Phonetic Changes Research Articles

어기조사 ‘啊’ 음운 변화 규칙과 모어 화자의 현실발음 인식 차이에 대한 고찰

어기조사 ‘啊’ 음운 변화 규칙과 모어 화자의 현실발음 인식 차이에 대한 고찰

ТЕЛЕУТСКИЙ КОНСОНАНТИЗМ: АРТИКУЛЯТОРНЫЕ ПАТТЕРНЫ ПО ДАННЫМ МРТ

The article deals with articulatory parameters of consonant settings in the language of Teleuts – one of the South Siberian Turkic ethnic groups. The study is based on instrumental data obtained by magnetic resonance imaging nowadays (MRI). The results are compared with experimental phonetic materials, collected in the 1970s and are described in the works of K. V. Merkurev, allowed to show the tendency and dynamics of a phonetic changes in the language of Teleuts. The revealed systemic modifications of the articulatory-acoustic base of the teleuts, and above all the increased tension of settings, allow us to find similarities with the Telengitian language, for which weak articulations are not characteristic. As in the telengit language, in the Teleut anterolinguistic consonants undergo total labilization.

Miscellanea etymologica: Slavica

The paper deals with the etymological interpretation of Slavonic dialectal words, which earlier did not become visible to other researchers or were not given a satisfactory explain in special literature. Observation about the structure of mentioned words has enabled the author to make the conclusion about most of them are either Proto-Slavic archaisms (*čapeltь, *čьlpa, *glyxota, *xъlporъ, *kъrnopętъ, *molsnǫti, *žaxnǫti), either derivatives produced with the old word formation patterns, which have kept their relevance in Slavic dialects (вичекóвзнути, чикúлдúха, чулúндá). The author has been able to distinguish Slavic relict words alongside with a few ancient borrowings from the Iranian and Turkic languages, integrated into Slavic vocabulary at different times (иран. *gātra-/*gāϑra-, *kandī-gunyā (*kandi-γunyā), тюрк. sagsagan). The rest words, reviewed in the investigation, reflect either a process of word phonetic change, which has advanced so far in dialects, either processes of dialectal word formation with profoundly individual areal characteristics (all of them are detally described at each individual case).Key words: etymology, word formation, derivative, semantics, formant.

Breathy voice and low-register: A case of trading relation in Shanghai Chinese tone perception?

In Shanghai Chinese as well as many other Wu dialects, breathy voice is a well-documented accompaniment of the low-register tone syllables with obstruent as well as sonorant onsets. But Shanghai Chinese is rapidly changing and the breathy voice associated with low-register tones tends to disappear in young speakers' productions. In this study, we asked whether breathy voice is nevertheless still perceived and whether it pushes tone identification toward low-register tones. We conducted forced-choice tone identification tests on young native listeners of Shanghai Chinese, using low-high register tone continua-from tone T3 (23) to tone T2 (34)-imposed on base syllables with either modal or breathy voice quality, and beginning with various onset consonants. We used continua constructed from either naturally produced or synthesized syllables. Our results show that breathy voice does bias tone identification responses toward the low-register tone T3. This result held for both synthesized and natural stimuli, except for the /m/-onset stimuli derived from naturally produced syllables. We propose that the phonetic change at issue-loss of breathiness in production-is not due to misperception but reflects the ever-stronger influence of Standard Mandarin Chinese. In other words, this particular case of sound change seems to be led by production rather than perception. It remains an open question whether this kind of sound change is only determined by sociolinguistic factors (here, the dominance of Mandarin Chinese) or is independently motivated by phonetic and/or phonological factors.

ФОНЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ВАРИАТИВНОСТЬ ПРЕФИКСОВ В ЛАТИНСКОЙ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ

The article is devoted to analysing phonetic variability of most frequent prefixes of the Latin and Greek origin used in medical terminology. This linguistic phenomenon is conditioned by historical development of the Latin and Greek grammar. The analysis has allowed the authors to identify the most important medical terms with prefixes, which have undergone similar phonetic changes. The terms are classified into groups according to a similar phonetic phenomenon; the processes of term transformation and differentiation of homonyms are analysed. The study has an interdisciplinary nature at the intersection of medicine and linguistics and will be of interest to philologists and teachers of clinical disciplines.

On the original formulation and on the resonance over time of Grassmann’s Law: remarks on a still open issue

Abstract The present article aims to reconsider in detail the original formulation of Grassmann’s law (GL), proposed by Grassmann (1863), since the main handbooks of Indo-European linguistics often repeat an extremely concise and sometimes incomplete formulation of the phenomenon without going into the details of Grassmann’s original reasoning, from which the definition of the phonetic “law” took its shape. In fact, we intend to highlight, on the one hand, the route whereby the scholar arrived at the decisive formulation of the principle which took its name from him, on the other the research ideas already present in the article of 1863 and only partially taken into account by subsequent studies. In addition to offering an overview, as complete as possible, of the resonance and influence of GL among linguists (both within a general and a historical linguistic perspective), over the years, the intent is to show the fruitfulness of ideas that still today could be used for new studies on the topic and to offer a possible, new interpretation of this phonetic change.

Comparative Analysis of Derivational Prefixes of Dari Persian and Their Russian Equivalent

In this article, using of the example of lexical material of the well-known literary monument "Zakhire Kharazmshahi" Seyyed Ismail Jorjani is tasked to conduct a comparative analysis of word-form consoles in Dari Persian language and their Russian equivalents. Authors of the article consider various approaches to study the prefix word formation method in the two languages under consideration. The subject especially was studied from the point of view of semantic-syntactic specifics in two languages about prefixes, which were subjected to partial consideration. When selecting the values of authors, problem of lexica-semantic features of the prefix verbs is touched upon. In the process of studying, the most common prefixes and their Russian equivalents were identified and analyzed, their semantic similarities were revealed. It is noted that some prefixes during historical development of Persian language underwent phonetic changes. Some prefixes, which previously acted as independent words, eventually turned into a derivational morpheme.

Mismatch negativity-indexed auditory change detection of speech sounds in early and chronic schizophrenia

Auditory change detection, as indexed by the EEG-derived mismatch negativity, has been demonstrated to be dysfunctional in chronic schizophrenia using both pure-tone and speech (phoneme) sounds. It is unclear, however, whether reduced MMN amplitudes to speech sound deviants are observed within the first 5 years of the illness. The present study investigated MMNs elicited by across-vowel (phoneme) change in early schizophrenia (ESZ; Experiment 1) as well as chronic schizophrenia (CSZ; Experiment 2). In both experiments, clinical and control participants were presented the Finnish phoneme /e/ (standard; P = .90) and the Finnish phoneme /ö/ (deviant; P = .10) within an oddball paradigm. In experiment 2 we report significantly reduced MMN amplitudes in CSZ relative to HCs, but no differences were found when comparing ESZ and HC in experiment 1. Additionally, in our clinical samples, MMN amplitudes were correlated with symptom scores. These findings suggest that early detection of phonetic change may be impaired in chronic schizophrenia, but not early in the progression of the illness. As MMN reductions only emerged in patients with a longer course of illness, and appeared to change with symptom severity, this suggests a dynamic change in the early auditory processing of language over time in schizophrenia.

Money Talks — But Less Well so over the Mobile Phone? The Persistence of the Telephone Voice in a 4G Technology Setting and the Resulting Implications for Business Communication and Mobile-Phone Innovation

Our study is a first step toward the innovative further development of mobile phones with special emphasis on optimizing them for business communication. Traditional landline phones and mobile phones up to 3G technology are known to trigger the so-called “telephone voice”. The phonetic changes induced by the telephone voice (louder speech at a higher pitch level) are suitable for undermining the perceived competence, trustworthiness and charisma of a speaker and can, thus, negatively influence business actions over the mobile phone. In a speech production experiment with 20 speakers and a subsequent acoustic speech-signal analysis of almost 15 000 utterances, we tested in comparison to a baseline face-to-face dialog condition, whether the telephone voice still exists in a technological setting of VoLTE 4G mobile-phone communication. In fact, we found that the typical characteristics of the telephone voice persist even under the currently best technological 4G standards and under silent communication conditions. Moreover, we identified further acoustic-phonetic parameters of the telephone voice, some of which (like a more monotonous intonation) further compound the problem of business communication over the mobile phone. In combination, the extended parametric picture and the persistent occurrence of the “telephone voice” even under quiet 4G conditions suggest that a speech-in-noise-like (i.e. Lombard) adaption is not the only and perhaps not even the primary cause behind the telephone voice. Based on this, we propose a number of innovations and R&D activities for making mobile-phone technology more suitable for business communication.

Zer da lehenago, aditzoina ala partizipioa? Oharrak euskararen kronologiarako / Which came first: the verb root or the participle? Notes for the chronology of Basque

Lan honetan aditzoinaren eta partizipioaren arteko erlazioaren historian sakondu nahi dut. Datuen bidez ikusiko dugu beren arteko oposaketak diakronikoki ñabardura gehiago dituela sinkronikoki ematen duena baino eta, funtsean, euskara historikoan dakusguna ezin dela aitzineuskarara eraman bere horretan. Ildo honetatik, hipotesi indartsuago bat jarriko dut frogapean, alegia, aditzoin historikoa jatorriz Erdi Aroko lehen lekukotasunak baino lehen elkartu-eratorrien lotunean eragina izan zuten hots-aldaketa arau ezagunek sortutako irregulartasunen morfologizatzearen ondorio dela. Hipotesi honek, lehen azaldu gabe zeuden zenbait fenomeno (Trask-en *emanite erako aditz-izenak, adibidez) azaltzeaz gainera, aditz sistema historikoaren eraketarekin lotutako beste fenomeno batzuen sorreraz, izaeraz edota kronologiaz ere aurrerapenak egiteko aukera ematen digu, hala nola perfektuzko perifrasiez eta -itu partizipio pleonastikoez.

The Validity of the Phonetic Value Changes of Shewa in Various Tiberian Accentual Contexts

The phonetic realization of shewa has been a perennial issue. The present article attempts to propose shewa rules in the various Tiberian accentual contexts on the basis of the arguments of Aron Dotan and Mordecai Breuer, which follow the Ben-Asher tradition. It also examines numerous instances with shewa: (1) in the domains of tebir; (2) in the domain of zaqeph; (3) with gayas in the domain of zaqeph; and (4) with munach and azla as the secondary accents in the domain of zaqeph in the corpus of the Pentateuch. The article analyzes the validity of the phonetic changes of shewas in various accentual contexts and contributes to the field of syllabification and metric analysis in Tiberian Hebrew.

Adaptación de materiales para la enseñanza de español como lengua extranjera en Latinoamérica: el caso de Aula América 1

La mayoría de los manuales para la enseñanza de español como lengua extranjera (ele) se produce en España. A pesar de su calidad pedagógica, los profesores y estudiantes encuentran dificultades para utilizarlos en América, ya que se limitan a las realidades lingüísticas y socioculturales de la Península. En el presente artículo, se muestran los principales cambios propuestos para la adaptación de Aula internacional 1. Nueva edición al contexto hispanoamericano (Aula América). Dentro del componente lingüístico, las diferencias más profusas se encontraron en el nivel léxico. En el nivel gramatical, fueron especialmente significativos los cambios en las formas de tratamiento, en los demostrativos y en los tiempos verbales del pasado. Los cambios fonéticos se centraron en dos sonidos: /θ/ > /s/ y /x/ > /h/. En cuanto al componente sociocultural, se propuso adaptar un buen número de referentes peninsulares, sobre todo relativos al espacio geográfico y a las personas.

Some Remarks on Adaptive Phonetic Changes of Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Daghestanian Languages

Some Remarks on Adaptive Phonetic Changes of Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Daghestanian Languages

P.2.09 Sensory processing sensitivity and its association with seasonal affective disorder

Auditory change detection, as indexed by the EEG-derived mismatch negativity, has been demonstrated to be dysfunctional in chronic schizophrenia using both pure-tone and speech (phoneme) sounds. It is unclear, however, whether reduced MMN amplitudes to speech sound deviants are observed within the first 5 years of the illness. The present study investigated MMNs elicited by across-vowel (phoneme) change in early schizophrenia (ESZ; Experiment 1) as well as chronic schizophrenia (CSZ; Experiment 2). In both experiments, clinical and control participants were presented the Finnish phoneme /e/ (standard; P = .90) and the Finnish phoneme /ö/ (deviant; P = .10) within an oddball paradigm. In experiment 2 we report significantly reduced MMN amplitudes in CSZ relative to HCs, but no differences were found when comparing ESZ and HC in experiment 1. Additionally, in our clinical samples, MMN amplitudes were correlated with symptom scores. These findings suggest that early detection of phonetic change may be impaired in chronic schizophrenia, but not early in the progression of the illness. As MMN reductions only emerged in patients with a longer course of illness, and appeared to change with symptom severity, this suggests a dynamic change in the early auditory processing of language over time in schizophrenia.

Areal linguistics and etymology

1. This article reconstructs six pairs of PSl equivalents for ‘alder' preserved in Slavic dialects in an appellative and/or onomastic function, whose elements can be distinguished from one another by grammatical gender (feminine or masculine) and declension type: *olьxa - *olьxъ, *olьša - *olьšь, *olьs'a - *olьs'ъ, *elьxa - *elьxъ, *elьša - *elьšъ, and *elьs'a - *elьs'ъ. The masculine forms are known only in East and South Slavic dialects. 2. The elements of the pair with the oldest phonetic form, which show the word-formational relationship of an ā-stem for the feminine form (*alisā) versus an o-stem for the masculine form (*aliso-s), can be dated at least to early PSl; other phonetic pairs developed later because they contain younger phonetic forms. 3. The base pair (*alisā ‘alder' - *aliso- ‘alder?') shows the same word-formational and morphological relationship as certain other expressions for trees derived from stems denoting colors (e. g., PSl *berzā - *berzo- ‘birch', *berstā - *bersto- ‘elm'). 4. The masculine and feminine elements of all pairs are phonetically equal, refl ecting the same principles of Slavic phonetic development (except for the oldest phonetic change at word onset manifested in Slavic *o- : *(j)e-, which cannot be unambiguously explained): cf. the pan-Slavic development of PIE *s > PSl. *x (*oalisā > *oalixā or *ealisā > *elixā), the pan-Slavic development of PIE *i > PSl. *ь (*oalixā > *olьxa, *ealisā > *elьxa), and the development of PSl *x > s' after progressive palatalization (*oalixā > *olьs'a, *ealisā > *elьs'a) in East and South Slavic dialects. In contrast, the -š- in the West Slavic forms *olьša, *jelьša is explained as a structural element rather than the West Slavic refl ex of the progressive palatalization of PSl. *x > *š' (*oalixā > *olьš'a, *ealisā > *elьš'a), as would be expected. The reason for this should be sought in the South Slavic phonetic forms of the type *olьša and *elьša, in which the appearance of -š- could imply morphological generalizations from various derivatives. 5. The PSl presence of phonetic variants with a sibilant *s' < PSl *x (i. e., *elьs'a and *elьs'ь) in South Slavic is indicated by rare lexical vestiges from the periphery of the vast linguistic area extending from eastern Prekmurje and Prlekija in Slovenia to Kajkavian territory (i. e., the area around Varaždin, Kotoriba, Gola to the east of Koprivnica, the area around Zagreb, and the southern edges of Slavonia in Croatia) as well as the Čakavian area (i. e., Brinje in the Lika region, and Jelsa on the island of Hvar in Croatia). 6. The phonetically innovative South Slavic forms *elьs'a, *elьs'ь alongside archaic *elьxa, *elьxъ can be compared to the phonetically innovative East Slavic forms *olьs'a, *olьs'ь alongside archaic *olьxa, *olьxъ, and the *s' can be defi ned as an East or/and South Slavic refl ex of *x after progressive palatalization, which extends well into the PSl period and, alongside PSl *vьxъ (East and South Slavic *vьs'ь and West Slavic *vьš'ь), is another lexeme with progressive palatalization of *x in the stem.

ФОНЕТИЧНІ ЗМІНИ, ПОВ’ЯЗАНІ З ВИПАДІННЯМ ЗВУКІВ, У СХІДНОПОЛІСЬКИХ ГОВІРКАХ НОВГОРОД-СІВЕРЩИНИ

The article analyzes phonetic processes caused by the loss of sounds or sound groups on the basis of the material of the Eastern Polissian language dialect of the Ukrainian language. The author characterizes the essential phonetic and grammatical features of the Siversk dialect, located to the North of Novgorod-Siversk, its specificity relative to the main Eastern Polissian area and notes that the actual Ukrainian (Polissian) language features coexist here with certain Belarusian features.While studying diaeresis, i.e. the elimination of sounds or syllables for ease of pronunciation, the author uses a considerable number of illustrative material, gathered in the area where Siversk dialects are spoken.There is taken into account the position of the absolute beginning of the word that is realized as an apheresis, i.e. the loss of the next vowel when it coincides with the previous one on the edge of the root and prefix and between words. It is noted that the apheresis as well as other sound characteristics integrates it into the Eastern Polissian family of dialects. Cases of loss of etymological vowels and consonants are characterized, which are inherent mainly for borrowed vocabulary, and some examples of dieresis in indigenous dialectics. It is noted that the loss of sounds in the middle of the word (syncope) is quite common. The cases of loss of the sound [й] in the verbal forms, formed from the Common Slavic root *imati, are analyzed; phonetic changes (for example, contamination, assimilation), caused by the loss of not only separate vowels and consonants, but also sound groups and syllables, are described. Thus, unlike other positions, the reduction of the final sound elements (apocope) is noted in remote from the stress syllables and implemented in a small number of dialect word types.It is stated that diaeresis most often occurs due to the elimination of consonant or vowel confluence and reflects the specificity of not only phonetic, but also lexical levels of the Siversk dialect.

Генезис, развитие и лексическая семантика цветообозначения ҡыҙыл ‘красный’ в башкирском языке

Goals: Тhe аrticlе aims to investigate the origins of the word ҡыҙыл ‘red’ in the Bashkir language, trace its evolution against the common Turkic background, and reveal the semantic message of the color term. Methods: Semantic analysis method — analysis of meanings of diverse color terms to denote ‘red’ — served as the leading research method. The comparative historical method was used to identify the common and specific in the evolution of terms and their meanings, a synchronous method applied to identify denotative and connotative components of meanings. Results: The study revealed that the current gloss qїδїl ‘red’ dates back to the proto-Turkic *Kϊř-ϊl ‘red’ which might have originated from the proto-Altaic form *kiūŕu ‘red; brown, dark’. The word is recorded in all Turkic idioms with some phonetic changes. In the Bashkir language it takes a number of phonetic variants, such as qїδїl / qїhїl / qїzїl. Changes in the sound composition of the word result from the emergence of specific sounds in the Bashkir phonetic structure. The main meaning of the gloss is designation of the red-orange part of the spectrum (red and its shades, i.e., orange, red, pink, scarlet). In addition, the lexeme qїδїl is actively used in word formation being involved in the formation of a variety of terms, such as phytonyms, zoonyms, anatomical terms, names of minerals, etc. Generally speaking, the range of red in the Turkic languages includes the red and orange spectra. Shades of red can appear monolexemic as in qїδїl (qїδїl sӓsle ‘red-haired’). In most cases, the red color saturation is expressed / formed analytically (qujї qїδїl ‘dark red’), as well as by particles and affixes to construct degrees of adjectives (qïp-qїδїl, selt / sem qїδїl ‘very red, utterly red’, qїδγїlt ‘reddish’). Moreover, the analyzed Bashkir lexeme has not only the meaning of color but also obtains certain connotative meanings. It has developed the following secondary connotations: ‘ripe’ (the transfer of ‘red’ > ‘ripe’ occurs in regard to ripe berries, fruits), ‘bright’ (resulting from the physical property of red brightness); ‘east’ (in Bashkir toponymy); ‘Soviet’, ‘revolutionary’ (in historical terms); various substances (blush, rust); ‘completely, very’ (i.e., a strong degree of manifestation of some quality / feature); it also acts as a mythologized color to perform a protective function. Conclusions: The paper summarizes that the Bashkir term has cetain proto-Turkic and proto-Altaic bases; in the course of its evolution the word has undergone phonetic changes, semantics assumed certain forms and developed against the common Turkic background. Nevertheless, in the Bashkir toponymy (different from other Turkic languages) the meaning of the color term red as ‘eastern’ comes to the fore which is explained by the red colour of the sky at sunrise.

Delayed-Onset Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis After Abdominal Surgery: A Case Report.

A 62-year-old male patient suddenly developed severe dyspnea due to bilateral vocal cord paralysis (VCP) 4 days after an abdominal surgery. Emergent tracheostomy effectively improved the patient's respiratory status. The present case report emphasizes that bilateral VCP could occur even several days after an abdominal surgery in patients with multiple risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, an older age, male sex, and an upper abdominal surgery. Even if the patient does not present with hoarseness, bilateral VCP should not be ruled out, because a slight phonetic change can be the only symptom of early-stage bilateral VCP.

Estudio de fenómenos consonánticos de la lengua íbera

El objetivo de este artículo es el estudio de algunos fenómenos del consonantismo de la lengua íbera. El principal punto de partida para la selección de los casos de estudio lo constituyen principalmente las alternancias gráficas en la escritura de determinadas palabras y segmentos, así como la presencia de combinaciones de letras/fonemas excepcionales.

La rupture du tabou sur internet –analyse linguistique des mèmes sur Aleksander Kwaśniewski

Dans le livre Totem et tabou Sigmund Freud remarque que « le fondement du tabou est une action interdite pour laquelle il existe dans l’inconscient une forte inclination ». La politique est un domaine qui, depuis son apparition, met en valeur des hommes qui éveillent en même temps des émotions ambiguës comme l’admiration, la curiosité, voire parfois la jalousie et le mépris. Avec l’émergence des réseaux sociaux (Twitter et Facebook) et grâce à la liberté d’expression sur Internet, on constate que cette forte inclination de notre inconscient peut enfin être assouvie sans limites. Le but de notre communication sera de présenter comment le tabou concernant les penchants vers l’alcool de l’ex-président de la Pologne Aleksander Kwaśniewski demeure sur Internet. A l’aide de supports visuels et à la fois d’outils contemporains de la communication sur Internet - des mèmes, nous allons présenter une campagne de dénigrement relevant du hate dans laquelle l’euphémisme et l’ironie sont responsables de la rupture d’un tabou datant d’il y a près de 25 ans. Notre classement sera effectué sur un corpus d’une centaine de mèmes tirés essentiellement de Facebook et du fanpage « Aleksander Kwaśniewski Memes ». Mis à part l’analyse sociolinguistique de ce phénomène, nous allons procéder à un classement de ces mèmes du point de vue de leur construction en distinguant entre autres les figures, les allusions, les néologismes, les emprunts, les jeux graphiques et phonétiques qui s’y produisent.