Truth Research Articles

퇴계 감정이해방식과 적용에 관한 연구 - 퇴계 리발기수 개념의 창조적 변용과 확장 -

Toegye is a thorough theorist on the basis of Neo-Confucianism, but he can be seen as a representative thinker who brought the philosophical characteristics mainly appearing in the history of Chinese philosophy, the cosmological characteristics centered on the concept of selfishness, to the theory of human nature and emotions, the realm of human nature and emotion. Toegye deepened this further, and made an unprecedented argument in the history of intellectuals, namely, Gobong and the four main emotions, regarding the understanding of the emotions called the four main emotions expressed in the pure nature and the emotions called the seven emotions expressed in the nature that was enshrined in the spirit and revealed through learning ten diagrams to become a saint ｢聖學十圖｣ and the Four Seven Debate that emotions must also be rational in the theory of nature, which is the core of Neo-Confucianism.
 In this paper, along with a conceptual analysis of Toegye's way of understanding emotions, we try to make creative transformation and expansion by applying it to the main concepts shown in the a Variorum of the Four Books(四書集註), which can be said to be the representative scriptures of Confucianism. There are often questionable passages among the contents that are generally introduced while reading librarians, but there are times when I wonder if it is not possible to present different judgments and thoughts due to the professional authority and weight. In fact, to mention it by leaps and bounds, violence against knowledge power is also implied in its source.
 However, Toegye's method of understanding emotions is of great significance in that it analyzes and corrects the method of understanding our daily thinking structure, rather than simply dealing with it as a subject of the Four-Seven Debate argument. Therefore, in this paper, by examining some of the major concepts of the librarian with Toegye's way of understanding emotions, that is, with Toegye's logical structure of thought, we can transform our thinking structure in dealing with things and situations into a thinking structure toward the truth, a true philosophy (Philo + Sophia) to try to convert to thinking.

DISCUSSION IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHICAL KNOWLEDGE

The article is devoted to the study of the debate in the history of philosophical knowledge. The approaches to the problem of the discussion of the greatest philosophers: Socrates, Aristotle, Kant, Hegel, etc. are analyzed. The features of discourse in antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times have been determined. It is established that an important reason for the development of the discussion is the fact that ancient thinkers already began to realize the internal dialectical nature of material, natural, social processes and phenomena. Philosophy, more than any other field of knowledge, needs debate. Where there is no freedom of discussion, there is no true philosophy. Truth is born in controversy. There is probably no other axiom as universally known as this one. But there is no other human activity to which such diametrically opposite evaluations would be applied. Some called the dispute their fate, their element, others avoided it. Kant and Galileo felt pleasure in the struggle of ideas. Newton and Darwin shied away from disputes and polemics, believing that, apart from wasting time and bad mood, they lead to nothing. But both of them sought the truth. In order to find out the truth, it is necessary to study both positions, we need a discussion that communicates not opponents, but interlocutors, and everyone strives not to win, but to reach an agreement, to mutual understanding, through the analysis and synthesis of opinions, to the unity of views on the problem. Therefore, a discussion, a dialogue, a dialectical conversation will lead to the truth (or to a single goal) faster than a dispute saturated with emotional obstacles, temperamental outbursts, the desire to offend the opponent, to strike him more painfully and to defend his opinion by any means. And the fiercer the heat of passions, the more stubborn opponents who convince in their views, the further they depart from the truth. In the course of the discussion, non-traditional approaches to solving complex problems are developed, specific practical proposals and generalizations are made, and proposed initiatives are evaluated. Discussions awaken people's activity and interest, increase mutual demands, self-criticism, strengthen control over the implementation of specific decisions. The article examines some of the main philosophical discussions, conversations, debates during which different views and points of view collided.

THEORETICAL PREREQUISITES OF THE FORMATION OF THE PHENOMENON OF POST-TRUTH IN THE SPACE OF METAMODERN

The phenomenon of post-truth is studied in the context of the metamodern cultural paradigm based on its oscillatory specificity, as an oscillation between the values of the modern and their denial by the postmodern, where the modern acts as a strategy, and the postmodern as a tactic of worldview-philosophical realizations. The purpose of the article is to identify the theoretical prerequisites for the formation of the post-truth phenomenon in the information field of metamodern culture. The worldview characteristics of metamodernism are defined in the study as oscillation, individualization, atopy, ‘new sincerity’ which create grounds for the flourishing of post-truth in the mosaic picture of the information space. The study presents the prerequisites for the formation of post-truth in the era of metamodernity, which are determined by the formation of the theory of truth in the continental philosophy of the 20th century and the total digitalization of the information space that is formed according to the non-linear principle of rhizome thinking. The analysis of foreign and domestic literature records an increase in interest in the research issues of metamodern, while determining the dominance of the artistic aspect of the modern cultural age in accordance with the ‘neo-romantic turn’. The study of the phenomenon of post-truth requires the activation of research on the part of political metamodern and its interpretations in the context of digitalization of the information space. The theoretical prerequisites for the formation of the phenomenon of post-truth are the rethinking of the criteria of truth in the phenomenology of E. Husserl, M. Heidegger, А. Arend, as well as epistemological studies of postmodernism represented by the views of W. Benjamin, G. Deleuze, A. Badiou and J. Lacan. On the basis of postmodern skepticism and nihilism regarding the possibilities of understanding the absolute truth, conditions are formed for replacing truth with truth which is allowed in the form of free interpretations as a prerequisite for the emergence of the phenomenon of post-truth. Against the background of the philosophical search for truth and the tendency to subjectify the methodology of its discovery, postmodernity contributes to the separation of the concept of truth from the philosophical concept of truth and forms the basis for the legitimization of post-truth as an oscillating position of the metamodern between truth and falsehood.

Truth as Identity

My aim in this article is to defend the essential core of the theories of truth that understand truth as identity, namely: that the truth-bearer is the truth-maker. In particular, I am interested in defending the version of Hornsby (1997) and McDowell (1994) against the attacks made by Dodd (1995; 1999; 2008). My defense is applicable to previous versions belonging to this family of theories, especially to that of Moore (1899; 1902).

The Practical Bearings of Truth as Correspondence

AbstractPragmatists are usually very antagonistic toward the correspondence theory of truth. They contend that the evidence-transcendent standard entailed by the theory is antithetical to the pragmatist methodology of elucidating concepts by exposing their practical bearings. What use could truth be to us if it offers a target we cannot even see? After judging the correspondence theory to be in violation of the Pragmatic Maxim, the pragmatist is prone to banishing it to the wastelands of empty metaphysics, where nothing of practical importance could ever grow. This article makes the case that this unjust condemnation must be appealed and overturned. The ground for my case is an argument to the effect that the correspondence conception of truth can be practically advantageous, which provides proof of the fact that, contrary to popular pragmatist belief, the correspondence theory does comply with the Pragmatic Maxim.

A Referential Theory of Truth and Falsity

A Referential Theory of Truth and Falsity

THE EDUCATIONAL ROLE OF HARMONICS IN PLATO’S REPUBLIC VII

<p>The purpose of this study is to discuss Plato's views concerning the mathematical aspects of music and its educational role, through the science of harmonics in <em>Republic</em> VII. Plato in his <em>Republic</em> includes harmonics as the fifth of the courses in a program of mathematical sciences (arithmetic, geometry, stereometry, astronomy, and harmonics) to be studied by the future philosopher-rulers, who are to become the best guardians and govern the ideal State. These mathematical sciences constitute the preparatory courses of the highest of all, which is dialectics. Τhe prominent place that mathematical sciences occupy in Plato's educational system, as that stage of education which helps the soul to turn towards true philosophy, is based on the fact that they contribute to the cultivation of cognitive skills, teach people how to think and help in the exercise of abstract thought. Harmonics have an equal, if not superior position, among the other mathematical sciences. Τhey are all connected with each other in terms of the result achieved by their study, that is, the conversion of the soul from the visible world to the intelligible world. This happens due to their mathematical way of thinking and their intelligible character, excluding their practical use and their involvement with empirical objects.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0014/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Removing an Inconsistency from Jago’s Theory of Truth

Removing an Inconsistency from Jago’s Theory of Truth

Edward Said and Philosophy

AbstractThis article brings to the forefront Timothy Brennan’s emphasis on Edward Said’s engagement with philosophy. An attempt is made to reconstruct some of Brennan’s claims about Said’s views on the relationship between mental representations and the external world. It is shown that Said rejected naïve or direct realism in favor of representationalism. It is also argued that, despite being seen as a post-modern thinker, Said subscribed to a version of the correspondence theory of truth. Said embraced some form of standpoint epistemology, but he did not think that this had any direct bearing on how we should think about what makes a given claim true. Finally, an attempt is made to understand the relationship between Said’s project and the classical Marxist project of ideology critique, as well as contemporary attempts to develop an epistemology of ignorance.

Grinding subsurface damage mechanism of nickel-based single crystal superalloy based on stress-strain

This study investigates the microstructure damage mechanism of the difficult-to-machine material nickel-base single crystal superalloy DD5 by analyzing the working condition load and crystal deformation. The complexity of the macroscopic and microscopic deformation phenomena during the machining process makes it challenging to study the damage mechanism of the workpiece. Hence, crystal kinematics equation is established using true stress-true strain theory, and the internal force balance and constitutive model of the crystal are analyzed. The proposed theory is applied to finite element processing and experimental analysis of the workpiece, and the subsurface deformation behavior is studied from a mechanistic perspective.The stress model is employed to explore the plastic flow phenomenon of the material during the machining process, and the influence of stress and shear force on the subsurface of the workpiece is discussed. The theoretical analysis of crystal deformation, based on the principles of materials science and mechanics, uncovers the relationship between subsurface deformation curvature and stress. The study delves into the effects of the grinding process on subsurface damage and deformation by analyzing the phenomena of plastic flow, plastic slip, and plastic winding in the subsurface microstructure. The results indicate that at grinding speed vs = 25 m/s and grinding depth ap = 60 μm, the damage to the subsurface deformation layer is minimal. The grinding process considerably impacts the stress exerted on the workpiece, with an amplitude ranging from 1.255 × 103 to 1.286 × 103. Conversely, the strain on the workpiece is relatively less affected by the grinding process, exhibiting an amplitude of 2.366–3.568. Moreover, when the normal stress and shear force of the abrasive particles form 45° angle, the subsurface deformation of DD5 manifests a distinct slip distortion at an approximate 45° curvature.

The impact of cognitive biases on the believability of fake news

ABSTRACT Modern technologies, especially social networks, contribute to the rapid evolution and spread of fake news. Although the creation of fake news is a serious issue, it is the believability of fake news and subsequent actions that produce negative outcomes that can be harmful to individuals and society. Prior research has focused primarily on the role of confirmation bias in explaining the believability of fake news, but other biases are likely. In this research, we use theories of truth and a taxonomy of 10 cognitive biases to conduct an exploratory, qualitative survey of social media users. Five cognitive biases (herd, framing, overconfidence, confirmation, and anchoring) emerge as the most influential. We then propose a Cognitive Bias Mitigation Model of methods that could reduce the believability of fake news. The mitigation methods are grouped according to three themes as they relate to the five biases.

A “Modest” Primitivist Theory of Truth: The Ineffability of Truth, Effability of the Correspondence Relation

The primitivist theory of truth, i.e., the view that truth cannot be analysed in more fundamental terms, has been cleverly revamped by Jamin Asay, who has combined a primitivist approach to the concept of truth with a deflationary approach to the (metaphysical) property of being true. This paper aims to adjust Asay’s primitivist theory to consistently include the primitiveness of the (pre-theoretical) correspondence relation, grasped by our correspondence intuition, alongside the primitiveness of truth. In the process, I apply a thesis by Rögnvaldur Ingthorsson, according to which the correspondence of beliefs to facts (broadly construed) can occur with no commitment to a correspondence theory of truth. Then I argue why Asay’s theory might not be able to account for the primitiveness of the pre-theoretical correspondence relation. Finally, I use a suggestion by André Kukla concerning the possible entailment between an ineffable insight and its effable consequences, to build a revised primitivist theory of truth.

Verdade e Existência: Duas Espécies do Mesmo Género

This essay has two parts: 1) a negative or destructive one, which consists of showing that there is no anomaly, even apparent, in the concept of ‘truth’ (and ‘falsehood’), so that the available theories of truth are not justified, either to solve or react to this alleged problem; 2) a positive or constructive one, which consists of proposing a characterization of truth (and falsehood) based solely on the “objective aspect” of this concept. Here, I will associate the concept of ‘truth’ with the concept of ‘existence’, taking them as two different species of a common genus. Along the way, I will critically analyze the theories of truth “available on the market” and argue that truth only has an “objective aspect”.

Rawls, Truth, and Minimalism

The expressivist theory in metaethics has a historical lineage dating back to the work of the great philosopher David Hume. Among the major metaethical alternatives to expressivism are constructivist theories, theories that have an origin in the work of another great philosopher, Immanuel Kant. One of the best-known and most influential recent formulations of such a view is due to John Rawls. There has been a great deal of discussion of the relationship between expressivism and deflationary theories of truth. In stark contrast, there has been very little discussion of the relationship between constructivist theories and deflationary theories of truth. I argue that Rawlsian constructivists should adopt a minimalist theory of truth.

Three Interpretations of Habermas’s Theory of Truth

These reflections are devoted to a critical comparison of three distinct interpretations of Habermas’s theory of truth. The first, which is presented as the more adequate interpretation, takes Habermas’s theory as having a three-moment structure, whereas the two remaining interpretations are both based on his two-moment conception of “Janus-faced truth”. Whereas Steven Levine stresses the nonepistemic lifeworld pole of the two-sided concept and Alex Seemann the opposite epistemic discursive pole, the three-moment interpretation counters with a synthetic conception which emphasises the role of the context-transcendent universalistic concept of truth. This overarching interpretation is inspired by a cognitive perspective concerned with the full circle of the sociocultural embodiment and realisation of reason.

Is Correspondence Truth One or Many?

On the correspondence theory of truth, a proposition is true if and only if it corresponds to fact. Criticisms of the correspondence theory of truth have argued that such a strict interpretation of the correspondence relation will not be able to account for the truth of statements about fiction or mathematics. This challenge has resulted in the introduction of more permissive correspondence relations, such as Austin’s correspondence as correlation or Tarski’s correspondence as reference satisfaction. Recently, some mediated correspondence theorists of truth have proposed that the correspondence relation holds not only between thought and world but also between thought and language. In this paper, I argue that correspondence truth, direct or mediated, is not a monistic theory of truth, the view that there is one and only way for a proposition to be true. To argue for this position, I will have to show that each of the correspondence theories accept direct and indirect ways of understanding the correspondence relation as well as address potential objections to the view that correspondence theory is not singular and monolithic.

Truth and the Metaphysics of Semantic and Logical Notions

In contemporary philosophy, it is tempting to apply the metaphysics of properties to the specific case of truth, in the hope of making progress on the investigation of the latter. In this paper, I argue that a different approach, mostly independent from the metaphysics of properties and based on the naturalness, in Lewis’ sense, of semantic nations, is often a better alternative, both in general and in some specific cases. In particular, adopting the new perspective, I present a new problem of combining logical validity and strong truth pluralism, and offer a way to sharply distinguish deflationism and primitivism about truth. The main original upshot of the paper is offering a perspective on philosophy of truth that sheds new light on the general problem of truth and on some particular issues.

라캉과 바디우

This article attempts to shed light upon the relationship between Jacques Lacan and Alain Badiou from the perspective of philosophy and antiphilosophy. According to Badiou, the history of Western thought is constituted by the ceaseless dialogue between philosophy and antiphilosophy. It is well-known that Badiou elaborated on his philosophy through the critical dialogue with Lacanian psychoanalysis. In Lacan: Anti-Philosophy 3, Badiou addresses Lacan through the lens of antiphilosophy. According to Badiou, Lacanian antiphilosophy deposes the authority of philosophical truth, discloses the philosophical operation, and presents his analytic act against the philosophical operation. However, Lacan himself used the term “antiphilosophy” only twice in his entire intellectual itinerary. Moreover, he did not leave any systematic discussion about his antiphilosophy. How can one address Lacan’s position regarding philosophy and antiphilosophy, then? This article engages with this question. The author first reviews the main points of Lacanian antiphilosophy as presented by Badiou, classifies Lacan’s extensive and inconsistent comments on philosophy, and shows how Lacan and Badiou have an interlaced relationship, which cannot be reduced to the simple antagonism “philosophy vs. antiphilosophy.” This will not only serve as a critical reading of the Badiouian version of Lacanian antiphilosophy but also contribute to the exploration of the relationship between Lacan and Badiou, philosophy and antiphilosophy.

Understanding language rules in Ruth Garrett Millican's biosemantics

The purpose of this study is to clarify how the rules of language are understood in Ruth Garrett Millikan's biosemantics. The specificity of the biosemantic language research program is that the language functions and norms are defined by analogy with biological ones. The function of the normal using language structures is to stabilize them and preserve the current usage. The philosophical foundation of Millikan's biosemantics is naturalistic realism, which includes the belief in the existence of real types and real categories independent of theory. Every person has abilities to recognize and track the same things at their variety– unitrackers, as well as unique individual interconnections of various aspects of information about the same things – unicepts. Moreover, Millikan's philosophy of language is based on the understanding linguistic signs as natural conventions; on usage-based theoretical approaches in linguistics; on the classical correspondence theory of truth and the related understanding of meaning as based on conditions of truth or justification. If rules are understood as unambiguous algorithms or prescriptions observed by the absolute majority, the violation of which necessarily entails the application of sanctions, then, for Millikan, the language conventions are not rules. But the patterns of the sign presenting onto the reality it signifies are rules in that the truth or justification conditions for the sign use can either be met or not, and an utterance using this sign fulfills its stabilizing function only in the first case.

Anti-[formula omitted] transformations and complex non-Hermitian [formula omitted]-symmetric superpartners

We propose a new algebraic formalism for constructing complex non-Hermitian PT-symmetric superpartners by extending a conventional shape-invariant superpotential into the complex domain. The resulting potential is an unbroken super- and parity-time (PT)-symmetric shape-invariant potential with real energy eigenvalues, maintaining this property for all parameter values. In order to restore the probabilistic interpretation within a true quantum theory, a new inner product called the CPT-inner product is defined in PT-symmetric quantum mechanics, replacing the Dirac Hermitian inner product. In this work, we propose a new version of the inner product called the anti-PT (APT)-inner product, 〈A|B〉≡|A〉APT.|B〉, which replaces the previous versions without any additional considerations. This PT-supersymmetric quantum mechanics framework also allows for the unification of various areas of physics, including classical optics and quantum mechanics. To validate the theory, we present exact solutions for optical waveguides and the quantum tunneling probability, demonstrating excellent agreement with experimental data for the probability of crossing the potential barrier in the 3H(d,n)4He reaction.