifugation (+Cz, 2g, 30 min) upon the IHE completion. The following signs of expressed stress responses were observed after the first centrifugation: the concentrations of glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), and bicarbonate (BC) significantly increased, and the creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity also increased, which was accounted for by muscle isozymes. Mild symptoms of hypodynamia were observed on day 5 of IHE: the concentrations of glucose, albumin, calcium, and chlorides, as well as the activities of cholinesterase (CHE) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), moderately decreased; in contrast, the lipase activity and the magnesium and phosphorus concentrations increased. No significant differences were recorded between the values shown in the majority of indicators after the IHE and the baseline values. The changes due to centrifugation resembled the previous pattern of exposure to hypergravitation (HG), but they were less intense and did not involve all indices, e.g., the values of CPK activity and its muscle isozyme, as well as the β-HB concentrations, did not differ from the baseline values, whereas the BC level decreased, which could be associated with both the hypodynamic effect and a progress in HG training. Thus, HG training on a CFG led to the development of a stress response marked for elevated blood glucose and cholesterol and elevated CPK activity. The living under the IHE conditions even for a limited period of time led to the appearance of metabolic signs of hypodynamia, which were quickly compensated upon the completion of the IHE.

Nutritional Preconditioning of Apigenin Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via the Mitochondrial Pathway Mediated by Notch1/Hes1.

Apigenin (Api), a natural flavone found in high amounts in several herbs, has shown potent cardioprotective effects in clinical studies, although the underlying mechanisms are not clear. We hypothesized that Api protects the myocardium from simulated ischemia/reperfusion (SI/R) injury via nutritional preconditioning (NPC). Rats fed with Api-containing food showed improvement in cardiac functions; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities; infarct size; apoptosis rates; malondialdehyde (MDA) levels; caspase-3, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activities; and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) compared to those fed standard chow following SI/R injury. In addition, Api pretreatment significantly improved the viability, decreased the LDH activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, alleviated the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), prevented the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), and decreased the caspase-3 activity, cytochrome c (Cyt C) release, and apoptosis induced by SI/R in primary cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, Api upregulated Hes1 expression and was functionally neutralized by the Notch1 γ-secretase inhibitor GSI, as well as the mPTP opener atractyloside (Atr). Taken together, Api protected the myocardium against SI/R injury via the mitochondrial pathway mediated by the Notch1/Hes1 signaling pathway.

Effect of a leucine-enriched essential amino acids mixture on muscle recovery.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to determine whether the consumption of a leucine-enriched essential amino acid mixture (LEAA), which is known to increase protein synthesis in muscles, alleviates muscle damage and accelerates recovery by ameliorating muscle damage. [Participants and Methods] A double-blind, randomized crossover trial was conducted over a 5-week period. Ten untrained males (age, 23.0 ± 1.6 years) were asked to repeatedly flex and extend their elbows for 10 counts/set × 5 sets at full power while using a dynamometer. The participants took 3.6-g supplements (LEAA mixture or placebo) 3 times daily on day 0 and for the next 7 days. Changes in serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity and myoglobin concentration as markers of muscle tissue damage were evaluated prior to and after exercise and on days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. [Results] The relative ratio of the changes in peak serum CPK activity measured on day 5 was significantly lower after taking LEAA than after taking the placebo. [Conclusion] LEAA consumption suppressed exercise-induced elevation of muscle damage markers in blood, which suggests that LEAA could attenuate muscle damage and aid muscle recovery.

Sub-lethal toxicity of chlorpyrifos alone and in combination with polyethylene glycol to common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

In the present study, sub-lethal effects of chlorpyrifos, alone (25 and 50 μg L−1) and in combination with Polyethylene glycol (5 and 10 mg L−1), on common carp were investigated. Exposure to chlorpyrifos caused significant changes in all blood biochemical parameters compared to control groups. Total protein, triglyceride, glucose levels, as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities in plasma changed after exposure to 10 mg L−1 polyethylene glycol (PEG), while fish exposed to PEG did not show any significant difference in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities and albumin and globulins levels. Exposure to a combination of chlorpyrifos and PEG caused a significant change in AST, GGT, CPK, LDH and AChE activity, total protein and glucose level. The influence of chlorpyrifos and PEG combination on ALP, cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, and globulin depends on the concentration of the insecticide and PEG. With a reduction in chlorpyrifos concentration, PEG can maintain ALP activity and albumin at a normal level. Although fish exposure to chlorpyrifos, alone or in combination with polyethylene glycol, significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) level, it decreased total antioxidant level (TAN). Exposure to just polyethylene glycol had no impact on CAT activity, TAN and MDA level. According to the results, PEG can have an antagonistic effect on chlorpyrifos toxicity, depending on these two materials concentration. However, chlorpyrifos increased the toxicity of PEG.

Protective Effect of Emblica officinalis on Cardiac Dysfunction in Gamma-Irradiated Male Albino Rats

Abstract: Emblica officinalis (EO) is a plant with diverse ethnical medicinal uses. The plant has been explored for diverse pharmacological actions, here it was planned to screen the radio-protective activities of its fruit powder. Experimental Animals and Design: Four groups of male albino rats were used: 1- Control: untreated group. 2- Irradiated: animals exposed to a single dose of whole-body gamma-irradiation (6Gy). 3- Eo group: given daily EO fruit powder dissolved in distalled water at a dose of 750mg/kg b.wt., for 30 days, intragastrically. 4- EO+ Irrad. group: given EO (as group 3), the last dose being 2 hours before irradiation. Blood and heart tissue samples were collected after 2hrs and 2 weeks post irradiation. Parameters Measured: Reduced glutathione (GSH) content and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in cardiac mitochondrial fraction. Xanthine oxidase (XO) and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) activities and the level of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were measured in the cytosolic fraction of heart tissue. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity were measured in plasma. Cardiac cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were determined. Results: EO administration pre-irradiation, improved the disturbances induced in the heart by irradiation.

Dendrobine targeting JNK stress signaling to sensitize chemotoxicity of cisplatin against non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo

BackgroundLung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the standard treatment for lung cancer, but chemoresistance and adverse effects especially cardiotoxicity limit its efficacy. PurposeThe efficacy of combination treatment of dendrobine, a plant alkaloid isolated from Dendrobium nobile, with cisplatin was examined as a possible anti-non-small cell lung cancer strategy. MethodsThe cytotoxicity of dendrobine and cisplatin against A549 lung cancer cells was analyzed by MTT and colony formation assays. Apoptosis was measured by annexin V/PI double staining. Apoptosis-related proteins were assessed by western blotting and qPCR analysis. In vivo efficacy was determined using A549 xenograft in nude mice. JNK and Bim inhibition were achieved by siRNA knockdown and/or chemical inhibition. Cardiotoxicity was assessed by serum creatine phosphokinase activity assay. ResultsDendrobine induced apoptotic cell death through mitochondrial-mediated pathway. Combination treatment of dendrobine with cisplatin showed enhanced cytotoxicity through stimulation of JNK/p38 stress signaling pathways and, consequently, the induction of apoptosis involving pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bim. In addition, dendrobine attenuated the body weight reduction and cardiotoxicity induced by cisplatin in nude mice. ConclusionThe combination treatment showed enhanced anticancer activity toward non-small cell lung cancer cells without aggravating the cardiotoxic effects of cisplatin suggesting that the combination strategy deserves further investigation for human lung cancer treatment.

The Effect of Maternal Supplementation of Zinc, Selenium, and Cobalt as Slow-Release Ruminal Bolus in Late Pregnancy on Some Blood Metabolites and Performance of Ewes and Their Lambs.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the supplementation of a slow-release bolus of zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and cobalt (Co) at late gestation (6week prepartum) on performance and some blood metabolites of Mehraban ewes and their lambs until weaning. Seventy pregnant ewes, 6weeks prior to expected lambing, were randomly divided into two groups (35 heads each) including (1) control group and (2) slow-release bolus group. Blood samples of ewes were obtained on day 10 prepartum and 45 and 90days postpartum, and milk samples were collected on day 45. Blood samples of lambs were collected on days 10, 45, and 90. Body weight at birth and weaning and average daily gain were higher and percentage of mortality and white muscle disease rate were lower in lambs whose mothers were given a bolus (P < 0.05). Slow-release bolus administration increased serum alkaline phosphatase and whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity, plasma concentrations of Zn, Se, and vitamin B12 in ewes and their lambs (P < 0.05). In addition, serum creatine phosphokinase activity of lambs whose mothers were given bolus was lower (P < 0.05). Serum concentration of T3 in bolus given ewes and their lambs was higher (P < 0.05) and serum T4 concentration was lower (P < 0.05). Zinc, Se, and vitamin B12 concentrations in milk were significantly higher in treated ewes (P < 0.05). Obtained results showed that maternal supplementation of zinc, selenium, and cobalt as slow-release ruminal bolus in late pregnancy improved some mineral status of ewes and their lambs until weaning and led to higher body weights of lambs at weaning.

Anaesthetic efficacy and biochemical effects of 1,8-cineole in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss , Walbaum, 1792)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the anaesthetic efficacy and biochemical effects of 1,8-cineole (cineole) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The fish were exposed to 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 800 μl/L cineole and time of induction of anaesthesia and recovery from anaesthesia were recorded. Thereafter, the fish haematological and biochemical responses to anaesthesia with different concentrations of cineole were studies. Moreover, the haematological and biochemical response of fish anaesthetized for 300 s with either cineole (283 μl/L) or eugenol (25 μl/L) were compared. Cineole at the concentrations of 200–800 μl/L induced stages 2, 3 and 4 anaesthesia within 109-29.3, 226-59 and 418-117 s respectively. Increase in anaesthesia induction time led to higher stress responses and enzymes’ activity characterized by elevation in red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), blood haematocrit and haemoglobin, and plasma cortisol, glucose and lactate levels, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities. However, cineole concentrations had no significant effects on plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and ions levels. Comparison of cineole with eugenol showed that cineole showed less change in blood RBC and plasma AST, ALP, CPK, cortisol and glucose levels compared to eugenol. In conclusion, cineole is efficient to anaesthetize trout at concentrations of 200–800 μl/L. Increase in cineole concentration shortens anaesthesia induction time, stress response and probably tissue damage. The concentrations of 600–800 μl/L cineol is recommended for rapid sampling as it causes the least stress and enzymatic responses. The present results suggest that cineole causes slightly lower side effects in trout compared to eugenol.

Interaction of Calmodulin with the cSH2 Domain of the p85 Regulatory Subunit.

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium sensor protein that directly interacts with the dual-specificity (lipid and protein) kinase PI3Kα through the SH2 domains of the p85 regulatory subunit. In adenocarcinomas, the CaM interaction removes the autoinhibition of the p110 catalytic subunit of PI3Kα, leading to activation of PI3Kα and promoting cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Here we demonstrate that the cSH2 domain of p85α engages its two CaM-binding motifs in the interaction with the N- and C-lobes of CaM as well as the flexible central linker, and our nuclear magnetic resonance experiments provide structural details. We show that in response to binding CaM, cSH2 exposes its tryptophan residue at the N-terminal region to the solvent. Because of the flexible nature of both CaM and cSH2, multiple binding modes of the interactions are possible. Binding of CaM to the cSH2 domain can help release the inhibition imposed on the p110 subunit, similar to the binding of the phosphorylated motif of RTK, or phosphorylated CaM (pCaM), to the SH2 domains. Amino acid sequence analysis shows that CaM-binding motifs are common in SH2 domains of non-RTKs. We speculate that CaM can also activate these kinases through similar mechanisms.

Characterization of plasma metabolites at late gestation and lactation in early parity sows on production and post-weaning reproductive performance1

Lactation is a very energy demanding period for sows. The current study provides a better understanding of the biochemical response of first- (n = 246) or second-parity (n = 127) sows during late gestation through lactation and assesses relationships with piglet production and dam reproductive performance. Plasma samples were collected from first- or second-parity dams at late gestation (110 d gestation [d110G]), d 1 post-farrowing (d1PF), and weaning (WN) then analyzed for various stress and protein metabolism compounds, including; creatine, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity, creatinine, urea nitrogen, albumin, and lactate. Litter performance was measured as number of piglets nursed and piglet ADG. Post-weaning reproductive performance was assessed by measuring weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI) and subsequent ovulation rate collected at time of harvest. Plasma creatine and CPK activity increased (P < 0.05) between d110G and d1PF. Plasma creatinine decreased (P < 0.05) from d110G through WN in first-parity dams, but remained similar between d110G and d1PF before declining (P < 0.05) at WN in second-parity dams. Plasma urea nitrogen increased (P < 0.05) over the course of the study and was negatively (P < 0.05) associated with piglet ADG at d110G and d1PF and with ovulation rate at d110G (P < 0.05). Similarly, plasma albumin increased (P < 0.05) in first-parity dams over the course of the study, whereas it plateaued (P < 0.05) at d1PF and remained similar (P > 0.10) through WN in second-parity dams. First-parity dams had less (P < 0.05) plasma lactate at d110G than at d1PF or WN. However, second-parity dams had increased (P < 0.05) plasma lactate at d110G and d1PF, then decreased (P < 0.05) levels at WN. Plasma lactate at WN was positively (P < 0.05) associated with WEI in first-parity dams, but negatively (P < 0.05) related to WEI at d1PF in second-parity dams. Plasma lactate levels at all time points were positively (P < 0.05) associated with ovulation rate in second-parity dams. The biochemical profile of these dams differed by parity and merits further investigations into these differences to identify methods to improve physiological response to lactation for improved animal welfare, production, and reproductive performance.

Prodorsal liposarcoma in a gyr-saker hybrid falcon (Falco rusticolus x Falco cherrug)

An adult female gyr-saker hybrid falcon (Falco rusticolus x Falco cherrug) was brought to our falcon medical and research hospital for evaluation of a rapidly growing mass. Physical and radiographic examination revealed a large, oval-shaped, soft tissue mass on the left prodorsal region. Hematological findings showed moderate leukocytosis and heterophilia while the results of blood biochemical analyses were within normal ranges apart from a moderate elevation of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity. A cursory cytological evaluation of fine-needle aspirate of the mass revealed numerous RBCs while neither inflammatory nor neoplastic cells were discernible. Test for acid-fast bacilli in the aspirate was negative. Surgical excision of the mass was performed while the bird was under isoflurane anesthesia. Histopathological examination of biopsy samples of the mass obtained during surgical procedure was consistent with a moderately undifferentiated liposarcoma.

Investigation of Blood Biochemical Indices during Bicycle Ergometry

Our investigations showed that physical work (bicycle ergometry) alters the biochemical status of male volunteers. On the 5th minute of bicycle endometry capillary blood looses significantly glucose and increases magnesium, phosphorus and particularly lactic acid. Creatine phosphokinase activity and trygliceride levels did not deviate much from baseline values. All the changes had a similar trend equally in the supine and sitting position. Therefore, biochemical investigations may complement essentially the physiological and neurophysiological tests of human adaptability to physical loads. The investigation utilized the dry chemistry technology of rapid biochemical diagnostics.

Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Studies on Tetracycline Hydrochloride in Rabbits

Tetracycline is one of the most important groups of antibiotics that have harmful effects on the consumers, therefore the public health safety against its residues represents a significant issue. This study aimed to estimate the effect of tetracycline hydrochloride on some hematological parameters, kidneys function tests as well as liver and breast muscle enzymes with special reference to the supposed withdrawal time of this drug in different rabbits’ tissues (kidney, liver and muscles), following oral dose of tetracycline using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Tetracycline was administrated to eighteen rabbits directly into the stomach at a dose of 35 mg/kg BW once daily for five successive days. Samples were collected on the 1 st , 3 rd , 7 th , 14 th , 21 st and 28 th days after the last oral dose. The results revealed that, tetracycline caused a significant increase in the uric acid, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities with no significant changes in the hematological parameters when compared with the control group. The residues remained in the liver and kidney for 7 days, while in muscles for 3 days only after the last oral dose of the drug. In conclusion, the disturbances in the biological parameters occurred by tetracycline administration in rabbits was transient and returned to normal after 7 days of last treatment. The withdrawal time of tetracycline was 14 days from the rabbit's tissues.

PP.04.32] PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY IN MASSRY'S PHOSPHATE DEPLETION SYNDROME CAN BE ONE OF THE CAUSE OF ACUTE LEFT HEART FAILURE

Objective: In this study we investigated serum phosphorus levels in patients with acute left heart failure.Design and method: A total of 215 participants, 115 patients with acute left heart failure and 100 controls, were enrolled in the study. Patients applied to emergency room with the complaints of heart failure were assessed by echocardiography. Ejection Fraction (EF) levels lower than 50% were accepted as heart failure. Paients with renal disorders, hyperparathyroidism, chronic hearth failure, alcoholism, intake of medications that alter phosphorus level were excluded. Mean phosphorus levels of each group were measured and compared each other. SPSS 12.0 package program (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois) was used for statistical analysis. Chi square test was used to compare categorical measures between the groups. Mann Whitney U or T test was used for comparison of numerical measurements between the two groups. Level of statistical significance was considered as 0.05 in all tests. Results: There were 148 (69%) women and 67 (31%) men in present study. The mean age was 52.6 years. Demographic characteristics of participants were not significantly different between the groups. Mean EF levels of groups were 40.8 versus 60.0 respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Mean phosphorus levels were 3.01 versus 4.27 mg/dl respectively. There was statistically significant difference (P = 0.041) (Table 1). Table 1: Phosphorus levels in the study and control groups. Conclusions: Phosphorus is a major intracelluler constituent. The deficiency of phosphorus can cause a variety of signs and symptoms. Myocardial creatine phosphate, ATP, and ADP levels reduce in case of phosphate deficiency. In addition to these, mitochondrial and myofibrillar creatine phosphokinase activities also reduces. Alterations occur in mitochondrial oxygen consumption, acid-extractable phospholipid precursors, and mitochondrial oxidation of long chain fatty acids due to phosphate depletion. All these effect heart muscles and can cause heart failure. Consequently phosphorus levels should be controlled in patients with acute left heart failure. Phosporus supplementation may be a supportive treatment.