Philosophical Terminology Research Articles

В.С. Соловьев и современные проблемы историографии и источниковедения русской философии

The article presents answers to the following questions formulated by the editorial board of the journal “Solovyov Studies”: How do you assess the current state of research in this field and, in particular, the heritage of V.S. Solovyov? Is there obvious success in publishing the heritage of Russian philosophers and rather sufficient activity of relevant studies? What are the failures and what, in your opinion, are the reasons for them? In recent years in the community of researchers of the history of Russian philosophy one can hear the opinion that the philosophical heritage of V.S. Solovyov is irrelevant. In your opinion, has Solovyov lost his relevance? What aspects of his philosophical, literary and journalistic legacy have not yet been sufficiently developed, are there prospects for the development of the philosophy of unitotality, or does it belong entirely to history? The significance of V.S. Solovyov's legacy as the first, most developed philosophical system and the relevance of his teachings as the most successful example of philosophical thought in Russian are considered. The contribution of V.S. Solovyov to the development of philosophical terminology in Russia is pointed out. A brief outline of the historiography of Russian philosophy is given. It is noted that there is not a large number of critical editions of the sources of Russian philosophy, that the research of the history of Russian philosophy is not a priority in national science and educational policy, that there is not enough historiographical reflection. Modern researchers of Russian philosophy have not formulated fundamentally new approaches and belong to the same historiographical paradigm as the authors of the early 20th century. The situation can be changed by creating a new historical and philosophical narrative.

SINN AND ITS SHADOW. TERMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HUSSERL’S CONCEPTION OF NOETIC-NOEMATIC STRUCTURES OF PURE CONSCIOUSNESS

The methodological premise of the investigation is the meta-difference between foreground and background as a necessary element of any difference, including the difference between conceptual and terminological types of analysis of philosophical texts. The topic of terminological analysis is the function of the terms that make up the framework of concepts, the methods and justifications for their introduction. The role of D.Hume, who was the first to draw attention to the difference in the meaning of the same word in natural and philosophical languages, is noted. More general questions are formulated regarding the prerequisites of terminological analysis: what is a term, what experience underlies the very process of introducing terms, are terms a necessary building material of philosophical texts or a necessary evil? The prerequisites for terminological analysis include the differences between a term and a word, as well as a term and a metaphor. Husserl’s concept of noetic-noematic structures is considered in terms of the difference between conceptual and terminological dimensions. The research focuses on the functions of “sense” as an intermediary between natural language and philosophical terminology. The prerequisites for the introduction of the terms “noesis” and “noema” are identified; in the first case, this is the traditional scheme of hylomorphism, in the second, the postulate of the identity of what is perceived during normal and abnormal perception. A comparison is made between Husserl’s expression “sense does not burn” with M.Bulgakov’s aphorism “manuscripts do not burn.” Husserl’s division of two types of consciousness (positional and neutral or shadow) reveals the incorrectness of Husserl’s description of the difference between the foreground and background of perception. Husserl’s description of “neutralization” is subjected to critical analysis using the example of the perception of Durer’s engraving. The final section of the article examines attempts to correlate the meaning of the word “sense” with experience, compares the role of the terms “sense” and “concept,” and also analyzes Husserl’s “generalization of the idea of meaning,” or expansion of the meaning of the term “sense.” Finally, a distinction is made between a methodology of separation, which corresponds to the boundary-setting function of terms, and a methodology of differentiation of differences, which implies the differentiating function of terms.

«Дорогой Михаил Михайлович! Я назначен редактором Вашей книги...»: из истории издания «Проблем поэтики Достоевского»

The background and publication history of Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics is an important part of the scholarly biography and reception of Mikhail Bakhtin’s personality and ideas. The second edition of this work, which appeared in 1963, marked a new milestone in the development of Russian literary studies, combining the best traditions of the literary scholarship of the pre-revolutionary period and the first post-revolutionary decade and the new trends of the post-Stalin era humanities. Refuting the myth that the 1929 book on Dostoevsky had been forgotten, the authors emphasize that by the mid-1950s and early 1960s it was well remembered by a large number of Soviet literary critics. Anatoly Lunacharsky’s review in the anthology F.M. Dostoevsky in Russian Criticism (1956) only strengthened the authority and relevance of Bakhtin’s old monograph, which was borne out by the extensive polemic with this work, in particular in Viktor Shklovsky’s book Pro et Contra (1957) and in the collection F.M. Dostoevsky’s Oeuvre (1959), whose authors strongly objected to Bakhtin’s polyphonic novel theory. The article pays special attention to the activities of Sergey Bocharov as the editor of the book, revealing his contribution to the work on the manuscript. The article introduces a number of previously unknown archival documents, including fragments of correspondence between Bocharov and Bakhtin in 1962-1963. It also contains the memoirs of Bocharov and Vadim Kozhinov, studies by Nikolay Pankov, etc. The letters of Bakhtin and Bocharov represent a kind of a dialogue between the author and the editor, in which the proposed changes were discussed. Bocharov’s editorial “intervention” was quite limited and as tactful as possible. None of the principles of the 1929 book was corrected. All of Bakhtin’s additions, including the new fourth chapter, were approved. The alterations affected the philosophical terminology of the book (it became simpler and clearer to the modern reader), individual quotations from Dostoyevsky were expanded, and the structure of paragraphs was partially changed. On this basis, it is concluded that Bocharov’s efforts to revise the manuscript were in fact more significant than what he claimed to have done in his lifetime, and the words of gratitude expressed by Bakhtin to his editor in his letters receive further validation. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Strangers in a Strange Land: Translating Catholicism in Early Modern Japan

Though many scholars have understood Tokugawa Japan's encounter with Christianity (1549-1650) to have ended in failure, an analysis of the period's religious literature demonstrates the considerable extent to which missionaries engaged with Japanese culture. This article examines several Kirishitan (Japanese Christian) texts printed between 1590 and 1620, devoting particular attention to the theological and philosophical terminology they employed. While sometimes borrowing directly from Latin and Portuguese, the new Catholic lexicon also drew from pre-existing Japanese vocabulary in the context of Buddhist and Neo-Confucian spirituality. Along with the education reforms introduced by the accommodationist Jesuit Alessandro Valignano, projects of Catholicism in translation complicate the picture of defeat and mutual misunderstanding that are often thought to characterize Japan’s Christian Century.

On the usefulness of Józef Tischner’s Historia filozofii po góralsku (The History of Philosophy, Highlander Style) as a source of knowledge of the Podhale dialect and culture

The aim of this article is to show the extent to which Józef Tischner’s Historia filozofii po góralsku (The History of Philosophy, Highlander Style) is a cognitively attractive source of learning about Podhale’s dialect and culture and the possible threats or difficulties that may be associated with using the work to this end. The author begins his discussions by considering such features of the work under examination as its apocryphal and fairy-tale-like nature and proceeds to showing it on three different planes. From the linguistic perspective, he notes the dialectal features characteristic of the work in terms of phonetics, inflection, syntax, word formation, lexis, and phraseology. In terms of cultural studies, he devotes his attention to the customs and traditions of the Podhale region as well as to the regional cuisine, which found their places in individual stories. In some of the consideraƟ ons focused to a greater extent on philosophy, the author indicates the characteristic features of the highlander worldview, which Tischner captures in his work, and conducts the word-formation and semantic analysis of selected neologisms and neosemantisms, which were used by the author of the stories to enrich the highlanders’ speech with philosophical terminology

Халкидий о демонах: фрагменты «Комментария на Тимей Платона» (перевод и комментарии)

The publication presents a commented Russian translation of chapters 120 and 127–136 from Calcidius’ Commentarius on Plato’s Timaeus dealing with demonology, a most important part of philosophical knowledge in the eyes of Neoplatonic thinkers. We know virtually nothing about Calcidius, neither the dates of his lifespan, nor the place where he lived and worked. Even his name has become debatable recently: Chalcidius or Calcidius. Meanwhile, his principal (and only) work, a Latin translation of Plato’s Timaeus accompanied by a detailed commentary, has become the most important link in the transmission of Plato’s legacy from Antiquity to the medieval Latin West. Up to the twelfth-century turning point and the rise of the School of Chartres, the reception of Plato in the West was channeled almost exclusively through Calcidius’s work. His translation of the Timaeus, which occupies pages 17a–92c in the Corpus Platonicum, carries on only up to page 57c; another translation of the Timaeus, which has been accessible in the Latin West, belonged to Cicero, and was even more abridged (pages 27d–47b with omissions); nevertheless, it was Cicero’s translation that St. Augustine (354–430) used, unaware, it would seem, of Calcidius’ work. The most probable dating of our author seems to be the 4th – the beginning of the 5th century AD. Calcidius reveals himself as an author in his own right, who had not only accomplished the serious job of translating philosophical terminology from Greek into Latin, but also contributed to the development of the genre of commentary, and so deserves to be studied not only as a transmitter of knowledge from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. The Russian translation is based on the standard Jan Hendrik Waszink’s edition (1975), taking into account more recent editions by C. Moreschini (2003), B. Bakhouche (2011), and J. Magee (2016), which are accompanied by translations into modern European languages; the chronological density of these publications testifies to the undoubtable surge of interest in Calcidius’ work in the last few decades.

«Троесловие»: философский термин «природа» в переводческой рефлексии Н.Я. Бичурина

The article considers the term ‘priroda’ [‘nature’] as a translational reflec­tion of the Russian orientalist, an outstanding sinologist of the 19th century Nikita Ya. Bichurin (1777–1853), connected with the understanding of the con­cept of xing, conveyed by the hieroglyph 性 in the Chinese educational book of the 13th century Three Word Primer (Sanzijing). It is pointed out that by the beginning of the 19th century Russian philosophical terminology was at the stage of formation, that translations of Russian scientists of foreign-language phi­losophical works had a great influence on the entry of a particular term into the system of Russian terminological designations. In this regard, the translations of Chinese sources of philosophical content by Bichurin in the middle of the 19th century deserve attention. On the example of one term ‘priroda’ [‘nature’], the author’s methods of interpretation and, from his point of view, the most ac­curate transmission of the Chinese concept of xing (性) are demonstrated both in the notes and directly in the translation text, using various techniques (epithets, antitheses, stylistic contrast). The translations of the Sanzijing close to Bichurin’s, made by his predecessors, sinologists of the 18th century – Illarion K. Rossokhin (1707–1761) and Alexey L. Leontiev (1716–1786), the peculiari­ties of the perception of the concept of xing by three translators in similar con­texts are noted. The role of the text environment in their attempts to convey a complex concept that had a long-standing internal Chinese worldview evolu­tion is emphasized.

New Books across the Disciplines

New Books across the Disciplines

О понятии actus в «Сумме Теологии» Фомы Аквинского

The article discusses the main directions of application of the term actus in Thomas Aquinas' "Summary of Theology". Firstly, it is presented the prospect of his understanding of theological problem of nature and status of angels in the hierarchy of the Universe. In this context the initial setting of Aquinas' angelology, which has developed in the course of his many years of reflections and in the frames of a fundamental theological discussion, is demonstrated that an angels do not include in themselves a composition of matter and form, but they have a composition of potency and an act. It is stressed that the form has an independent existence in angels, and they are characterized by a "self-existing form", hence, they are "separated substances". As a result, it is concluded that angels, according to the conception of Thomas, are acquired a special disposition in the hierarchy of ens creatum. Secondly, the analyze is developing in the prospect of refuting by Aquinas the heresy of the Manicheans and asserting a kind of "apology" for the existing world. In this sense, Thomas Aquinas' interpretation of being is considered, which is understood as actuality and perfection, that allows the medieval thinker to demonstrate the unique role of the Creator for the existence of created world. Thirdly, it is presented the horizon of explication of human mind meaning within the framework of the procedure of a moral act. In this regard, the article opens the general scheme of a human act formulated by Thomas and reveals the significance and role of reason and will at each stage of the implementation of moral action, which was a fundamental problem for the ethical studies of his time. Thus, the article is demonstrated the refraction of metaphysical discourse and philosophical terminology, in particular, the concept of actus, dating back to the Aristotelian energia, in the theology of Thomas Aquinas, which allowed him to solve the fundamental intellectual problems of his epoch.

Klym Hankevych: In the Search of the National Philosophy. Foreword to the Ukrainian Translation of Klym Hankevych’s work “Life, Works and Philosophical System of Bronislav Trentowski”

Кlym Hankevych published this work as research of the philosophical ideas of Polish philosopher Bronislaw Trentowski. This Hankevych's work is translated into Ukrainian for the first time. This work is of interest for researchers of Ukrainian philosophy. In this work, there are significant notions for both the Ukrainian and Polish philosophical terminology. In this work, Кlym Hankevych tried to show originality of the Slavic philosophy. However, he also argued that the Slavic philosophy is a part of the European philosophical tradition.

On Sergey Khoruzhy’s topics

Writing about Sergey Khoruzhy, Mark Kharitonov describes him as a historian of literature, a thinker, a religious philosopher, and Joyce’s translator and interpreter. Kharitonov reminisces about encounters and conversations with Khoruzhy and ponders his writings and public talks. Also mentioned is Khoruzhy’s television documentary about the Russian religious philosopher L. Karsavin: a renowned specialist in medieval history and a poet, Karsavin embarked on a teaching career at the University of Lithuania, achieved perfect fluency in the Lithuanian language and went on to create philosophical terminology in Lithuanian. According to Khoruzhy, local scholars referred to Karsavin as a ‘Lithuanian Plato.’ On the same television program, Khoruzhy mentioned Kharitonov’s novel that had recently become popular, expressing his appreciation of the book’s fragmentary structure (Kharitonov’s ‘candy wrappers’). The article also examines synergetic anthropology, an important concept for Khoruzhy. His model, abandoning the idea of the essence of man, describes him instead as a system of energies. Particularly analysed are Khoruzhy’s thoughts on escaping to virtual reality, which, he argued, entailed an easy kind of demise not unlike euthanasia.

The design turn and its philosophical reflections

This study investigates how collaboration between design research and technological philosophy can benefit both fields. More emphasis must be placed on the quality and quantity of philosophical education and its application within the framework of "workmanship philosophy," given the available tools for artistic expression. In expressions instruction, several tactics and approaches should be utilized, and students should be capable of analyzing and comprehending works of art using a variety of approaches. Is it required to utilize philosophical terminology in the illustration of handicraft philosophy? Is it feasible, on the other hand, that philosophical terminology provides a vulnerability for these problems to be examined and multiple answers to be found? Nonetheless, we must be interested in Plato's discourse and the significance of Aristotle's poetics to create even more appealing statements. Instead of emphasizing a complete education in philosophy, art students must learn and comprehend the properties of knowledge that form the foundation of philosophy. This assists in determining the placement and significance of philosophy in speech. Based on three contextual studies employing technology philosophy hypotheses and methodologies in a planning setting, we will explain how these businesses profited from a more reflective viewpoint. Aside from contemplating and debating, one may argue that the Philosophy of Technology is still functioning. As well as technology philosophy with the mind, there is also technology philosophy with the hands. About the prior experimental shift in Philosophy of Technology, we refer to this partnership as the "Useful Approach in Philosophy of Technology." Based on three contextual studies using technology philosophy hypotheses and methods in a planning environment, we will explain how these companies benefited from a more reflective perspective. Other than thinking and discussing, one may claim that the Philosophy of Technology is still active. Technology philosophy with the head, as well as technology philosophy with the hands As a result, we refer to this collaboration as the 'Useful Approach in Philosophy of Technology,' in reference to the preceding experimental turn in Philosophy of Technology.

Corpus Areopagiticum: питання про залежність від Прокла, гіпотеза про авторство Синезія і філософська термінологія слов'янських перекладів

The study of the peculiarities that the reception of such an essential concept of the philosophical Corpus Dionysiacum Areopagiticum as ὑπερούσιος in ancient Slavic translations has is promising. It allows not only to understand better the internal perspective of the development of philosophical terminology in Rus’-Ukraine, where in the 15th–17th centuries, there existed a significant number of manuscripts of the corpus, but also to strengthen the argument in favor of its dating precisely in the 5th century.
 According to the conceptual features that are present in the Greek text of De divinis nominibus and are confirmed in the studies of Slavic translations of the Corpus Areopagiticum, this work, preserved also in other languages, could belong to an author, who uniquely combined his Christian views and a philosophical vision of the world that was inspired by his Neoplatonic education at the Alexandrian School of Philosophy under the guidance of the eminent Neoplatonic thinker and mathematician Hypatia, who was well acquainted with the ideas of Plotinus and the whole Alexandrian intellectual tradition. It is possible that this author, who used the ideas of Plotinus and Porphyry and for the first time unfolded the idea of the Christian God as the Hyperousios in the aspect of the Christian Triad in his philosophical hymns and treatises, could be Synesius of Cyrene, Bishop of Ptolemais.

Terminological Phenomenology and/or Philosophical Conversion of Terms. Translating Henri Van Lier

The increasingly relevant importance of terminology is nowadays dictated by the development of science and technology, the upsurge of internationalization and globalization of the world economy, by political challenges and the construction of geo-linguistic solidarity, by language-culture proficiency, translation flow and language adaptation to (post)globalization. Philosophical terminology, developed in parallel with philosophy, has the purpose of universality and designative transparency of words, represented by terms i.e. related to the domain of meaning, the relationship of language with reality and thinking. Reflecting a "nodal network", constituting the ideational matrix for philosophy and philosophers, philosophical terminology poses epistemological, gnoseological challenges in relation to other disciplines: natural sciences, lexicology, lexicography, terminography, translation studies, etc. By designating concepts/ideas/notions, philosophical terminology, in addition to the “spontaneous” onomasiological evolution (direct/indirect borrowing, transposition, terminologization, applicative restriction) and symbiotic/synergistic production (action and feedback between languages) also achieve the so-called “conversion”, (re)semantization of terms, either philosophical or from other fields, a fact observable in some current philosophers (Edgar Morin, Jacques Demorgon, Henri Van Lier, etc.). This study is devoted to such a phenomenon of terminological conversion and "translational terminologization".

The Drama of History: Ibsen, Hegel, Nietzsche

The Drama of History: Ibsen, Hegel, Nietzsche

What Does Ibn Khaldūn Mean by the Term Mādda? On Human Association and Political-Economic Organisation

ABSTRACT Preeminent interpreters of Al-Muqaddima situate Ibn Khaldūn’s thought within ancient philosophy based on philosophical terminology that appears in the text. In this essay, I argue that in the context of ʿilm al-ʿumrān, Ibn Khaldūn does not use the term “matter” in the philosophical-metaphysical sense of natural philosophy, but in an economic sense to mean money. This interpretation is based on Ibn Khaldūn’s philosophy of language, rhetorical style and historical method. Attention to how he uses language to communicate his ideas shows that, throughout Al-Muqaddima, Ibn Khaldūn presents arguments based on religious law and tradition, theology and philosophy. However, in constructing his new science, he uses an intellectual method that is based on worldly and demonstrative factors, one of which is money. Money is one of the two foundations of the polity. This interpretation severs the connection to natural philosophy and challenges the natural-cyclical view of his historical-political thought.

Имя и Церковь: ветхозаветное и раннехристианское почитание имени Божьего и философская ономатология А. Ф. Лосева

The article examines the question of the theological origins of the philosophy named after A. F. Losev. The analysis shows that the notions of name as energy and name as cosmos are related to Losev's turning to the Old Testament and early Christian terminological traditions of using the concept of "Name" to convey the idea of the divine presence. As a result of accepting the Greek philosophical terminology on the part of the Christian Church, the idea of the divine presence in the created world began to be conveyed through the term of divine energy. A.F. Losev believes that the identification of the name and the signified thing is a sign of pre-philosophical mythological thinking in general. It gives a clue to the mentioned Old Testament tradition of the name divinity. Philosophical secular thinking fundamentally departs from such a religious worldview element. For this reason, philosophical and archaic worldviews can be seen in the two mentioned customs, which have been reflected in the theological terminology. The theological perception of the philosophical categorical system has not resulted in the complete displacement of "name" from the Christian theological discourse. The ancient Bible tradition of conveying the idea of the divine presence in the categories of "name" and "glory" is evident in a number of the holy fathers' works (St. Justin the Philosopher, St. John Chrysostom, St. Isaac of Nineveh). "Name" as a term close to the that of "energy" is more peculiar to Liturgical texts as A.F. Losev sees it. Losev's idea of God's name as the ontological energetic foundation of the cosmos, usually seen as a borrowing from Neoplatonism, goes back, among other things, to the doctrine of the church as the Body of Christ.

Reimund Leicht and Giuseppe Veltri (eds), Studies in the Formation of Medieval Hebrew Philosophical Terminology

Journal Article Reimund Leicht and Giuseppe Veltri (eds), Studies in the Formation of Medieval Hebrew Philosophical Terminology Get access Reimund Leicht and Giuseppe Veltri (eds), Studies in the Formation of Medieval Hebrew Philosophical Terminology (Studies in Jewish History and Culture 57). Pp. x + 284. Price: €149.00 hardback. ISBN: 978-90-04-41298-9. Nadia Vidro Nadia Vidro University College London, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Semitic Studies, Volume 67, Issue 1, Spring 2022, Pages e15–e19, https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgab039 Published: 24 February 2022

TYPES OF ANTONYM-TERMS IN FRENCH AND UKRAINIAN PHILOSOPHICAL TERMINOLOGY

The paper deals with the study of the antonym relations in French and Ukrainian philosophical terminology. The opposition that underlies antonymy is a multifaceted phenomenon and is studied by various sciences: psychology, logic, philosophy, sociology, ethics, aesthetics and religion. From a semantic point of view, there are three types of antonymy based on logical relations: the contrary antonymy, the contradictory (or complementary) antonymy and the reciprocal (or converse) antonymy. Considering antonymy on both lexical-semantic and stylistic levels, there are two types of oppositions: usual (linguistic) and occasional (characterizing the philosopher specific linguistic manner). Occasional oppositions are represented by contextual and individual-authorial oppositions, which are more expressive oppositions of usual antonyms; their impact on the reader is unexpected and unusual. From a structural point of view, we distinguish grammatical antonymy and lexical antonymy. In grammatical antonymy one of the items of the pair is morphologically marked by a negative prefix or prefixoide and in lexical antonymy the opposition is expressed by another lexeme. The paper gives the definition of antonymy in terminology and analyzes the main types of antonymy. As a result of the study, we defined the basic antonymous types of prefixes in French and Ukrainian philosophical terminology. The most productive antonymous prefixes in French philosophical terminology are in-, im-, ir-, a-, dé-, dés-, dis-, non-, mé-. The prefixoids (contre-, plus-, moins-, poly-, mono-) are the initial elements of complex terms. The most productive Ukrainian negative prefixes are не-, без-, ін-. The absolute majority of philosophical antonymic terms in French and Ukrainian languages are nouns.

PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOURSE OF MODERN UKRAINE: OWN EXPERIENCE AND POLISH INFLUENCES

Polish influences on the development of Ukrainian philosophy are indisputable, but they need a structural analysis: what was the motivation for these influences, how they were carried out, who was the leader of these influences, what was the greatest influence in Ukrainian philosophy. The study provided the following answers to these questions: the motivation for Polish influence was, among other things, the desire to support an independent Ukrainian state, culture and philosophy; these influences were exercised both consciously by Polish philosophers themselves and by the interest of Ukrainian philosophers in Polish achievements in philosophy, in particular in philosophical terminology; the main leaders of Polish philosophical influences were Polish and Ukrainian philosophers, as well as authors of translations of philosophical works from Polish into Ukrainian; the spheres of the history of philosophy, logic, philosophy of education, political philosophy and some others were most influenced in Ukrainian philosophy, that can be judged, in particular, by the works of Polish philosophers translated from Polish into Ukrainian. Polish philosophy simplifies the path of Ukrainian philosophy to philosophical classics, which is an advantage, and at the same time using Polish philosophy can limit the desire of Ukrainian philosophers to seek their own solutions and in particular their own philosophical terminology, which can already be a significant drawback. The prospect of interaction between Ukrainian and Polish philosophies should be their mutual influence and full inclusion of Polish and Ukrainian philosophical communities in the world philosophical discourse. Key words: philosophical discourse, philosophical translation, Ukrainophilia, Polish influences, national philosophical dictionary, philosophical community.