Philosophical Understanding Research Articles

Engram Studies: A Call for Historical, Philosophical, and Sociological Approaches.

In this chapter, we identify three distinct avenues of research on the philosophical, historical, and sociopolitical dimensions of engram research. First, we single out the need to refine philosophical understandings of memory within neuroscientific research on the engram. Specifically, we question the place of constructivist and preservationist philosophical claims on memory in the formulation of the engram concept and its operationalization in contemporary neuroscience research. Second, we delve into the received historiography of the engram claiming its disappearance after Richard Semon's (1859-1918) coinage of the concept. Differently from this view, we underline that Semon's legacy is still largely undocumented: Unknown are the ways the engram circulated within studies of organic memory as well as the role Semon's ideas had in specific national contexts of research in neurosciences. Finally, another research gap on the engram concerns a socio-anthropological documentation of the factual and normative resources this research offers to think about memory in healthcare and society. Representations of memory in this research, experimental strategies of intervention into the engram, as well as their translational potential for neurodegenerative (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) and psychiatric (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder) conditions have not yet received scrutiny notwithstanding their obvious social and political relevance.All these knowledge gaps combined call for a strong commitment towards interdisciplinarity to align the ambitions of a foundational neuroscience of the engram with a socially responsible circulation of this knowledge. What role can the facts, metaphors, and interventional strategies of engram research play in the wider society? With what implications for philosophical questions at the foundation of memory, which have accompanied its study from antiquity? And what can neuro- and social scientists do jointly to shape the social and political framings of engram research?

МИФОПОЭТИКА ВИНА КАК ИМАГИНАТИВНЫЙ АБСОЛЮТ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО БЫТИЯ

the article introduces a new concept at the intersection of philosophy, aesthetics, literary criticism, history, oenology and branding: mythopoetics. Mythopoetics of wine is understood as a special method of wine analytics that takes the perception of wine beyond the narrow classification of color, bouquet and taste with elements of terroir into the area of image formation: the harmony of historical fact, myth, terroir, poetry, symbol, which are quintessed in a certain wine brand. The article is a continuation of the efforts of José Ortega y Gasset, Massimo Dona, Eric Asimov, Rauf and Alexei Akchurinov in creating an approach to the philosophical understanding of wine. Wine is defined as an essential element of human intellectual and emotional life, firmly embedded in religious practices, secular culture and various genres of art. An important fact is the strong incorporation of wine into the economic structure, especially in the great wine regions of France, Italy, Spain, and Germany: from wine tastings and wine tours to the formation of a solid segment of the alcohol market in the wholesale and retail trade networks. Mythopoetics of wine allows creating its legendarium, project myths about life and death, beauty and ugliness, harmony and chaos onto a specific brand of wine, form the image of a particular wine producer, enhancing the tasting value of wine, increasing interest in thecourtliness of drinking wine, stimulating the tourist development of various regions, bringing the topic of wine to the level of the most pressing problems for interdisciplinary research, both in the field of fundamental knowledge and at the level of applied results.

Characteristics of philosophical understanding of dialogue

Characteristics of philosophical understanding of dialogue

Religious tourism as a moral basis for preserving the ecology of the region

The paper examines the possibilities of the active influence of religious tourism on the preservation of the ecology of tourist regions. Currently, religious tourism is becoming more popular, every year more and more people are looking for peace in religious (often historical) monasteries, away from noisy cities and all-inclusive hotels. This article substantiates the idea that religious tourism is not only an opportunity to study the history of the emergence and development of a people, but also to gain new emotions by learning such enduring concepts as morality, humility, goodness, decency, faith. Many temples and monasteries are located in unique regions: in the mountains, on steppe plains or in virgin forests. Such a variety of landscapes in which holy monasteries are located makes it possible to realize all the greatness and uniqueness of nature, to awaken a desire to preserve it in its original form. Staying in holy monasteries is another opportunity for those who want to understand the essence and uniqueness of the world around us. This paper is also devoted to a philosophical understanding of the problem of the influence of religion on human behavior and attitude towards nature. Religion instills in a person responsibility for his actions. It is the moral institution of society. One of the goals of religion is the need to achieve a respectful attitude towards life. The prospect of a gradual improvement in the global environmental situation is largely associated with the revival of spiritual values and religious and ethnic norms.

Spiritual Intelligence and the Nous: Implications for Understanding the Relationship Between the Faith Traditions of the World

The modern concept of spiritual intelligence exhibits parallels with the ancient Greek philosophical understanding of the nous. This ancient understanding was used extensively in late antique and early medieval theological thinking and is still influential in some faith traditions. However, the implications of this understanding for exploring questions about religious pluralism have not been widely acknowledged. These implications arise from the way in which the noetic perception that arises from the full functioning of the nous is seen as essentially intuitive in nature, so that the relationship between this perception and religious doctrinal statements may be understood in terms of a radically apophatic understanding of religious language usage. Vladimir Lossky has proposed this stance as characteristic of Eastern patristic perspectives. In relation to this understanding, parallels with the perennialist tradition are evident and—even though this tradition in its classic form exhibits major flaws that need to be corrected—its pluralism becomes highly suggestive. This suggestiveness is reinforced by a number of other considerations, not least the recent “theological turn” in discussion of divine action within the science-theology dialogue, which permits an essentially “naturalistic” understanding of revelatory experiences. There may, nevertheless, be reasons for adopting “reciprocal inclusivism” rather than a full-blown pluralism of this kind.

DEMONSTRATION OF STUDENT’S REFLECTIVE SKILLS IN RELATION TO PERSONAL QUALITIES

This article describes the level of development of reflection, reflexive abilities and its role in personal development. Manifestation of reflexive abilities has an important place in the student's professional formation. As a reflection, a concept that requires philosophical understanding is illuminated, and the activity of self-awareness, which describes the form of human theoretical activity, reveals the spiritual world of a person, aimed at understanding one's own culture and its foundations, behaviors, is interpreted. The students' reflection will highlight the psychological aspects of their professional formation. From a psychological point of view, reflection is shown as aprocess that involves the student's understanding of his own behavior, the composition of the figure of "I", the characteristics of the self-awareness system, and thinking in the human mind. self-control associated with the self-awareness system is the psychological aspect of reflection, such as the ability to anticipate and analyze the outcome of one's actions and actively influence the conversation in the communication process defines aspects, reflection is noted psychologically as a generalized integrated component of aspects related to self-awareness, self-perceptions and self-awareness system, controlled by consciousness. The information presented in the article allowed to analyze the integral indicators of reflexive ability and shed light on aspects of its connection with personality qualities.

DIMENSI TAUHID DALAM PEMBELAJARAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM BERBASIS FILSAFAT NATURALISME AUGUST COMTE

This article raises the problem of the lack of integration of tauhidic values ​​in Natural Sciences (Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam) learning in connection with the non-inclusion of tauhidic values ​​in the Learning Implementation Plan (Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran). This research aims to reveal how aspects of tauhid can be integrated in the context of Natural Sciences (IPA) learning, as well as how the concept of Naturalism proposed by August Comte can be applied in natural sciences learning. So the results can provide guidance to educators and teachers about the importance of the tauhid dimension in science education and inspire discussions about how Comte's naturalism can be applied meaningfully in modern and diverse educational contexts. The method used is philosophical qualitative, with an emphasis on conceptual analysis and Comte's philosophical understanding of Naturalism. The results of this research will highlight the challenges faced by teachers in integrating monotheistic values ​​in science learning, as well as the impact of this lack of integration on the education and development of students. Through a philosophical qualitative approach, it will also show an understanding of how teachers can understand and apply tauhid dimension in science learning effectively. Thus, the findings in it will provide insight into how to increase the integration of tauhidic values ​​in integrated natural science education, by referring to August Comte's naturalist concepts.

Freedom as a Key Value of the Volunteer Movement

Purpose of the article is to find out the main content and ways of embodying freedom as a value of the volunteer movement in the context of analyzing the social motivation of human behavior in general. Theoretical basis. The theoretical basis of the research is the philosophical and anthropological understanding of freedom as a person’s creative overcoming of obstacles to establish his or her eccentric essence. Such a vision is embedded, in particular, in Karl Jaspers’ philosophy of existence, Helmuth Plessner’s philosophy of positioning in the world, and Paul Ricœur’s philosophy of rational choice of life path. Originality. The importance of freedom as a value, as well as other social values, is revealed and specified through the analysis of the values of the volunteer movement. In the desire of people engaged in volunteer work to achieve freedom through other values, the content of freedom as a basis for self-reproduction of the individual, community and society is revealed. Conclusions. Representatives of various humanities and social sciences have distinct research interests in analyzing the values inherent in volunteers. As members of a certain society and certain communities in this society, volunteers do not act outside the economy, politics and other spheres of public life, but reveal their freedom through creative and non-standard solutions to economic, political, and other problems. At the same time, research psychologists focus attention on the personal self-realization of a person, theorists and practitioners of social work study volunteers’ desire to gain recognition from peers and other small social groups, and representatives of sociology, political science and other social sciences focus their attention on such socially significant values of volunteering as patriotism, solidarity, etc. The task of social philosophy is to justify the desire to contribute to the public good, which is common to all volunteers. Representatives of philosophical anthropology look for the best social intentions inherent in a person as a member of society in volunteering. Analysis of the values of volunteering as a motivator of human behavior provides knowledge of socially significant values inherent in every member of society to a greater or lesser extent.

Philosophical and Anthropological Understanding of the Nature of Collective Violence

Purpose. The purpose of this research is to analyse and systematize modern philosophical and anthropological ideas about the nature, essence, causes and sources of collective violence. Theoretical basis. Given the complexity and multifaceted nature of the phenomenon of violence, the authors used a range of philosophical and general scientific research methods. In particular, the comparative method helped to identify the main advantages and disadvantages of using philosophical and anthropological approaches to studying the nature and patterns of violence in the social environment. The use of the systemic and structural-functional methods contributed to a better understanding of the structure, features, mechanisms and criteria for ethical justification of the permissibility of collective violence. The psychological approach made it possible to analyse the role of social dissatisfaction, disappointment, relative deprivation and frustration in the process of radicalization of individuals and their readiness to use violence. Originality. The originality of this research lies in the application of modern analytical approaches to the study and philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of violence. It has been proven that at the current stage of social development, the following non-traditional forms of violence are becoming widespread: structural, symbolic, cultural, and psychological. It has been established that the main sources of collective violence are value, cultural, ideological and structural contradictions, as well as socio-psychological dissatisfaction, economic inequality and discrimination. Conclusions. Throughout history, violence has been an integral part of spiritual, social, value and economic transformations. The study of such a complex phenomenon requires the creation of an effective interdisciplinary theory that would take into account various anthropological, social, philosophical, psychological, physiological and biological dimensions and forms of its use. That is why there is a need to further improve scientific theories and approaches to studying the nature, forms and sources of violence. Taking advantage of a comprehensive approach, we have been able to establish that violence is a form of social influence that involves the use of physical force against individuals, social groups or institutions to cause physical, mental or moral harm and to subordinate their behaviour and will.

On the Nature of Human Rights with Regard to Types of Law Understanding

The article raises the problem of understanding human rights in their relationship with the type of law understanding. Legal positivism, sociological positivism, theory of natural law and philosophical understanding of law (libertarian theory of law) stand out as the main approaches of law. It is noted that the normative approach involves the direct dependence of human rights on the will of the state; it does not matter the content of the right, but its formal consolidation in the law. The sociological approach, also within the framework of the legalist direction of law understanding, in contrast to legal positivism, connects human rights not with the state, but with social life, as a product of the development of society, and considers their existence not in law, but in legal relations. The natural law approach to understanding law is considered primarily as a definite stage in the development of ideas about law. Human rights in this context are considered as an expression of human freedom of choice and action, having a natural nature. However, in the modern world, such rights should be formally enshrined, reflecting the value aspect of law. The libertarian theory of Professor V.S. Nersesyants also reflects the idea of the meaning of freedom for the existence of a right that is different from the law, but recognizes the existence of human rights both natural and dependent on the will of the state. The authors conclude that the essential characteristics of human rights derived from the content of these types of law understanding in modern constitutional law have formed a symbiotic approach, In other words, the modern conception of human rights is based on all these types of law understanding.

Mind the widening ‘theory–practice gap’? The retreat to positivism in planning practice

This article argues that recent times have seen a (re)intensification of positivist decision making in planning practice in England. Ostensibly underpinned by appeals to scientific evidence and ‘objective’ fact, it seems this is resulting in an increased difficulty in operationalising subjective forms of knowledge. This it is argued has led to a widening theory–practice gap which has serious consequences for participatory democracy. The paper uses planning philosophy (theories of knowledge) as an analytical framework with which to examine these developments from both a theoretical and practice perspective. The latter is supported by insights from public and private sector planners, gathered during semi-structured interviews in 2021. Our findings suggest that a better philosophical understanding of the world within which planning operates can meaningfully inform both theory and practice and help planners to make sense of and navigate the trends described above. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/

Формирование духовных потребностей студенческой молодежи в системе высшего образования

The article is devoted to the philosophical understanding of the peculiarities of the formation and development of the spiritual needs of students. The conclusions are substantiated that the attitude of students to the profession depends not only on the level of conformity of ideas about the profession, but also on its social significance. The authors also claim that the attitude of students to the profession depends on the dynamics of the assessment of their professional maturity. The system of spiritual needs is considered as the most important component of the life of society, reflecting the selective attitude of students to social values. They determine the line of their behavior aimed at achieving these values. The authors substantiate the idea that higher professional education should become not only a tool for the professional training of future specialists, their socialization and adaptation to life in a market society, but also an equal component of the formation of the spiritual needs of young people

The dynamic dance of nonviolence in education: Embracing tensions and embodiment in critical times

The lack of attention to nonviolence in education is highly problematic, and this article elaborates nonviolence as a new direction in a time of crisis. First, nonviolence is conceptualized as holding tensions to contest violence and cultivate nonviolent relations in the everyday praxis of education in both inner work and outer work in engaging social differences. Second, an aesthetics-based approach at intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal levels is introduced to address violence and nonviolence in curriculum. Third, we conceptualize how embodied living and mindfulness are crucial components in understanding and practicing nonviolence. This article brings philosophical understanding, artistic attunement, and a meditative stance together to demonstrate what possibilities can be opened by embracing nonviolence in curriculum studies. Throughout the article, we argue that nonviolence not only opposes violence but is also a positive, integrative force that we should become attuned to in order to transform curriculum and education. In addition, we discuss three theoretical and practical implications of our work, as well as four domains for further research.

Interpretation Of Legal Philosophy Of Contemporary Law

Law is an inseparable element of human life. Over time, the law undergoes significant changes to adapt to changes in society and social progress. This transformation has created various contemporary legal issues that require deep philosophical understanding. The interpretation of legal philosophy plays a central role in addressing the challenges of contemporary law. This approach not only provides profound insights into the philosophical dimensions of the law but also helps to understand how contemporary law changes and adapts to the dynamics of society and the development of social progress. Legal philosophy is a discipline that seeks to find truth or a deeper understanding of the law. In this context, legal philosophy is not only concerned with technical aspects or concrete legal regulations but also seeks a broader understanding of the values, ethics, morality, justice, and underlying purposes of the law. This research aims to explain "How can the application of the interpretation of legal philosophy address contemporary legal challenges?" This analysis takes a literature study approach as the basis for the paper's preparation. The findings of the exploration indicate that the interpretation of legal philosophy allows for deep critical thinking about contemporary legal issues, helps identify underlying values, and formulates better and fairer solutions to these problems

Polish Philosophy of the XX – early XXI Centuries through the Eyes of the Russian

Introduction. In the modern world we can note an increasing interest in problems and thinkers who have not been included in the classical history of philosophy for a long time. In the Russian tradition, Polish philosophical thought was considered within the narrow framework of the ideas of N. Copernicus, the revolutionary democrats, representatives of the Lviv-Warsaw schools. As a result, the impression was formed that in the 20th century Polish thought did not generate anything significant and interesting. In this work, the author made an attempt to rethink the attitude of Russian people to Polish thinkers of the 20th century to highlight the figures of those who can be perceived as spiritually close to the Russian understanding of philosophical issues. Philosophical novels and novellas have always existed in Russian culture. Russian thinkers sought to act as an artist of the word, which is not limited by academic frameworks.Methodology and sources. As in any historical and philosophical work, the historicalcomparative approach was used in this article. To implement the tasks set, the analysis of the works of Polish thinkers of the twentieth century L. Kolakovsky, J. Bohensky and S. Lem, who were the sources of this work, was carried out.Results and discussion. In Russian culture, philosophy (love of wisdom) has never been limited only to the framework of academic traditions. It is impossible to put thought in the “Procrustean bed” of clear rules and schemes, especially philosophical thought, therefore the author includes in the circle of study Polish thinkers who in their work sought to work outside the boundaries and established frameworks. L. Kolakovsky, J. Bohensky and S. Lem represent an unusual vision of familiar concepts. They demonstrate in their works that the "buffoonish" view can be present in the philosophical tradition, that an aphorism is the quintessence of thought. In the works of L. Kolakovsky, J. Bohensky and S. Lem, one can see a world of paradoxical worldview, a world of laughter at “unshakable” principles, a world that makes one wonder. And it is with surprise, according to Aristotle, that philosophy begins.Conclusion. Grotesque, oxymoron, paradox in the works of L. Kolakovsky, J. Bohensky, S. Lem represent a form of philosophical understanding of modernity. The Polish thought of the twentieth century shows that philosophy can and should have many variants of its implementation.

OTHERTONGUES: MULTILINGUALISM, NATALITY AND EMPOWERMENT IN SHARON DODUA OTOO'S ADAS RAUM

ABSTRACTWritten in German by the Black British author and activist Sharon Dodua Otoo, the novel Adas Raum (2021) intervenes in contemporary debates on colonial legacies to forge ‘a critical multilingualism’ (Yildiz 2012), challenging master‐narratives and tropes of founding fathers which privilege linear constructions of time and bounded concepts of nation and peoples. This article examines how Otoo foregrounds diasporic female figures as material agents by focusing on ambivalent experiences of childbearing, then argues that the multilingual feminist text rejects dualistic heteropatriarchal models to reconceive community in terms of intersubjective encounters and shared spaces. To illuminate the politics of Otoo's structural concern with rebirth, I take up the concept of ‘natality’ developed in the writings of Hannah Arendt and Adriana Cavarero, which offers a model for imagining possibilities of political action that defy forms of domination. Black feminist thought further informs the ambivalent figuration of motherhood in Otoo's narrative and its central preoccupation with intertwined issues of gender, racial and class discrimination. Challenging the ethnocentricity that has been identified throughout Arendt's oeuvre, Otoo reveals instead how fifteenth‐century West African concepts of space and time can be understood as in dialogue with the post‐war philosopher's understanding of natality as the central category of political thought.

Экзистенциальная личность и специфика философского стиля Жоржа Батая: проблема взаимовлияния

The article examines the features of the existential personality, the ideological origins of creativity and the spe-cifics of the philosophical style of the French thinker J. Bataille. The features of J. Bataille’s paradoxical thinking are shown, the value of which is in the ability to analyze various mental states of a person, in the destruction of standard philosophical structures and the creation of new forms of philosophical understanding of reality. The application of the phenomenological approach made it possible to identify the features of J. Bataille’s literary and philosophical style, the inconsistency and complexity of interpreting his texts addressed to existential expe-rience in the act of tragedy, delusions or the search for truth, inseparable from the transgressive state of a per-son. The authors determined that in J. Bataille’s work, the specifics of language, vocabulary, and the ability to express the hidden meaning remind of the author himself, of his constant desire to invade the realm of the im-possible. The study of the problem of the mutual influence of the existential personality and J. Bataille’s philo-sophical thinking was carried out using a hermeneutic approach. The authors also identified a number of XXth century thinkers, such as M. Foucault, N. Land, J. Derridа, whose works were significantly influenced by Ba-taille’s thinking. The novelty of this study is the disclosure of evaluative judgments of the literary style of the French philosopher by modern authors and specialists in the philosophical work of J. Bataille.

Crime and punishment; drama and meaning: lessons from On the Genealogy of Morals II

ABSTRACT This paper takes up Nietzsche’s contrast between a relatively enduring ‘drama’ of punishment, which consists in sequences of procedures, and a congeries of often discrepant meanings and purposes of the drama and contrasts it favorably with the distinction between a definition of punishment and a justification for it which received a good deal of attention in the middle of the twentieth century in anglophone philosophical circles. My chief thesis is that the philosophical lesson to be drawn from the widely acknowledge failure of efforts to further the philosophical understanding of punishment by the latter route is Nietzsche’s: that the concept in question and the practices that fall under it are fundamentally insusceptible to ahistorical methods. I argue for the thesis proper in the first section of the paper, and explore consequences of it for our understanding of the connection between punishment and justice in the second.

Philosophy of Islamic Constitutional Law: Shiite School Perspective

The objective of this work is to expound upon Shiite philosophy and constitutional theory by drawing upon the views and ideology of Imam Khomeini. In addition, this research endeavours to compare the constitutional ideas of Shiite and Sunni factions. This study employs the methodology of literature review. Several primary and secondary sources pertaining to the research objectives were thoroughly reviewed, analysed, and compared. The study's findings indicate that within Shiite ideology, the power and control over authority are exclusively attributed to God. Allah is the ultimate arbiter of all natural phenomena and every entity within it. God possesses supreme authority, possesses dominion, and bestows legislation. According to this philosophical understanding of existence, it is necessary for human civilization to be guided by a leadership that is of divine nature. In Shi'a thought, Muhammad's role as a prophet and messenger of Allah entails not only the responsibility of communicating divine law (al-qanūn al-ilāhi), but also the duty of putting that law into practice.

Anatomical Themes and their Role in B. Pasternak' Works and his Philosophical Conception

The subject of the study in the article are anatomical themes in the works of B. Pasternak, which have a deep symbolic meaning. The scene in the anatomical theater from the novel «Doctor Zhivago» has its roots in his biography, lyrics, early prose, journalism. This preparatory work provided a broad context for understanding the topic of anatomy and the motive for dissecting drowned women in the context of a philosophical understanding of art, life and human existence, their independence and unity. The formation of the method of «anatomical» world description was influenced by the teachings of Aristotle, Nietzsche and Kierkegaard. The «anatomical» approach assumes that every minute detail of the landscape, every movement of the soul, every image of art show the beauty of the whole. But to comprehend the phenomenon as a whole, you need to see the beauty of the detail. This worldview is expressed not only on the thematic level through the use of anatomical themes, but also on the figurative and motivational when describing landscape and mental-emotional states. This stylistic feature of Pasternak's work can be called a method of poetic anatomization of the phenomena of life.