Philosophical Tradition Research Articles

Towards History Itself: On the Production of Marx’s Concept of Perceptual Consciousness

Towards history itself is the basic spirit of Marx’s philosophy of history. The process of Marx’s restoration of human history is both a process of continual sublation and transcendence of traditional philosophy and a process of continual return to the realistic sensual life. The work of historical restoration that Marx accomplished created the core of its philosophy of history, perceptual consciousness. Perceptual consciousness is not simply equivalent to the relevant concepts of Feuerbach’s philosophy, but always corresponds to human perceptual activity and forms an organic unity with it. It overcomes the grasp of human conceptualisation and absoluteness and has a certain phenomenological character with a strong orientation towards history itself. Marx’s spiritual effort to restore history has roughly gone through the following three steps:Firstly, the reduction from self-consciousness to perceptual object. Secondly, the reduction from perceptual object to perceptual practice. Thirdly, the comprehensive development of perceptual consciousness. Through the generation of the concept of perceptual consciousness, Marx blazed a trail of reality to a state of historical clarity and completed the clarification of the original meaning of history.

Historical Factors Influencing Water Colour Painting Market Environment and Development in China Market Supervisor as a Moderator

Purpose: China has a long history of art, including watercolour painting, which has garnered international acclaim. China can gain recognition for its artistic accomplishments and contribute to the global art community by preserving and promoting the practise of watercolour painting both domestically and internationally. Theoretical framework: The tale of the development of Chinese watercolour painting is intricate and multidimensional, reflecting the impact of several historical events (Li, 2023; Yin,2022). These elements have all contributed to the creation of this stunning and lasting art form, from the rich philosophical and cultural traditions of China to the impact of aesthetic trends and technical advancements. Design/Methodology/Approach: A total of 495 respondents participated in the survey comprised of 110 watercolour artist collectors, 220 watercolour paintings and 165lectors and business intermediaries 165. This study was a cross-sectional study where the data collection period is from August to October 2021. Using Smart PLS, the collected data is analysed. Findings: The study revealed that watercolour painting is a popular art form among both artists and collectors. Watercolour paintings have been a popular art form for centuries, and this study confirms that their popularity remains strong among both artists and collectors. The delicate beauty of watercolours, with their translucent washes of colour and soft edges, is particularly appealing to those who appreciate the subtleties of art. Research, practical & social implications: This study found that watercolour paintings are highly valued by business intermediaries, who recognize their potential as investments. In fact, many galleries and auction houses specialize in selling watercolours, and the market for these works continues to grow. Originality/Value: It is important to note that not all watercolour paintings are created equal - some are more highly prized than others based on factors such as the artist's reputation, the quality of the materials used, and the subject matter depicted. Overall, this study underscores the enduring appeal of watercolour paintings and their continued relevance in today's art world.

Seeing the Biblical World of Sodom-Mamre Through Surveillance

Abstract Genesis depicts a world of tension and collaboration among the groups and families that constitute the stories of the formation of early Israel. The obedience and behaviour of characters within the narrative determine covenantal inclusion or exclusion. The narrative of Sodom-Mamre can be interpreted as a story of surveillance, wherein characters observe each other and act based on their desire for knowledge and control. Though surveillance promises omniscience, knowledge ultimately remains limited. The divine character yearns to witness human experience, while the human characters act as mirrors to this impulse. Lot’s wife highlights the chasm between the desire to see and know and the limits of a gaze. Ultimately, this desire begets violence as the surveillant gaze produces cognitive dissonance and narcissism. This essay references surveillance studies, critical biblical scholarship, psychoanalytic and philosophical traditions concerning desire, particularly the desire of the eyes, the gaze, and ancient imperial surveillance practices.

“I am not a Post-Marxist: I am a Neo-Marxist”: Interview with Nancy Fraser

Fraser is one of the most important American philosophers and one of the leading figures of contemporary critical theory. From the 1980s to the present, Fraser has published on political philosophy and social theory, reflected upon feminism, justice, and capitalism, and has participated in public debates on current issues. The interview aims at retracing the main themes of her thought, underlining the persisting link which joins her understanding of political philosophy with social critique and public engagement. The interview also emphasizes the developments of her thought, starting from her formation in the American New Left, the encounter with feminism and the neo-Marxist cultural critique of capitalism, and the discussion of Habermas’s thought. Also discussed is Fraser’s complex feministic theory and her post-Westphalian and three-dimensional model of global justice. Another crucial topic is the recent elaboration of an enlarged view of capitalism, based on a combination of Karl Marx and Karl Polanyi, aimed at highlighting its structural crisis tendencies: not only economic, but also ecological, political, and social. The recent debate on the crisis of liberal democracy, the emergence of populism, the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as the Ukrainian war, become an opportunity to test how a renewed critical theory of society can develop a social diagnosis of the time, without abandoning the task of a reconstruction of the emancipatory potential present in the existing social reality. Finally, Fraser recalls her link with the Italian philosophical tradition, stressing in particular her debt to Antonio Gramsci.

Exploring the Notion of Time: A Comparative Study of Indian Philosophical Tradition and Modern Scientific Theories

Exploring the Notion of Time: A Comparative Study of Indian Philosophical Tradition and Modern Scientific Theories

RATIONAL THEOLOGY AND ONTOLOGY OF ANTIQUITY IN THE HORIZON OF PERCEPTION OF RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHERS OF THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

he article deals with the interpretation of the ancient philosophical tradition by Russian thinkers of the 19th-20th centuries. Russian philosophers, in the context of the philosophical problems they faced, traced the development of rational theology within the framework of ancient thought. Philosophy liberated the human personality from external violence, gave it inner spiritual content through understanding the ontological, epistemological and religious foundations of socio-historical processes. The article focuses on the fact that in Russia of this period, in anticipation of a new era of “religious creativity”, philosophers made an attempt to rethink those philosophical traditions and approaches that led to the establishment of Christianity. At the same time, the significance of philosophy goes far beyond the theoretical understanding of the world; philosophical concepts serve as the most important guide in practical life. The authors of the article pay special attention to the philosophical concepts of V. V. Rozanov, S. N. Trubetskoy and S. L. Frank.

The paradoxical anchoring of Kojève’s philosophizing in the tradition of Russian religious philosophy

The subject of this paper is Alexandre Kojève’s relationship to Russian Religious Philosophy, which is characterized by a paradoxical contrast between Kojève’s openly critical judgment of it, on the one hand, and the hidden, implicit influence of this philosophical tradition on his own atheistic philosophizing on the other. The hidden influence of Russian Religious Philosophy, Kojève’s engagement with the philosophical ideas of Vladimir Solovyov and Fyodor Dostoevsky, will be shown by two case studies. The first case is about Kojève’s “reshaping” and reevaluation of Solovyov’s principle of evil. The second case is about Kojève’s defense of Dostoevsky’s Man-God ideologues against their creator by critically rethinking Man-Godhood. The connection between these two cases is the question, if Kojève, while opposing Solovyov’s difference of Man-God and God-Man with something third, has actually moved beyond the Man-God ideology, or did he develop his own Man-God ideology. The essay concludes, with the assertion that Kojève remains with a revised Man-Godhood. This defense-revision is an important philosophical contribution to the polemics with Russian Religious Philosophy, but it is, at the same time, intimately connected with Kojève’s ideological agenda.

Zooming in on the Bantu Paradox Perspective: Evidence from Meru Philosophical Traditions

Zooming in on the Bantu Paradox Perspective: Evidence from Meru Philosophical Traditions

Becoming and Being a Person through Others: African Philosophy’s Ubuntu and Aquinas’ mutual Indwelling in Comparative Discourse

African Philosophy and St Thomas Aquinas have both been taught in African universities, but the engagement between the continent’s indigenous philosophical tradition and the Catholic intellectual tradition’s preeminent strand, has not been thorough. Presupposing that plural philosophical traditions contribute to the search to better understand, this research embarks upon a comparative analysis of the perspectives of the African ubuntu philosophy and Thomist philosophical conceptualisations of human becoming and being. Through analysis of dimensions of both traditions, it is contended that human fulness arises through relationality. It is argued that in centring on the interpersonal encounter and the consequent recognition of another’s being through mutual engagement, these philosophical traditions open to each other. Further, both traditions contribute toward the ontology of personhood in ubuntu and the good of mutual indwelling, respectively.

Tim Ingold and Object-Oriented Anthropology

Tim Ingold, while extending the radical undertaking of vitalism, with its Nietzschean matrix, puts the decentering undertaken by this philosophical tradition on a more solid foundation, opening up a new space of interobjective relations. Instead of an epistemic plunge into human categories, the goal is to move towards a broader ontological space, including other sites of meaning, such as chairs, spirits, animals, baskets, and many others. Unlike more classical anthropology, with its well-delimited Anthropos as an inevitable transcendental horizon, Ingold suggests a world where humans are not protagonists, but rather provisional negotiators within a large mesh of subjectless experiences. The model proposed in this essay distances itself from the plane of (neo)-Kantian speculation, converting its contours into something less orthodox by making room for a possible Object-Oriented Anthropology (O.O.A).

THE EVOLUTION OF WESTERN SPIRITUALITY: FROM ANCIENT GREECE AND ROME TO CONTEMPORARY PRACTICES

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the history of spirituality in the Western world, examining its evolution from ancient Greece and Rome to contemporary practices. The article explores the development of key religious and philosophical traditions, including early Christianity, the Protestant Reformation, and the Enlightenment, and analyzes their contributions to the evolution of Western spirituality. The article also investigates the emergence of contemporary spirituality, highlighting its emphasis on personal experience and individual growth, and its rejection of traditional religious institutions and dogma. While contemporary spirituality has been criticized for its lack of structure and its tendency to promote subjective experiences over objective truth, it has also had a significant impact on Western culture, particularly in the areas of health and wellness. The article discusses the challenges that contemporary spirituality poses, including the potential for spiritual bypassing, the need for authenticity in spiritual practices, and the importance of recognizing spirituality as a deeply personal and individual experience. Additionally, the article explores the future of Western spirituality, considering the impact of changing cultural and social trends and the ongoing evolution of spiritual practices. The article also examines important works and figures that have contributed to the development of Western spirituality from Ancient Greece and Rome to contemporary times, showing the diversity and richness of spiritual perspectives and practices over time. Ultimately, this article offers a comprehensive overview of the history of Western spirituality and highlights its enduring influence on Western culture and society, while also providing insights into the challenges and opportunities that contemporary spirituality presents.

Understanding Narratives according to the Psychology of Thomas Aquinas

Narratives relate salient connected events across some time and many particular details of the agents involved in those events. Whether fictional or true, historical or current, personal or cultural, they seem to pervade human experience and, according to theorists across different philosophical traditions, can be of some help to elucidate concerns in the moral life. Thomas Aquinas himself acknowledges the existence of such things, or at least their near analogues, in various places in his corpus. But he does not offer a sustained explanation of how narratives are understood in terms of his psychology. In this paper, I claim that such an account lies in his thought on the functioning of two interior senses in particular – the cogitative power (vis cogitativa) and the memorative power (vis memorativa) – which have been the subject of more sustained study only more recently. With this account of how humans generate and process such narratives, Thomistic scholars will be positioned to explain how narratives may function in human experience, especially the moral life, on Thomistic terms.

PHILOSOPHY OF THE HEART: KAINONIA OF THE UKRAINIAN TRADITION

The research interest is focused on the examination of the kainonia nature of Ukrainian philosophy. It is most deeply revealed within the framework of cordocentrism. As a direction of religious philosophy, cordocentrism most prominently affects epistemological resources and the potential of philosophical knowledge. Cordocentrism reveals itself most fully in the philosophical views of H.Skovoroda. The philosopher successfully combines the Christian tradition with the Ukrainian ethnic identity. Therefore, revealing its potential from the principle of worldview, cordognosia turns into an epistemological platform of philosophical science. This is precisely what is emphasized in the concept of the heart of H.Skovoroda, who examines the fundamental principles of human knowledge of the world.The author focuses on the close connection of the Ukrainian philosophical tradition with the philosophy of Christianity itself. It is this synthesis that becomes an interesting prospect for solving the issue of methodological diversity of modern philosophy (the problem of the methodological crisis). Since it is the cordocentric tradition that lays the foundations of scientific synthesis as a fundamental principle of philosophical knowledge. The latter in the modern epistemological tradition is replaced by analytical research. The practices of “heart synthesis” are aimed at the search for knowledge deeper than logical-evidential epistema or doxa. Thus, in the context of the methodological imperfection of the epistemological problem of modern philosophy, turning to the philosophical heritage of cardocentrism, and directly to the philosophy of the heart of H.Skovoroda, is a promising direction of philosophical knowledge.

Conquest and Law as a Eurocentric enterprise: An Azanian philosophical critique of legal epistemic violence in “South Africa”

This essay will critically analyse how conquest that resulted in white settler colonialism laid the foundation for epistemic violence. Epistemic violence, which took the form of the imposition of the law of the European conqueror in the wake of land dispossession in 1652 in South Africa is the fundamental problem this essay will critically engage with. We will rely on the Azanian philosophical tradition as a theoretical framework to critique this legal epistemic violence. Our theoretical framework is in line with Afrikan jurisprudence, which is grounded in the culture and worldview of the Indigenous people conquered in wars of conquest. Fundamental to our argument is that the law of the European conqueror, which was imposed through conquest is a Eurocentric enterprise, which seeks to negate the Afrikan worldview and culture and reinforce historic injustice. It is important to note that epistemic violence commenced with the issuing of papal bulls, which undergirded conquest and white settler colonialism in South Africa. The thesis of the essay is that in the wake of conquest and the attendant imposition of the law of the European conqueror, white settlers used their law to technicalise issues of historic injustice such as land dispossession. It is in this sense that this essay seeks to contribute to the decolonisation of law by foregrounding the worldview and culture of the Indigenous conquered people.

Nature of soul according to Vedic thought (वैदिक चिन्तन के अनुसार जीवात्मा का स्वरूप)

According to Vedic thought tradition, God, soul and nature are the three eternal elements. These three elements never arise and end, have always existed and will always exist. Their qualities, deeds and nature are also eternal. In the Indian philosophical tradition it is called 'Trinity'. 'Prakriti' has only one quality of existence. Prakriti is not conscious but just inert. The soul has two qualities - Sat and Chit, that is, the soul has existence as well as consciousness. The soul is of little knowledge, a native, of little power and free to act. Though free to act, he is enslaved to enjoy the fruits of his actions. The soul lacks the quality called joy. This is his shortcoming. Therefore, he is always ready to get happiness. In this research paper, we have tried to tell the real nature of the soul according to Vedic thinking, how according to Indian philosophical tradition, Vedic thinking tradition, soul, nature and God are the three eternal elements, which always exist, the soul is in the fruits of action, and She is free to do but due to lack of pleasure, she is always ready to get pleasure because it resides in the heart and is said to be produced by the body itself. Just tried to bring different forms. Keyword- soul nature conscious God soul

What is (and was) a person? Evidence on historical mind perceptions from natural language

An important philosophical tradition identifies persons as those entities that have minds, such that mind perception is a window into person perception. Psychological research has found that human perceptions of mind consist of at least two distinct dimensions: agency (e.g. planning, deciding) and experience (e.g. feeling, hungering). Taking this insight into the semantic space of natural language, we develop a generalizable, scalable computational-linguistics method for measuring variation in perceived agency and experience in large archives of plain-text documents. The resulting text-based rankings of entities along these dimensions correspond to human judgments of perceived agency and experience assessed in blind surveys. We then map both dimensions of mind in historical English-language corpora over the last 200 years and identify two salient trends. First, we find that while women are now described as having similar levels of agency as men, they are still described as more experience-oriented. Second, we find that domesticated animals have gained higher attributions of experience (but not agency) relative to wild animals, especially since the rise of the global animal rights movement in the 1980s.

Мифы наших поколений

The article analyzes the situation in philosophy in the years after the collapse of the USSR, as well as the expectations, attitudes and views of those who completed their professional education in philosophy in the early 90s. The author touches upon some features of the philosophical fashion of those years: interest in Russian religious philosophy, phenomenology (and, in particular, Heidegger), fascination with French philosophy and even the phenomenon of a post-ideological return to marxism. The role of new forms of publication activity, which were discovered by young philosophers during this period, is considered; specific problems of restoring connection with the interrupted philosophical tradition are revealed. Some features that distinguish the worldview of the generation of the 90s from the position of the “sixties” are shown.

Mobilities in Religious Knowledge: Phiroz Mehta and the Logics of Transreligiosity in 1970s–80s South London

This paper examines transreligiosity in the context of the transmission of South Asian concepts of spirituality to the UK in the 20th century. Between the 1920s and 1990s, Indian teacher and author Phiroz Mehta (1902–1994) crossed borders in a colonial and postcolonial shuttling between India and the UK but also transgressed conceptual and practice borders of religion, teaching Indian religious concepts to post-Christian spiritual seekers in 1970s–80s South London. Mehta cultivated an elasticity between many religious and philosophical traditions, recognising the post-institutional fatigue of subjects who sought alternative forms of ‘belonging without believing’. Privileging the domestic space for teaching, as well as transitory ‘camp’ gatherings in the UK and Germany, Mehta often operated in the social margins, combining teachings from Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity with Zoroastrianism, Judaism (specifically Kabbalah), and Daoism. He offered his tutees the freedom to practice religion in whatever way they chose by drawing on a broad range of traditions concurrently to create a transreligiosity. This paper examines Panagiotopoulos and Roussou’s ‘transgressional webs of practising individualised forms of alternative spirituality’ in relation to Mehta’s followers in the 1970s-1980s and asks how transreligiosity relates to other theoretical analyses, such as religious exoticism, bricolage, religious appropriation, cultural re-articulation or assemblage. This paper focuses on qualitative interviews with original members of the Mehta community conducted between 2021 and 2022.

Тринитарные аналогии в «Кассициакских диалогах»: философско-богословский анализ

The article deals with the problem devoted to the analysis of the provisions of the Italian professor of the Pontifical Institute of Patristic Studies "Augustinianum" Nello Cipriani, described in his work entitled "Christian sources of the doctrine of the Trinity in the first dialogues of Blessed Augustine". The author makes an attempt of theological and philosophical analysis of the degree the ancient philosophical tradition represented by Neoplatonism influenced the Christianized thinking of Aurelius Augustine. In this regard, a part of Blessed Augustine's earlier writings is of particular value. These works are named after St. Augustine's place of residence in Cassisiac, and therefore called the "Cassiciacum Dialogues", the corpus of which includes three of his work: "On Order", "On the Blessed Life" and “Against the Academicians”. Also in this paper, the principled position of Nello Cipriani on the rejection of any influence of ancient philosophy on Augustine's understanding of the Christian Trinitarian doctrine is shown. This kind of position is the antithetical position of the French scientist Olivier Du Roy. Solving this problem, Cipriani tries to prove inaccuracy in the interpretation of Blessed Augustine’s texts, artificially created and used by du Roy to support the provisions he put forward about the prevailing influence of the pagan world on Augustine's personality. In addition, the failure of du Roy's thesis does not stand up to criticism regarding Augustine's use of Trinitarian analogies in the "Cassiciacum Dialogues" and the use of Christian sources of knowledge in them. Thus, the idea of the Italian professor Nello Cipriani considered in the article takes on the features of a true, historical fact.

VARIETĂȚILE ANALIZEI ÎN FILOSOFIA ANALITICĂ

I agree that the unity of the method of analytic philosophy is an illusion and, as a result, I intend to discuss about the varieties of analysis in analytic philosophy. My strategy is to argue that the so called “linguistic turn” was followed by several attempts to develop a method in analitic philosophy and to assure at least its methodological identity. Therefore, I think that the decompositional analysis is, in the same time, in continuity with traditional philosophy and also the first way to perform in analitic philosophy. The logical analysis proposed by Frege become the main paradigm of analysis and, historically, it had some forms as logical reduction, logical contruction or rational reconstruction. The other main paradigm is the conceptual analysis developed by Wittgenstein in Philosophical investigations. I think that a historical concept of analytic philosophy is useful for a better understanding of this variety of analyical method.