Truth Research Articles

EXPLORING SCIENTIFIC TRUTH THROUGH THE LOGIC OF SCIENCE IN VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES

This research has several objectives, namely: (1) to know Science in the perspective of Islamic philosophy; (2) to know science in the perspective of the Qur'an; (3) to know science in the Western perspective. The method used to explore this uses a literature study method with qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of this study are three, namely (1) The characteristics of Islamic epistemology about science are belief in spiritual power, having a harmonious relationship between reason and revelation, interdependence of reason and intuition, Theocentric orientation, and associated Values Development; (2) science in the perspective of the Qur'an is illustrated in Q.S Imran : 190 and Al-Baqarah: 29; (3) Epistemology in the Western view suggests that the concept of science is based on logical principles, hypothesis generation, and verification process. There are three theories of truth, namely coherent truth theory, correspondence theory, pragmatic truth theory. In addition, there are material objects and formal objects in science. The contribution of this research describes how truth can be explained in various perspectives so that the truth becomes scientific.

The Foundations Of A Nation’s Existence In Maghakia Ormanyan’s Arguments

It is an obvious philosophical truth that people turn to eternal, unchanging values when they find themselves in uncertain, crisis or declining situations during historical and political scandals, as well as in the periods preceding violent cultural-civilizational movements, when in the search for new value orientations, the foundations of national existence, the universal essence of existence, universal principles of existence, reflections on human existence, self-interpretation and worldview become primary. Discussions of the problem of practical philosophy are also activated on the basis of theoretical concepts. These universal patterns are also characteristic of the Armenian reality. In particular, in the process of searching for possible ways of solving the Armenian Question in Western Armenia at the end of the 19th century, the scientific and philosophical analyzes of the genealogy of the Armenian nation, the factors of preserving the national identity, and the legality and justice of the reform of the political existence were important.

Transtegrasi Ilmu dalam Persfektif Sejarah Filsafat

This research aims to determine the historical development of philosophy and science as well as the transintegration of internal science from a philosophical perspective using the literature study method. Philosophy is considered to be the mother of science and is considered to be the first and last science which logically requires that other sciences be mastered, so that to understand philosophy one must also master other sciences, therefore philosophy can be transintegrated with various other sciences. In fact, to achieve true truth is knowledge. How philosophy can establish the transintegration of knowledge from various perspectives, one of which is history. To obtain the truth of philosophy when viewed from history. Human society, culture and the natural environment have a close relationship and are interconnected. This is what has structured and filled the history of philosophy with the various characteristics it carries and is inherent in. Based on these four things, philosophers generally divide philosophy into 4 (four) major traditions, namely Indian, Chinese, Islamic and Western philosophy. These 4 (four) great philosophical traditions gave birth to modern philosophy which then gave birth to the transintegration of science. Truth in philosophy and science is the truth of reason. Meanwhile, truth in religion is revelation. Thus, if philosophy, science and religion are united, there will be a transintegration of sophisticated and modern knowledge.

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Strict-Tolerant Logic (ST\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{ST}$$\\end{document}) underpins naïve theories of truth and vagueness (respectively including a fully disquotational truth predicate and an unrestricted tolerance principle) without jettisoning any classically valid laws. The classical sequent calculus without Cut is sometimes advocated as an appropriate proof-theoretic presentation of ST\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{ST}$$\\end{document}. Unfortunately, there is only a partial correspondence between its derivability relation and the relation of local metainferential ST\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{ST}$$\\end{document}-validity – these relations coincide only upon the addition of elimination rules and only within the propositional fragment of the calculus, due to the non-invertibility of the quantifier rules. In this paper, we present two calculi for first-order ST\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ extrm{ST}$$\\end{document} with an eye to recapturing this correspondence in full. The first calculus is close in spirit to the Epsilon calculus. The other calculus includes rules for the discharge of sequent-assumptions; moreover, it is normalisable and admits interpolation.

Penerapan Teori Kebenaran dalam Evaluasi Pendidikan Iman Katolik: Studi Kasus Ujian Doa-Doa Dasar pada Calon Penerima Komuni Pertama Dengan Difabilitas Mental

The evaluation of Catholic religious education requires an inclusive and fair approach, especially in the context of preparing for first communion. The aim of this paper is to review such evaluations through the lens of truth theory, highlighting the challenges faced by children with cognitive conditions such as dyslexia, ADHD, and intellectual disabilities. The method of memorizing basic prayers in first communion exams is considered to not always reflect a true understanding of faith, especially for children with cognitive conditions. The ethical implications of assessments that do not consider these special needs result in injustice towards children with cognitive disabilities. To ensure inclusivity, the research recommends modifications in the evaluation process, including the use of more flexible and holistic alternative evaluation methods. Although this paper provides relevant insights into the issue, further research involving participants of religious education and Catholic practitioners is needed to develop a more inclusive evaluation approach. In conclusion, the evaluation of Catholic religious education needs to consider the needs of individuals with cognitive disabilities to achieve inclusivity and justice in line with the teachings of the Catholic Church.

C. S. Lewis on Reality and Metaphor. From Myth to History and Back Again

The role of metaphor in understanding reality has been a recurring question in the field of metaphor theory. C. S. Lewis, influential scholar, author, and Christian apologist, presents a compelling perspective on metaphor as a means of understanding reality. This paper explores Lewis’s view on the possibility of speaking about reality through metaphor. By reality, Lewis understands both the physical and the supra-physical world. The first section of this article outlines how, for Lewis, metaphorical language can depict the spiritual or supra-natural world. The second section argues that a good metaphor has a meaning that is given rather than invented and the physical realm functions as a basis to understand the spiritual realm, and that this up-down-up direction of metaphorical expression conveys it most effectively. In the third section, I show how good, meaningful metaphors are true and allow us to make valuable and true statements because they convey reliable knowledge about reality. They also require action, the work of the will towards the good, and encourage stock responses. Section four presents metaphor as a linguistic tool which can unveil a connection between the observable physical world and the non-observable world. Additionally, the article briefly examines the disparities between Lewis’s views and some dominant philosophical trends, as well as two theories of metaphor, the interaction theory and the conceptual theory. The choice of these two theories of metaphor is based on their particular differences with Lewis’s view on two key aspects that are fundamental to the theory of metaphor, namely, meaning and truth.

The Concept of Truth in Criminology

The paper examines the concept of truth in criminology as a dichotomous concept in relation to lies. The author concludes that the concept of «truth» can act as problematic knowledge, containing probable true knowledge, partly corresponding to reality, in which the person accepting it believes. This understanding of the concept should be considered as the goal and result of search and cognitive activity in a criminal case, which is a component of subsequently obtaining reliable, true forensically significant information. The truth, in the noted understanding, can also act as a factor that significantly determines the search and cognitive activity of the investigator in criminal proceedings. From the point of view of communicative interaction, truth can be considered as information, the addressee of which seeks to convey information that he evaluates as true, in order to create in the addressee a complete and true idea of some reality, taking into account his own ideas about such completeness and truth. This definition is applicable to solving problems of procedural actions in which the main method of obtaining information is questioning, as well as to minimizing errors in obtaining true information during the production of these actions. In philosophical knowledge, truth is also studied as an ideal of ethics. Considering that the concept of ethics in criminology is highly debatable, consideration of truth as an ethical ideal so far seems inconclusive. The ideas set forth in the paper may be significant in the context of a comprehensive consideration of the concept of «truth» in criminology and the development of a theory of truth as a phenomenon of criminal proceedings as opposed to lies.

Safety and Pluralism in Mathematics

AbstractA belief one has is safe if either (i) it could not easily be false or (ii) in any nearby world in which it is false, it is not formed using the method one uses to form one’s actual belief. It seems our mathematical beliefs are safe if mathematical pluralism is true: if, loosely put, almost any consistent mathematical theory is true. It seems, after all, that in any nearby world where one’s mathematical beliefs differ from one’s actual beliefs, one would believe some other true, consistent theory. Focusing on Justin Clarke-Doane’s recent discussion, I argue the thesis that mathematical beliefs are safe given pluralism faces some obstacles. I argue (i) is true of mathematical belief given pluralism only if we deny plausible claims about the interpretation of non-pluralists who many of us could easily be. Unless strong metasemantic theses are true, it is plausible many of us could easily deny or refuse to believe a consistent and true mathematical theory we actually believe. Since philosophical arguments and controversies permeate the methodology of foundational mathematics, I argue we cannot confidently distinguish the methods we use in mathematics between worlds, thus raising doubts about (ii).

Saving logic from paradox via nonclassical recapture

The Liar paradox arguably shows that a coherent and self-applicable notion of truth is governed by nonclassical logic. It then seems natural to conclude that classical logic is inadequate for defining a truth theory. In this article, we argue that this is not the case. In the spirit of Reinhardt (Math Logic Formal Syst 94:227, 1985; J Philos Logic 15:219–251, 1986), and in analogy with Hilbert’s program for the foundation of classical mathematics, we will articulate an instrumentalist justification for the use classical logic: it will be argued that classical reasoning is a useful but dispensable instrument, which can yield philosophically adequate truth theories.

The problems of the theory of the reference of signs in modern linguistics

The subject of the study is the history of the development and current state of the theory of reference, which reflects a variety of approaches and concepts. Some researchers believe that reference is a purely semantic phenomenon, while others emphasize the importance of context and pragmatics for understanding referentiality. The issue of the influence of cultural and social factors on reference in various languages is also being actively investigated. The history of the development of the theory of reference began with the works of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell at the beginning of the 20th century. Frege introduced the concept of semantic reference, arguing that every word has its own referent in the world. Russell developed this idea by proposing a theory of descriptions, according to which words indicate objects by describing their characteristics. The works of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Donald Davidson played an important role in the further development of the theory of reference. Wittgenstein proposed the concept of language games, arguing that reference depends on the context and use of a word in a certain situation. Davidson developed the theory of truth, according to which reference is determined through the connection between language and the world. The pragmatic and cognitive aspects of research methodology are important for the successful conduct of scientific research. The referential nature of signs plays a key role in this process, ensuring effective presentation and communication of research results. The scientific novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive examination of the classical works of philosophers, semiotics and linguists, including Plato, Aristotle, Charles Pierce, Ferdinand de Saussure and Umberto Eco, on the theory of reference. One of the key concepts in the study of sign systems is referential. Referentiality allows to associate words with specific objects and understand their meaning. One of the most relevant areas of research in the field of reference is the study of ways in which linguistic units interact with the context and situation of communication. This allows for a deeper understanding of the processes of notation and interpretation in language, as well as the development of new theoretical models explaining these processes. Thus, scientific novelty in the study of the referentiality of signs continues to be relevant and important for the development of linguistics and related disciplines. The author's contribution in this area may lead to new discoveries and understanding of the mechanisms of linguistic communication.

Failure prediction of an open-hole laminate under compression

Failure prediction of open-hole laminates under compression still remains a great challenge. A number of unique mechanics theories for composites developed by the author are successfully applied to analyze in plane compression induced various failures of the notched laminates in this paper. A buckling mode must be incorporated into the analysis of the compression induced delamination, and the rules for selecting a scale factor for the buckling analysis through ABAQUS are established. To simulate delamination, the interlaminar matrix stress modification method is applied. A more pertinent criterion for delamination is proposed. When and where is delamination initiated, how can the initiated delamination be propagated and how much is the delaminated area to be attained can be easily reproduced. Intralaminar failures are estimated based on Bridging Model and the matrix true stress theory. The ultimate strength of a notched laminate is assumed when any primary layer element outside neighborhoods of the stress singularity and weak singularity points firstly attains an ultimate failure. A limited, if not the minimum, number of inputs are required all measurable independently and following existing standards with no data calibration. Except for the pre-buckling analysis, no iteration is needed for prediction of all the other failures. The predicted failure modes and ultimate compressive loads of several laminates with single or double holes agree well with our measured counterparts.

Generalized Quantification in an Axiomatic Truth Theory

ABSTRACT Bruno Whittle (2019) has recently extended Kripke’s semantical theory of truth to languages containing generalized quantifiers. There are reasons for axiomatizing semantical theories, and for regarding Halbach and Horsten’s PKF as a good axiomatization of Kripke’s. PKF is a theory in Partial Logic. The present paper complements Whittle’s by showing how Partial Logic, and then PKF, may be extended to cover binary quantifiers meaning ‘every’, ‘some’, and ‘most’.

Tensile strength of particle reinforced composite with interfacial debonding

Strength prediction of a particle reinforced polymer composite (PRPC) is still challenging. Although a PRPC is overall isotropic, it is more difficult to predict its tensile strength accurately than a continuous fiber reinforced composite (CFRC). One reason for this difficulty is that the calculation of stress fields of the constituents in a PRPC are complicated. The other reason is that the strength of a PRPC is significantly affected by interfacial strength, which is hard to be measured directly. In our research, the discount of the composite strength after debonding is attributed to the intensifying stress concentration. Two stress concentration factors (SCFs) are derived respectively to characterize the stress fluctuations in the matrix caused by the embedded particle before and after debonding. Based on the micromechanics Bridging Model and the matrix true stress theory, these two SCFs can be applied to evaluate the interface strength and the ultimate tensile strength of the composite from the properties of its component materials. Illustrations are presented to verify the efficiency of our theory and analyze the main influencing factors on the strength of the PRPC, including mechanical properties of component materials, particle size and volume fraction.

Failures of laminates under nonpenetrative impacts

Various failures of laminates under low-velocity impacts without penetration are simulated systematically with a limited number of inputs, all measurable following existing standards without any data calibration. No iteration is required to determine any of the failures investigated in this work. Any two adjacent lamina (primary) layers are inserted with a matrix (secondary) layer, whose stresses are modified through two modification coefficients (MCs). The MCs are determined through peak loads of double cantilever beam and end-notched flexure tests on unidirectional laminates, and their weak sensitivity to sample dimensions is shown. Delamination is reproduced by deleting failed secondary-layer elements. The homogenized stresses of fiber and matrix obtained by Bridging Model are converted into true values through the author’s true stress theory to estimate constituent-induced intralaminar failures, such as fiber breakage, matrix crack and interface debonding, against the monolithic fiber or matrix strengths measured independently. Primary- layer elements attaining a fatal failure (fiber breakage or matrix crack accompanied with a critical strain condition) are deleted before an impact termination corresponding to separation of the impactor from target. The predicted delamination areas and impact force, displacement and energy histories for the laminates of three lamination angles under different impact energies agree well with our measured counterparts, validating the efficiency of the simulation.

The Importance of the Theory of Pragmatic Truth on the Development of Teacher Professionalism

The Importance of the Theory of Pragmatic Truth on the Development of Teacher Professionalism

Disorder Operator and Rényi Entanglement Entropy of Symmetric Mass Generation.

The "symmetric mass generation" (SMG) quantum phase transition discovered in recent years has attracted great interest from both condensed matter and high energy theory communities. Here, interacting Dirac fermions acquire a gap without condensing any fermion bilinear mass term or any concomitant spontaneous symmetry breaking. It is hence beyond the conventional Gross-Neveu-Yukawa-Higgs paradigm. One important question we address in this Letter is whether the SMG transition corresponds to a true unitary conformal field theory. We employ the sharp diagnosis including the scaling of disorder operator and Rényi entanglement entropy in large-scale lattice model quantum MonteCarlo simulations. Our results strongly suggest that the SMG transition is indeed an unconventional quantum phase transition and it should correspond to a true (2+1)d unitary conformal field theory.

Justifying Roy Bhaskar’s “Alethic Truth” Through T. F. Torrance’s Theological Critical Realism

ABSTRACT Critical Realism (CR) as presented by Roy Bhaskar and T. F. Torrance is explored with the view to justify Bhaskar’s notion of “alethic truth” by utilising Torrance’s CR. The implications of Bhaskar’s CR for theological science will be highlighted, as compared to positivism, showing that positivist philosophy undermines theology as a science, whilst CR affirms theology as a scientific discipline. Such affirmation legitimates the possibility for a theological CR to substantiate Bhaskar’s alethic truth theory. The article will display that Torrance’s theological CR complements Bhaskar’s CR by evidencing Bhaskar’s alethic truth theory.

A Simplified Method of True Height Analysis to Estimate the Real Height of Sporadic E Layers

AbstractThe sporadic E (Es) layer virtual height and the ordinary wave critical frequency are routinely measured ionogram parameters, used to characterize the Es altitude occurrence and intensity. It has become common practice to take the real height to be about equal to by assuming that signal propagation delays in the E region plasma below the layer are small and can be neglected. Although this applies for nighttime, during daytime it may overestimate significantly. The present paper relies on true height analysis theory to devise a simplified method and propose an algorithm that can estimate Es real heights reasonably well. The method relies on and ionosonde measurements and E region electron density profiles obtained from the International Reference Ionosphere model. The algorithm is applied to a typical set of Digisonde observations to compute and examine real height variations and functional dependencies. Whereas ≃ at nighttime, during daytime there are notable − differences taking values less than 10 km for most of the observed layers. During the early morning and early afternoon hours, however, when weak layers appear at upper heights, the virtual to real height differences become larger reaching 20–25 km. The method proposed here for the estimation of can be easily applied to improve the accuracy of the results of sporadic E layer studies.

Visualization of the Values of the AL Anwar Islamic Boarding School to Improve the Personal Qualities of Santri

The Industrial Revolution has changed the values of Islamic Boarding Schools which have begun to fade among students as the nation's next generation. Santri are more busy with their social media than living socially with the community in teaching and exemplifying the characteristic educational values they receive at Islamic boarding schools. In fact, the values of Islamic boarding school education have not been a reflection of improving the quality of students in society. The theory used in this research to instill Islamic boarding school values in students is visualization through documentary videos as a learning medium, so that students can easily access and remember them in everyday life. The results of this research show that there is a change in the behavior of santri in an effort to improve personal quality, namely that the santri are more motivated to learn and are happy to do good as a reflection of the santri as role models for their community. The improvement in personal quality in question is related to increasing the moral quality and knowledge of students. The true philosophy of santri is the continuation of the struggle of teachers and ulama' to guide society in religious knowledge and face increasingly competitive life

Analysis of the Deviant Usage of Criticism in Discourse Innovations of Cancel Culture and Woke Culture

The research analyzed the deviant usage of critique in discourse innovations in the form of cancel culture and woke culture. These innovations represent modern ways of criticism, which rapid spread is due to network communication. The basis for classifying these types of criticism as deviant usage is the destruction of the locus of critical rationality. The problem is that the heuristic ideal of critique may be changed significantly due to the legitimation of non-standard forms of criticism. The authors identified several clusters of the normative ideal of critical activity in the form of negative assessment, logic, social constructivism, in which the category of rationality is considered. This category allows us to analyze the discourse practice of critique regarding the correspondence theory of truth using linguo-argumentative method of analysis. While using these strategies the authors came to the following conclusions. The verbalization of cancel culture represents a reactive action of critique that implements polemical negation. Criticism in woke culture reveals signs of descriptive negation. The deviant usage of critique as reasoning in the innovations under discussion is represented by errors in argumentation, factoid nature of discourse, and a mixture of stylistic modes belonging to discourses of varying degrees of institutionalization, which constitute aberrations of the rational standard of criticism.