Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria Inoculation Research Articles

Effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on phosphorus dynamics and the bacterial community during composting of sugarcane industry waste

Sugarcane processing generates a large quantity of residues, such as filter cake and ashes, which are sometimes composted prior to their amendment in soil. However, important issues still have to be addressed on this subject, such as the description of bacterial succession that occurs throughout the composting process and the possibilities of using phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) during the process to improve phosphorus (P) availability in the compost end product. Consequently, this study evaluated the bacterial diversity and P dynamics during the composting process when inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PSBR12 and Bacillus sp. BACBR01. To characterize the bacterial community structure during composting, and to compare PSB-inoculated compost with non-inoculated compost, partial sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and sequential P fractionation were used. The data indicated that members of the order Lactobacillales prevailed in the early stages of composting for up to 30 days, mostly due to initial changes in pH and the C/N ratio. This dominant bacterial group was then slowly replaced by Bacillales during a composting process of up to 60 days. In addition, inoculation of PSB reduced the levels of Ca-bound P by 21% and increased the labile organic P fraction. In PSB-inoculated compost, Ca–P compound solubilization occurred concomitantly with an increase of the genus Bacillus. The bacterial succession and the final community is described in compost from sugarcane residues and the possible use of these inoculants to improve P availability in the final compost is validated.

Impact of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria inoculation methods on phosphorus transformation and long-term utilization in composting

This study aimed to assess the effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) application and inoculation methods on rock phosphate (RP) solubilization and bacterial community during composting. The results showed that PSB inoculation in different stages of composting, especially both in the beginning and cooling stages, not only improved the diversity and abundance of PSB and bacterial community, but also distinctly increased the content of potential available phosphorus. Redundancy analysis indicated that the combined inoculation of PSB in the initial stage with higher inoculation amount and in the cooling stage with lower inoculation amount was the best way to improve the inoculation effect and increase the solubilization and utilization of RP during composting. Besides, we suggested three methods to improve phosphorus transformation and long-term utilization efficiency in composts based on biological fixation of phosphates by humic substance and phosphate-accumulating organisms.

An optimized regulating method for composting phosphorus fractions transformation based on biochar addition and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria inoculation

The study was conducted to investigate the influence of biochar and/or phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) inoculants on microbial biomass, bacterial community composition and phosphorus (P) fractions during kitchen waste composting amended with rock phosphate (RP). There were distinct differences in the physic-chemical parameters, the proportion of P fractions and bacterial diversity in different treatments. The contribution of available P fractions increased during composting especially in the treatment with the addition of PSB and biochar. Redundancy analysis showed that bacterial compositions were significantly influenced by P content, inoculation and biochar. Variance partitioning further showed that synergy of inoculated PSB and indigenous bacterial communities and the joint effect between biochar and bacteria explained the largest two proportion of the variation in P fractions. Therefore, the combined application of PSB and biochar to improve the inoculation effect and an optimized regulating method were suggested based on the distribution of P fractions.

Phosphate solubilizing activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens PSM1 isolated from wheat rhizosphere

A study was designed to screen and analyze the efficient phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSBs) from wheat rhizosphere. Five biovars of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PSM1, PSM2, PSM3, PSM4 and PSM5) were isolated from wheat rhizosphere and Bacillus megaterium MTCC 8755 procured from microbial type culture collection (MTCC) Chandigarh, India. The P. fluorescens biovar PSM1 was observed to be most efficient phosphate solubilizer. Inoculation of P. fluorescens PSM1 and B. megaterium MTCC 8755, alone and in combination, caused the highest phosphate solubilization at pH 5. At this pH, maximum phosphate solubilization was observed with B. megaterium MTCC 8755 inoculation (8.2 mg mL-1) on sixth day of incubation with P. fluorescens PSM1 (8 mg mL-1) on seventh day of incubation and with dual bacterial treatment (10.5 mg mL-1) on the fourth day of incubation. A correlation coefficient of linear regression equation of phosphate solubilization with pH indicated that pH value of the medium was directly correlated with tricalcium phosphate solubilization. The study will help in choosing soil pH specific PSB inoculant for optimizing plant growth.

RECYCLING OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH AS POTENTIAL CARRIER FOR BIOFERTILIZER FORMULATION

The palm oil industry generates large amount of biomass waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm oil mill effluent (POME). This biomass would be typically recycled to produce EFB compost that is a valuable agricultural input. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of using EFB compost as carrier for nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). Mixture (50-60% moisture) between EFB (shredded short fibres) and POME (anaerobic pond) were added with Effective Microorganisms (EM) to accelerate the composting process. The EFB compost reached thermophilic phase after 4-6 weeks with consistent temperature between 50-60oC. After 7 weeks of composting, EFB compost reached the mesophilic phase with continuous reduction of temperature to 35-40oC at week 8. The maturity of the compost is supported from the reduction of the C/N ratio from 36 (initial) to 20 (after 6 weeks). Mature EFB compost was sun-dried and ground into fine particle size (1 mm) prior to be used as carrier. Dried EFB compost carrier has the following characteristics (dry weight); average pH at 7.5, C/N ratio - 13.5, moisture - 17.4%, organic matter – 74.5%, total N - 3.06%, P - 0.37%, K - 4.74%, Ca - 3.32% and Mg - 0.79%. The inoculation of NFB and PSB into the EFB compost carrier from single cultures of Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae showed high viable cell count at 4.05 x 109 CFU/g and 2.75 x 108 CFU/g respectively at day three after inoculation. Meanwhile, the mixed culture of Burkholderia cenocepacia with Serratia marcescens showed 2.45 x 108 CFU/g and 4.31 x 109 CFU/g respectively. This clearly indicates the potential of using EFB as a useful alternative for bacterial immobilization prior to application in the oil palm industries.

Yield, quality and nutrient uptake in autumn sugarcane as influenced by phosphorus levels and inoculation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria in legume based intercropping systems

A field experiment was conducted during autumn seasons of 2002 and 2003 to study the effect of application of phosphorus and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) in sugarcane + pea intercropping systems on yield, quality and nutrient uptake in autumn sugarcane under sub-tropical climatic conditions. Experimental results revealed that application of 80 kg P205 ha−1 produced more number of shoots and millable canes, and it recorded significantly higher cane yield (92.74 t ha−1) than the application of 40 kg P205 ha−1. Sugarcane + pea (inoculated with Rhizobium) intercropping system along with application of PSB at the rate of 6 kg ha−1 shows its superiority over all other combinations of pea inoculation with Rhizobium and application of PSB with respect to cane yield (92.61 t ha−1) and uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus. Cane quality was found almost similar under various phosphorus levels and intercropping systems having pea inoculation with Rhizobium and application of PSB.

Effect of NPK with Biofertilizers on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Wheat(Triticum AestivumL.) in Western Uttar Pradesh Condition

A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2010–2011 at Crop Research Centre of S.V.P.U.A & T Meerut to study the impact of Bio-fertilizers with different NPK levels on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Four NPK fertilizer levels (150: 75: 50, 120: 60: 40, 90: 45: 30, 60: 30: 20 kg NPK/ha corresponding to control, 125%, 100%, 75%, 50% RDF) with and four bio-fertilizers treatments (control, Azotobacter, Phosphate Solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and co-inoculation of Azotobacter +PSB) were replicated three times in Randomized Block Design. The growth and yield attributes showed an increase with increase in the NPK fertilizer levels. 125% RDF recorded significantly highest grain yield (54.10 q ha-1) and straw yield (79.69 q ha−1). Azotobacter and PSB inoculation, being at par caused significant improvement in the growth and yield attributes over control.

Effects of Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria, Rock Phosphate and Chemical Fertilizers on Maize-Wheat Cropping Cycle and Economics

A two-year field study was conducted to test the effects of two phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Pantoea cypripedii (PSB-3) and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida (PSB-5), inoculated singly or together with rock phosphate (RP) fertilization on maize and wheat cropping cycle by comparing with chemical P fertilizer (diammonium phosphate, DAP), mainly in the crop yield, soil fertility and economic returns. Inoculation of PSB together with RP fertilization increased the crop growth in terms of shoot height, shoot and root dry biomass, grain yield and total P uptake in both maize and wheat crops compared to the other treatments. Soil fertility in the context of available P, enzyme activities and PSB population in both maize and wheat crops was significantly improved with PSB inoculation together with RP fertilization compared to DAP treatment. The combined use of PSB inoculation and RP fertilization was more economical due to minimal cost and maximum returns. These results suggested that PSB inoculation along with RP fertilization would be an appropriate substitute for chemical phosphate fertilizer application in sustainable agriculture systems.

Consortium of Phosphate-solubilizing Bacteria and Fungi for Promotion of Growth and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

The combined inoculation of two or more microbial species, such as phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and PSB and nitrogen fixers, has often been reported to exert positive effect on growth and yield of various crops; however, reports on dual inoculation of PSB and free-living phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF) are hardly available, which makes this study relevant. P-solubilization efficiency (SE) was highest for Bacillus sp.; SE values for RM-2 were highest on the 2nd day of inoculation, whereas those for Aspergillus niger S-36 continuously increased up to the 5th day of incubation. We performed an experiment to evaluate the co-inoculation effect of two phosphate-solubilization-efficient strains of bacteria and fungi in a pot trial. RM-2 strain produced chitinase that might have conferred biocontrol properties on chickpea. The overall growth of plants via dual inoculation was significantly (P = 0.05) greater than that for control and single inoculations in a pot trial, indicating the positive synergistic effect of co-inoculation of PSB and PSF for crop improvement, which could be useful for farmers and sustainable agriculture.

Performance of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria with Various Phosphorus Levels on Wheat in Pot Culture

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) with various levels of inorganic phosphorus (P) on the growth and yield of wheat with three soil at the Microbiology laboratory, Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh. Four levels of P fertilizer (P0 : Without P, P24 : 24 mg P kg-1 soil, P36 : 36 mg P kg-1 soil and P48 : 48 mg P kg-1 soil) were assigned as main factors and six PSB inoculants with an uninoculant (I0, MR1, IL1, IW1, IC2, RC1and MW1) were assigned as sub factors in a factorial CRD. The soil used for the experiment belong to three Agroecological Zones (AEZs) such as AEZ 9 from the BAU farm, Mymensingh, AEZ 28 from the BADC farm, Madhupur, Tangail and AEZ 11 from the BINA substation farm, Ishurdi, Pabna. Eight kilogram soils were taken in each of the plastic pot. PSB were applied as broth inoculants with the wheat seeds (var. Shatabdi) before sowing. Irrespective of the PSB inoculants, 36 mg P kg-1 soil gave the highest grain and straw yield of wheat pot-1 with Mymensingh and Mdhupur soil while 48 mg P kg-1 soil showed the highest wheat yield pot-1 with Ishurdi soil. Among the PSB inoculants, MR1 showed the maximum grain and straw yields of wheat pot-1 followed by MW1. The PSB inoculant MR1 with 36 mg P kg-1 soil had better performance in terms of total P uptake and grain and straw yields of wheat.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22069 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 221-226 2013

Solubilization of Purulia Rock Phosphate Through Organic Acid Loaded Nanoclay Polymer Composite and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and its Effectiveness as P-fertilizer to Wheat

Rock phosphate (RP) reserves across the globe stand out to be a major non-renewable resource and the cost of phosphatic fertilizers is shooting up causing a burden on the farmers. This study was undertaken with the purpose of developing a strategy to solubilize low-grade RP from Purulia district of West Bengal, India through organic acids loaded nanoclay polymer composites (NCPC) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and to see their effectiveness as P source against commercial diammonium phosphate (DAP) using wheat as the test crop. Oxalic acid and citric acid were loaded @ 2% (w/w) in NCPC (2-mm sieved) having 10% clay (NCPC-OA and NCPC-CA). Organic acid loaded NCPC (2 g kg−1 soil) containing 40 mg acid kg−1 soil was mixed with powdered RP (100 mesh size) at three rates of P (0, 50 and 100 mg P kg−1 soil) with and without inoculation of PSB (Pseudomonas striata) and tested as source of P to wheat in a greenhouse experiment. An absolute control (without fertilizer material) and a standard P-fertilizer (DAP @ 50 mg P kg−1 soil) were also included for comparison. Results revealed that Purulia RP along with oxalic acid loaded NCPC and PSB inoculation performed significantly better than other treatments in terms of yield of wheat, P uptake and available P in soil. All the P fractions in soil showed an increasing trend due to application of Purulia RP along with organic acid loaded NCPC and PSB. The Fe-P fraction was more dominant in soil compared to other fractions. However, the Ca-P fraction showed a higher value with the increase in levels of P application. The oxalic acid loaded NCPC performed better in most of the cases compared to citric acid loaded NCPC and proved to be a more efficient solubilizer of P from RP. This study could help to utilize Purulia RP as a P source for wheat, with the interventions of organic acids and PSB and reduce the dependence on commercial fertilizers like DAP.

Effect of phosphorus and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on forage yield and quality under agroforestry system

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of pasture type, phosphorus levels and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on forage yield and quality under agroforestry system in semi-arid conditions during kharif season of 2011 and 2012 at Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar. Dry matter accumulation at 60 days after sowing (DAS), crop growth rate (CGR) from 30 to 45 DAS, dry fodder yield (DFY) and total yield of lablab bean (Dolichos lablab L. ex. Sweet) were recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher when lablab bean was sown with cenchrus grass in alternate paired rows. However, protein yield was at a par among the pasture types. Growth parameters of lablab bean viz., fresh and dry weight per plant at 60 DAS, CGR (30–45 DAS), number and dry weight of nodules per plant at 45 DAS and quality parameters viz., leaf and stem N-content, dry fodder yield, total yield, crude protein (CP) content and protein yield increased significantly (P<0.01) with increasing levels of phosphorus from 20 to 60 kg P2 O5/ha. Positive and significant (P<0.05) correlation between protein yield and CP content (r = 0.53, P<0.05) and forage yield (r =0.64, P<0.01) was observed. Total forage yield was significantly (P<0.01) increased by 9.09% and protein yield by 10.42% with PSB inoculation as compared to without inoculation.

Influence of phosphorus and biofertilizers on soybean and wheat root growth and properties

Alteration of crop root morphology is a new innovative approach to provide food security. Phosphorus is the most important nutrient to influence root properties. Efficient use of P fertilizers has become an important issue of agriculture all over the world due to limited availability of rock phosphate and its non-renewable nature. Hence, root properties and grain yield of soybean–wheat cropping system were evaluated by inoculation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and vesicular arbuscular microorganism (VAM) with 50% recommended P (0.5 P+PSB+VAM) against 100% P (1.0 P), 50% P and control in a Typic Ustochrepts of the Indo-Gangetic plains. The root cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soybean and wheat treated with 0.5 P+PSB+VAM were 3.6 and 4.6% higher than 1.0 P, respectively. The same treatment produced 2.3 and 2.6% higher root length density (RLD) in soybean and wheat, respectively in comparison to 1.0 P. The P inflow rate under 0.5 P+PSB+VAM was 9.2 and 4.6% higher than 1.0 P in soybean and wheat, respectively indicating higher acquisition of P through VAM, although higher rhizospheric P availability was recorded in 1.0 P. The root CEC, RLD and P inflow rate were closely related to P concentration and content in root, shoot and nodule, specific root length, root diameter and internal P requirement. The better root property observed in 0.5 P+PSB+VAM enhanced 4.1 and 4.9% grain yield of soybean and wheat, respectively as compared to 1.0 P. Inoculation of PSB and VAM could substitute 50% P of soybean–wheat cropping system with better root property and higher grain yield in semi-arid sub tropics of the Indo-Gangetic plains.

Inoculation of Earthworms and Plant Growth–Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) for the Improvement of Vegetable Growth via Enhanced N and P Availability in Soils

A pot trial was conducted to investigate the single, dual, and triple inoculation of earthworms or plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), including nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) (Azotobacter chroococcum HKN-5) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) (Bacillus megaterium HKP-1), on the growth of Brassica parachinenesis and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability in soils. All of the five inoculation treatments significantly (P < 0.05) increased the shoot growth of B. parachinenesis. The greatest shoot and root biomass were recorded in the triple inoculation of earthworm, NFB, and PSB. All of the five inoculation treatments significantly (P < 0.05) increased the concentrations of ammonium (NH4 +)-N, NOx-N, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)–extractable P in soils. Based on plant growth and availability of N and P in soils, the present study suggested that the triple inoculation may be a promising approach for reducing the need for chemical fertilizers in growing vegetables.

Pengaruh Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat Dan Bakteri Penambat Nitrogen terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Tomat pada Tanah Masam

Acid soil is the dried soil which has great potential for growing of agriculture commodity but this kind of soil has not been used optimally. The acid soil which has acidity reaction at pH<5,0 has Al poisonous potency, less of organic material and sensitivity toward erosion, and also less of nitrogen (N) and phosphor (P). Those problems can be solved by doing phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and nitrogen fixing bacteria inoculation. The aims of this study were to know the effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, nitrogen fixing bacteria, and the mixture of both of them to the wet weight, height, level of nitrogen and phosphor of tomato plants. This research was conducted experimentally for six weeks by using completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments. One treatment is a treatment without bacteria inoculation and the other treatments used bacteria inoculations which were phosphate-solubilizing bacteria inoculation, nitrogen fixing bacteria inoculation, and the mixture of both of them inoculations. Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 95% and 99% confidence level. The result proved the mixture of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and nitrogen fixing bacteria is the most effective inoculation to improve the wet weight, height, level of nitrogen, and level of phosphor of tomato plant in acid soil.

Phosphate solubilizing bacteria: Assessment of their effect on growth promotion and phosphorous uptake of mung bean (Vigna radiata [L.] R. Wilczek)

The aim of this work was to isolate phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and assess their effect on the growth of mung bean ( Vigna radiata [L.] R. Wilczek) plants. Of 31 isolated PSB strains, two efficient strains, identified as Pantoea agglomerans (PSB-1) and Burkholderia anthina (PSB-2), were employed in further studies. Maximum P solubilization (720.75 μg mL-1) was recorded from the cultures co-inoculated with P. agglomerans and B. anthina. A strong positive correlation was found between pH and soluble P concentration in the medium, as well as between titratable acidity and P solubilization. Both strains under greenhouse conditions remarkably enhanced shoot and root length, shoot and root dry matter, and P uptake of mung bean plants. Growth was found to be further improved by adding tricalcium phosphate (TCP) with PSB inoculation. Co-inoculation of both PSB strains and adding TCP exhibited the highest growth performances and P uptake of mung bean plants; this implies that their applicability as a promising alternative to minimize the P problem in agricultural soils.

Ketersediaan Fosfor pada Tanah Andisol untuk Jagung (Zea maysL.) oleh Inokulum Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat

Andisols has relatively low phosphorus availability due to its adsorption by allophane. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) increases the availability of P via release of adsorpted-P. The aims of this research were to determine: 1) anorganicP solubilization, 2) organic-P mineralization, 3) blocking of Andisols adsorption site, and 4) effective PSB inoculant. The research was arranged in completely randomized design, with PSB inoculant as treatment. Variables observed were solubleP, mineralize-P, adsorpted-P, pH, total acidity, PSB population, phosphatase and phythase activity, relative surface charge, and maize’s growth component. The result showed that PSB inoculation increased soluble-P from 30 to between 150 and 195 ppm P, increased mineralize-P from 23.7 to between 63.6 and 91.7 ppm P, and decreased P-adsorption from 95 to between 36 and 13%. PSB inoculation decreased the Andisols pH, increased the total acidity, PSB population, the phosphatase and phytase activity, and PSB had relatively high of relative surface charge (69%). The PSB inoculation increased maize P absorption in the range of 70 and 75 mg P plant-1, and increased relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE )between 145 and 150%. Liquid and solid PSB inoculant had no different effect in increasing maize growth. Keywords: Andisol, P release, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, phosphatase, phytase

English

Phosphorus is one of the major essential macronutrients limiting plant growth owing to its low bioavailability in soils. Fertilizer phosphorus tends to be fixed soon after application and becomes mostly unavailable, low recovery by crops and a considerable phosphorus accumulation in soils. Several processes of the phosphorus cycle in soils remain obscure, despite large research efforts devoted to increasing the phosphorus availability to plants. The biofertilizer effect of phosphate solublizing bacteria on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of Oryza sativa was studied in a field experiment. Positive effect on plant growth, nutrient uptake, grain yield and yield components in O. sativa plants was recorded in the treatment inoculation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). The PSB inoculated with O. sativa, increased significantly the average root length by 32.95%, average shoot length by 11.00%, numbers of roots by 38.46%, shoot biomass by 90.48%, root biomass by 3.77% as compared to control. The pigments increased the level of total chlorophyll by 68.70%, chlorophyll-a by 53.50%, chlorophyll-b by 80.47% and carotenoids by 45.83%, as compared to control and they also increase the level of carbohydrate by 33.33%, protein by 41.21% and amino acids by 30.23% as compared to control. Thus PSB is beneficial in raising vigorous of O. sativa under nursery and field conditions. Key words:&nbsp;Biofertilizer, growth improvement, phosphate solubilising bacteria, Oryza sativa, root biomass.

Inoculation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria for the improvement of lead accumulation by Brassica juncea

Two phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strains were isolated and identified as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus YC-5a and Enterobacter agglomerans KMC-7 based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. A. calcoaceticus YC-5a is less well known as a phosphate-solubilizing plant-associated bacterium. The plant growth-promoting properties of the phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were characterized in vitro, including their phosphate-solubilizing activities and their capabilities for producing indole-3-acetic acid and siderophores. A pot experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of inoculating both strains on the growth and Pb uptake of Brassica juncea grown in different concentrations of Pb-contaminated soils. Inoculation with both PSB not only stimulated the growth of B. juncea, but it also influenced the accumulation of Pb in the shoots and roots of the host plant. The present study demonstrates that PSB are a valuable microbial resource that can be exploited to improve the efficiency of phytoextraction.

Phosphorus management in field pea (Pisum sativum) –rice (Oryza sativa) cropping system under temperate conditions

A field study conducted during 2005–07 at Sapore, Jammu and Kashmir revealed that application of single super phosphate (SSP) and inoculation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) recorded highest nodulation, yield attributes and yield, net returns, B:C ratio, protein content, N, P uptake and available-soil P than that of DAP and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Inoculation of PSB increased grain yield (1.70 tonnes/ha) of field pea by 6.92% over AMF (1.59 tonnes/ha). Application of 100% P as basal (M1) being at par with 50% P as basal + 50% P as top dressing (TD) at branching initiation (BI) stage (M3) recorded significantly higher yield attributes, yield, protein content, N, P uptake and available-soil P over 100% P as TD at BI (M2) and 50% P as basal + 25% P as TD at BI + 25% P as TD at before flowering (BF) stage (M4) and enhanced seed yield by 30.4 and 8.4% respectively. Rice grain yield and P uptake was significantly improved with the residual effect of SSP and DAP over control but SSP had significantly higher residual effect over DAP. Inoculation of AMF in field pea showed apparent residual effect over PSB. Method M1 and M3 showed highest direct and residual effect on available-soil P which was 22.5, 19.8, 15.7 and 13.5% higher over M2, respectively.