Philosophical Method Research Articles

Organizational and legal provision for supervision and control over compliance with labor law in Ukraine: international standards and national practice

The purpose of the article is to study the state and trends in the development of organizational and legal support for supervision and control of compliance with labor law in Ukraine through the prism of international standards. To achieve the goal there are defined the following tasks: to reveal the content and meaning of the concept for the integrated system of labor inspection; characterize the impact of international standards on the organizational and legal provision of supervision and control over compliance with labor law in Ukraine; determine the trends in the development of organizational and legal support for supervision and control in the field of labor. There were used general philosophical method of dialectics, systemic and structural-functional general scientific methods, hermeneutic, formal-legal and prognostic special-legal methods during the research. Their combination made it possible to investigate the content and purpose of the integrated approach to labor inspection, initiated and supported by the International Labor Organization. Such an approach covers occupational safety and hygiene, labor relations, working conditions, and provides for the formation of a complete system of labor inspection with the integration of its administrative, procedural and technical elements through simultaneous implementation of measures at the international, national (state), industry (sectoral) and production (local, operational) levels to increase the effectiveness of labor rights protection. The trends of the organizational and legal provision for supervision and control over compliance with the labor law in Ukraine were analyzed from the point of view of the analysis for the legal instruments of the mentioned levels. Firstly, functional integration/concentration of functions in a single state labor inspection service. Secondly, coordination and consolidation of the efforts of the State Labor Service, state bodies that have joint tasks with the labor inspectorate, local self-government bodies, and social partners. Thirdly, modernization of the national system of managing the safety of workers at work based on the principles of proactivity, prevention of industrial risks, and strengthening the role of the employer's internal control in ensuring proper, safe, and dignified working conditions. Fourthly, there is a tendency to expand the practice of combining surveillance (control) measures with preventive, informational, advisory, and analytical efforts

AESTHETIC VS ARTISTIC CONSCIOUSNESS: TYPOLOGY OF AESTHETICS AND LITERATURE INTERACTION

The objective of the work is to study the specifics of aesthetic and artistic consciousness in their interaction in terms of literary comprehension of philosophical concepts; to highlight the levels of interaction between aesthetics and literature as a factor in the formation of aesthetic dominants of the literary trend and artistic method. The focus of the work determines the use of cultural-historical, historicalliterary, philosophical and aesthetic research methods. Aesthetic consciousness is understood as a mode of intellectual-sensory perception (and assessment) of empirical reality, which determines the type of artistic consciousness and is reflected in a work of fiction. Three levels of correlation between aesthetic consciousness and reality are distinguished: the syncretic, at which the aesthetic consciousness merges with the empirical, dissolving into reality, and the ideal of beauty corresponds to scientific ideas about the surrounding world and man; the discrete level emphasises a certain autonomy of aesthetic consciousness from empirical one, its orientation towards the expression of some ideological or ideal essence; the synthetic, representing dialectical interaction and mutual influence, giving rise to harmony and aesthetic value of the unity of content and form. The specificity of the relationship between aesthetic and artistic consciousness is determined. The process of interaction between aesthetic and artistic consciousness as the interaction between aesthetics and literature takes place at two levels. The first level represents the transformation of the system of aesthetic-philosophical theories and characterises the state of aesthetic consciousness as a set of aesthetic views of the epoch. The second level is characterised by the process of “the transition of the artistic to the general cultural”, involving a change in worldview stereotypes when literature, producing its own spiritual values and anti-values, turns out to be able to reorient public consciousness (in some instances, even scientific) and public psychology, to shape the mindset, tastes, and specifics of everyday culture. The findings note that the convergence of aesthetic consciousness and literature, along with the actualisation of the principle of possibilities that began in the Romantic era, largely predetermined the development of aesthetic consciousness at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when their interaction became so intertwined that it formed a unity. The distinction between aesthetics and literature practically disappeared, ushering in a new stage of cultural reorientation for aesthetics and art.

Indigenous cultures and communities in higher education teaching and learning

Our initial impetus for this project stems from the development of UNCP’s Indigenous Cultures & Communities (ICC) graduation requirement and the efforts of individual faculty representing disciplines in the arts, education, humanities, library, and nursing to redesign class activities and courses and share models and templates for readers’ use and adaptation in incorporating Indigenous-centered pedagogies in their own courses. We have curated our practical and philosophical methods for engaging Indigenous knowledge and using Indigenous-centered pedagogies in college courses and curricula through the lens of faculty efforts to redesign their courses in support of a newly instituted graduation requirement focused on Indigenous cultures and communities.

Regulatory Models in E-Sports

The paper provides an analysis of regulatory models in e-sports with the purposeof identifying regulatory gaps and ways to address them. The methodology of thestudy embraces the general philosophical method (analysis, synthesis, logical andsystemic methods) and specifically legal methods (including formal legal analysis).The study comprises two stages: firstly, examination of regulatory gaps in e-sportsfrom the doctrinal perspective; secondly, case studies arising in the course of and/orin connection with e-sporting events and causing enforcement problems. The authorsidentify the following doctrinal gaps: nature of relationship between the concepts ofcomputer sports and e-sports, and other related concepts involved in virtual realitycontests; delimitation of the public and private spheres in the legal regulation ofe-sport; feasibility of e-sports law as a complex branch of sports and digital law; tworegulatory approaches/models: self-regulation of e-sports by approving gamingrules, gaming codes of conduct etc. versus external regulation, with the existing legalinstitutions and legal provisions applicable to disputes at the nexus of virtual andactual reality; rules and methods of applying real law to virtual reality; limits of applyingsports provisions and rules to relations in e-sports.The authors identify the followingenforcement gaps: legal status of e-athletes from the perspective of labour and civillaw; taxation of the income gained in the course of or in connection with an e-sportingevent; legal status of computer games as an object of civil law; legal regulation ofgame streaming; legal status of book-makers in the e-sports market. Based on thefindings, the authors conclude the explosive growth of the computer game marketargues in favor of detailed regulation of legal relations in e-sports.

Legal grounds for the rehabilitation of the victims of soviet totalitarism in the 1950s

Purpose. The purpose of the publication is to establish the number of victims of Soviet totalitarianism, as well as to characterize the social and legal conditions of the process of rehabilitation of repressed persons in the 1950s. Methods. The methodological basis of the research was a set of principles of historicism, objectivity, as well as general scientific, special scientific and philosophical methods. Results. It was established that the process of rehabilitation of victims of mass repressions had no specific legal prerequisites, it was an exclusively politically determined action aimed on the one hand at the elimination of opponents in the process of the struggle for power after the death of J.Stalin. The historical prerequisites of rehabilitation are determined by a long-term and systematic government policy aimed at physical restriction and liquidation of certain categories of people who were accused of «political crimes». It was established that the first attempt at rehabilitation, which took place in 1939-1940s, was a selective amnesty for certain categories of persons who were serving sentences. At the same time, this amnesty did not apply to Ukrainians serving sentences for political crimes. The real process of rehabilitation began after the death of J.Stalin in 1953. From a legal point of view, the rehabilitation was half-hearted. Legally, the majority of persons who were amnestied in the 1950s became rehabilitated only after 30-40 or more years. Originality. Statistical information on the number of victims of Stalinist repressions is given, and legal approaches to the rehabilitation of victims in the 1950s are also analyzed. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used for the preparation of lectures and special courses on the history of the state and law, popularization of the historical past, preservation of historical memory and condemnation of the actions of Soviet leaders.

Lessons of liberation struggles and legal ideas of Ukrainians in the 19th century for today

Purpose. The purpose of the study is to characterize the main ideological currents and legal doctrines of the 19th century, as well as to identify positive practices for improving the legal awareness and legal culture of Ukrainians in today's conditions. In view of the fact that in the 19th century the ideas of sobornost - the unity of ethnic Ukrainian lands were formed, the ideas of republicanism and people's rule were developed, some of these ideas should be included in the basis of the legal ideology of today. Methods. The methodological basis of the research was the principles of historicism, objectivity, complexity, a problem-chronological approach, as well as a complex of general scientific, special scientific and philosophical methods. Results. It has been established that for Ukrainians, a combination of various worldviews and state legal ideas is traditional, in particular liberalism, conservatism, social democracy, and nationalism itself (it took shape as a separate movement only in the 1920s and 1930s). The historically formed pluralism of views regarding the solution of social, economic and political issues has always been characterized by the dominance of a single idea - the unity of ethnic Ukrainian lands and the establishment of a sovereign state on their territory. Therefore, the idea of ethnic unity, a single state Ukrainian language, preservation of historical memory should not be a condition, but an obligation in the conditions of existence of the modern state of Ukraine. Freedom of speech, people's rule, as well as Christian ethics and morality are the main and traditional values characteristic of the Ukrainian state-legal opinion. The protection of these values takes place in today's conditions. Originality. Historically determined conceptual approaches to the understanding of the state, which were formed in the 19th century, have been identified. and can be included in the modern legal ideology of Ukraine. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in further historical and legal studies, preparation of special courses.

Legal nature of the concept of genocide: international and national experience

Purpose. The purpose of our research is to characterize and compare the main approaches to the interpretation of the content of the concept of genocide in international and national law. Method. The methodology includes the complex use of scientific approaches and principles, as well as general scientific, philosophical and special scientific methods. Results. It has been established that Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine and atrocities against the civilian population are an example of the fact that the crime of genocide, as a form of individual and collective responsibility of the aggressor state against a sovereign state and its population, requires a thorough legal justification, both within the international and within the limits of national law. Actually, the signs of genocide remain debatable in international law, because the planned physical destruction of a separate ethnic group or people is often interpreted as "ethnic cleansing" and at the same time the concept of "genocide" is used in order to draw attention to individual actions or inactions of the state. In the national legislation, the concept of genocide is used in accordance with the interpretation of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 and the actual events of the full-scale invasion. However, if in the case of the Holodomor, one can only monitor the preservation of historical memory, because it is impossible to bring to justice the perpetrators of the genocide against Ukrainians in the 1930s, then the modern crimes of Russians must be clearly recorded and brought to justice both in the military and above military and political leadership of the aggressor state. Scientific novelty. An analysis of the main aspects of international and national legislation defining the crime of genocide was carried out. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in further historical and legal studies, preparation of special courses.

THE CONCEPTS OF "FINDING THE OTHER" AND "TRANSGREDIENT" AS THE BASIS OF THE INTERPRETATION OF THE STAGE SYNTHESIS OF THE ARTS

The purpose of the article is to define the aesthetic phenomenon of the anthropological border in the context of the synthesis of arts. The research methodology is presented using comparative and systemic approaches. Among the philosophical methods, the transcendental method (identification of the other as an a priori aesthetic act), the phenomenological method (definition of the dispositive of the aesthetic act as empathy, dialogue), the dialectical method (definition of the dialectic of the exchange of places in being, according to M. Bakhtin, as prerequisites for the transgression of estesis), which provide an opportunity to carry out a philosophical and anthropological analysis of the synthesis of arts as a dynamic integrity in the context of possible, existing and post-existing modes of existence of an artistic work. Conclusions. The apex of the evolution of the scene from its ontological understanding as a subject-spatial context of action to an event that marks the beginning and end of the action, and the event itself as temporality becomes the carrier of the modern image of being, is an interactive scene where the presence of the other is eliminated. Postmodern naturalism, against which Vs. Meyerhold, P. Brook and others.

Critical Need For Breastmilk Collection Centres For High-risk Premature Babies

Premature babies are very vulnerable and exposed to various life-threatening diseases. World Health Organization reported that many premature babies were saved from morbidity and mortality when they were fed with breastmilk starting from within the first hour after their birth. The rate of premature birth in Malaysia has increased exponentially since 2018—more than 20 percent premature births. Therefore, hospitals should have enough supplies of breastmilk to save the lives of the precious premature babies. However, only one hospital in Malaysia provides supplies of breastmilk on demand. This study employed philosophical method to argue for the establishment of breastmilk collection centre. It examined the concept of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah to justify the proposal of the establishment of breastmilk collection centres in hospitals throughout Malaysia to save the lives, intellects, and progenies of the at-risk premature babies. The primary issues resulting from breastmilk sharing according to Islamic perspective were examined and practical steps were proposed to rectify them. The steps involved obtaining signed consent from wet nurse and her husband; screening of wet nurse’s health and personality characteristics; screening of the breastmilk by the milk collection centre; obtaining signed consent from the premature baby’s parents; feeding breastmilk to the premature baby with the consent of witnesses; meeting between wet nurse and her family and the baby’s parents and family; and completing wet nursing document to be given to the newly formed milk kinship family.

STUDI KOMPARASI KONSEP TUHAN MENURUT BARUCH DE SPINOZA DAN KARL THEODOR JASPERS

Recognizing God in empirical knowledge is indeed very difficult and even impossible to understand the reality of God. Philosophers and theologians both have different understandings of God, so that from the time of Ancient Greece to modern human civilization, there is no agreement about God. Various views of God emerged along with the development of human thought. Various characters appear with different concepts. This research focuses on examining the thoughts of Baruch de Spinoza and Karl Theodor Jaspers. This research uses a philosophical hermeneutic method. The results of this research are as follows: according to Spinoza, God is a single substance and has many attributes, everything in this universe comes from God. Spinoza also thought that the universe was identical with God. Meanwhile, according to Jaspers God is a mystery and transcendence. God can only be trusted, but cannot be recognized as an empirical object. God also cannot be reached by logical thinking. God can only be understood as a metaphysical reality.

Positivization of Fatwas of the National Sharia Council of the Indonesian Ulema Council in the Sharia Banking Law: Problems and Challenges

The positivization of DSN MUI's fatwa within Sharia Banking Law ensures compliance with sharia principles. This study examines how DSN MUI incorporates its fatwas into the law and the associated strategies. Using a descriptive qualitative approach with historical, normative, and philosophical methods, primary data include UUPS and MUI fatwas from 2000/2007, while secondary data encompass statutory theory and supportive materials. Findings reveal a methodical and democratic positivization process. Law No. 7 of 1992 marked the onset of Islamic banking via profit-sharing financing. Law No. 10 of 1998 introduced dual banking, while GBHN 1999 and the 1945 Constitutional Amendment further empowered the DPR. DSN MUI was established by MUI to implement Islamic economics. Up to 2007, DSN MUI issued 64 fatwas, formerly non-binding but now legally binding through legislative integration. Although MUI holds a central role in establishing sharia principles, its position remains extrinsic to institutional structures. UUPS designates MUI as a sharia authority (Article 26) and a mass organization simultaneously. DSN MUI plays a pivotal role in supervising sharia compliance in banking products. UUPS absorbs DSN MUI's fatwas, evident in clause alignment with the fatwas. Articles 26 and 32 delineate MUI's role in overseeing sharia compliance. In summary, positivization of DSN MUI's fatwa in Sharia Banking Law implements Islamic law in Indonesia by melding DSN MUI's supervision and determination of sharia principles in banking.

The role of the legal service in the implementation of the systematization of legislation

The object of the study is public relations on the systematization of legislation and the activities of the legal service of a public authority. The subject of the study is public relations related to the work of the legal service of a public authority and a local government body on codification, consolidation, incorporation and accounting of normative legal acts. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the formation of a classifier of legal acts, the development of a methodological basis for the classification of normative legal acts. Special attention is paid to the practical aspects of the classification of normative legal acts, as well as the need to create a Code of Laws of the Russian Federation based on the classifier. The historical background of the work on the systematization of legislation is analyzed. The role and powers of the legal service of the authority in the field of systematization of legislation are determined. The methodological basis of the research is philosophical and logical methods of cognition. Formal legal and comparative legal methods were used in the study of specific forms of systematization of normative legal acts. The novelty of the scientific research consists in studying the role of the legal service of a public authority and a local government body in carrying out work on the preparation of codified and consolidated normative legal acts. Legislative work should be systematic, which should be facilitated by the classifier of legal acts. It should be official in nature and contribute to the unification of legislation at both the federal and regional levels. It should also be based on the existence of branches in the legal system and branches of the legislative system when compiling the classifier headings. The subject criterion should be key and take into account the structure of the legal system and the system of legislation. The author comes to the conclusion that it is premature to start active work on the formation of the Code of Laws of the Russian Federation, since this is due to significant financial investments, as well as the lack of proper stability of legislation. Currently, there is an active formation of new legal institutions and the formation of new branches of law. Therefore, codification should come to the fore. Currently, not only the legal services of specific public authorities, but also private individuals, are doing an excellent job with the issues of incorporation and accounting.

ФІЛОСОФСЬКИЙ АСПЕКТ РОЗУМІННЯ ФЕНОМЕНУ «ВІЙНА» ТА АНАЛІЗ ПОНЯТТЯ «ФАХІВЕЦЬ» З ПОЗИЦІЇ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ ПРАКТИКИ

The philosophical analysis of phenomena surrounding and shaping the human environment reveals the essence of processes and their structure. Through philosophical methods of cognition, we have the opportunity to elucidate the further possible development of humanity as a whole and of specific countries and societies. Every sphere of activity in human culture has not only undergone professional diversification but is also represented by such concepts as “expert” and “specialist.” Like all of science in general, each individual concept and phenomenon, as a result of the joint action of culture and civilizational processes, acquire new meanings and understandings. Unfortunately, however, there is often a certain “forgetting” of the basic constants of their original significance and an substitution (imitation of activities, phenomena, social practices, etc.). Therefore, the urgent step is to turn to the analysis of primary sources, among which, in the contemporary space of war, the concepts of “expert” and “specialist” are paramount. The dismissive attitude towards military specialists, for which the later years of the Soviet Union were notorious, had a significant negative impact on the societies of the post-Soviet space. Therefore, with the materials of our research, we take what may be the first step toward analyzing the concepts and restoring respectful attitudes towards military specialties of all profiles. We continue to investigate not only war (pre-war, war, and post-war periods) but also the state and characteristics of the spiritual and professional spaces of people, both military and civilian. The goal is to lay the foundation for preserving the spiritual and practical achievements of Ukrainians, thanks to which, at the cost of immense sacrifices, our State is maintained, and the possibility to write these lines exists. War and post-war periods are a collective action of citizens in the broadest possible spheres, taking into account the consequences and causes of war as a phenomenon and phenomenon. Both war and post-war periods require new specialists for a range of professions and rehabilitation techniques. The aim of a just war is to protect and strive to restore both the state integrity and rehabilitate citizens to the maximum possible previous spiritual and physical integrity. The proposed article is dedicated to reflecting on this issue.

The Prophet Joseph on Qur'an and The Historical Philosophical Perspective and Its Relevance for Human Development

The story of the prophet Yusuf is a past event that is listed in the Qur'an. This story has given inspiration and lessons in various aspects of human life. The story of the prophet Yusuf is often only understood as a personal incident, but this story actually concerns the history of a nation, namely the Children of Israel. This research is a literature study that seeks to understand the text in the Koran about the story of the Prophet Yusuf in the perspective of history and philosophy of history by using the philosophical hermeneutic method. The methodical procedure is as follows: (1) Description, (2) Deduction-induction, (3) Inclusive language, and (4) Heuristics. The results of the study reveal that: (1) The story of the prophet Yusuf in the Koran is a historical event, this story is not only about the life of the prophet Yusuf as a person, but also about the story of the family of the prophet Ya'qub as the forerunner or origin of the ancestors of the Israelites who The first to migrate to Egypt from Palestine. (2) The story of the prophet Yusuf in the Qur'an contains a philosophical dimension of history that contains an understanding of how to anticipate and prepare for the future. Prophet Yusuf based on the dream of the King has shown the importance of anticipating future events through signs that can be understood by humans.

Psychological rehabilitation of combatants in Ukraine from 2014 to 2021: statistics and current status

Military action in eastern Ukraine [Anti-terrorist Operation (ATO)] has a significant impact on the psyche of combat participants and causes changes in the life activities and behaviour of the individuals concerned. The traumatic experience gained during hostilities has a negative impact on the health of military personnel. According to psychiatrists’ forecasts, in the best-case scenario, 20% of combatants in Ukraine will be diagnosed with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder, which has already been given the name “ATO syndrome”. Given this, there is now an urgent need for rehabilitation activities, and the new conditions of hybrid warfare require social service professionals to respond quickly to combatants’ requests to organise and deliver comprehensive rehabilitation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse the provision and conduct of psychological rehabilitation of combatants in Ukraine from 2014 to 2021.Philosophical and general scientific methods were employed to achieve the aim. Among the general scientific methods, the theoretical (analysis, generalisation, classification, and synthesis) and empirical (description and comparison) levels should be highlighted. Also, a bibliosemantic method was used to summarise the analysis of the subject literature and our own experimental data. In addition, various programs were employed to rehabilitate the military. For example, the “Cyber Defenders” project, which was launched in 2021. This involved 30 veterans who will receive a certificate in cybersecurity upon graduation. The E-Veteran system, which allows veterans to seek psychological support, was also analyzed.As the main results, it is worth mentioning that psychological rehabilitation is a pool of psychophysiological, psychotherapeutic, organisational, and medical measures aimed at the resumption of lost mental functions and psychocorrection of the social status of military personnel who have suffered mental combat trauma. The study analysed the mental state and profile of servicemen and servicewomen, the psychological and psychiatric problems that affected them, and government programmes and projects to support and assist ATO/JFO(Joint Forces Operation) veterans. Regarding the process of psychological rehabilitation for military personnel in Ukraine itself, positive trends can be observed since 2014, such as the opening of the Ministry of Veterans’ Affairs, but in the light of current threats and challenges, these undertakings are still insufficient.The system of psychological assistance and rehabilitation of ATO participants should be considered a component of the national security of the state. The article is of practical value in a range of areas, including in political, social work, pedagogical, and educational fields, as well as having application in criminal justice and the law.

Fraud prevention subjects in the sphere of electronic commerce

The article analyzes the main approaches to understanding the concept of «crime prevention subjects», defines the system of fraud prevention subjects in the field of electronic commerce in Ukraine, examines the normative basis of the functioning of the Cyber Police Department of the National Police of Ukraine with the aim of highlighting the main provisions that characterize the relevant body as fraud prevention entity in the field of electronic commerce. It is noted that the scientific field of modern fraud research needs constant empirical updating and theoretical understanding in the field of criminology and victimology, in particular, in the part of fraud research in the field of electronic commerce and trade.
 The basis of scientific criminological analysis was a complex combination of philosophical (in particular, dialectical), general scientific (synthesis, analysis, induction, deduction and generalization) and special scientific methods.
 The article defines the range of fraud prevention subjects in the field of electronic commerce. The theoretical principles and legislative framework regarding the tasks and responsibilities of authorities and law enforcement agencies in the field of prevention of such a criminal offense have been studied. It was established that due to the lack of special bodies for the prevention of fraud in the field of electronic trade, the lack of established, coordinated, purposeful interaction between existing entities, the system of entities for the prevention of fraud in the field of electronic trade is not perfect.
 It was concluded that fraud prevention subjects in the field of electronic commerce are multidisciplinary. Ways to improve the legislation of Ukraine in the specified area are proposed, the development of which will allow the development of conceptual state policy measures to combat fraud; and create an action program for law enforcement agencies.

LEGAL GLOBALISATION AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

The objective content of globalisation is made up of processes that are heterogeneous in their origins, mechanisms and consequences, which makes it possible to consider globalisation as a complex system of phenomena and relations that is internally quite contradictory. This status of globalisation processes gives rise to a wide variety of concepts and theories of the origin and development of globalisation, among which a separate group studies globalisation in the field of economics and law. The article examines the main theories and concepts of the globalisation process and, on the basis of these, formulates general trends and guidelines for the development of the national legal and economic system. The author presents the main modern scientific positions on the nature and content of globalisation in the field of economics and law, which have made it possible to highlight its characteristics and conceptuality. It should be noted that the analysis of academic theories shows, firstly, that scholars tend to argue for legal globalisation exclusively through the sphere of economic relations and, secondly, that there are significant differences of opinion regarding the prospects of globalisation in this area. The authors suggest that the main trends are: (a) legal globalisation: internationalisation of national law, internalisation of international law – incorporation of international law into national law, globalisation of legal regulation; (b) economic globalisation: concentration and centralisation of capital, strengthening of the international division of labour, formation of international transport and logistics infrastructure, development of information and technological progress. The subject of the study is the main patterns of globalisation in the field of economics and law: theoretical concepts and models; current status, dynamics, main trends of development, as well as the state of scientific research in this field. The methodological basis of the study is, first of all, modern philosophical methods of cognition (dialectical, historical and logical, systemic and analytical). The study used general scientific methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and generalisation, analogy, induction and deduction. For the purposes of this study, system-structural and system-functional methods of cognition were widely used. These tools made it possible, first of all, to identify the dynamic characteristics of law in the system of socio-cultural values. Results. Globalisation is an objective process independent of the will and desires of individuals and states. Globalisation is an intrinsically contradictory phenomenon that opens up new opportunities for development and interaction between states, while exacerbating old and generating new problems. An intensive direction of globalisation is the acquisition of a new quality by world economic ties – increased interdependence and interaction of all spheres and components of international relations. Whereas at the previous stages of internationalisation of international relations, economic imperatives were recognised as dominant, today the importance of the legal factor is growing. It is stated that when studying the phenomenon of globalisation, at least two aspects are distinguished: (1) globalisation is an objective process, (2) it is promising to identify and use its positive aspects, and to identify and neutralise its negative phenomena. The complexity of the study of globalisation processes lies in the need to take into account the old and develop new models of social transformation.

The Formulation of an Islamic Education System

This research is motivated by several reasons, including: Firstly, at this time, there are philosophical foundation errors applied by educational institutions, namely that education in Indonesia is generally influenced by a Western paradigm that tends to be secular. Secondly, it is time for the Muslim community to apply educational principles based on Islamic teachings derived from the Quran and the Sunnah. As for the writing method, this study uses a normative philosophical descriptive analytical method that is adjusted to literary sources. The research results indicate that Islamic education is based on the concept of tawhid, which is an effort to effectively apply the values of Islam that can bring about a transformation of values and knowledge in its entirety to individuals, society, and the world in general, in accordance with transcendent values.

Promoting evolution acceptance through philosophical dialogue in the classroom

ABSTRACT Numerous studies have shown that a considerable number of students do not accept the theory of evolution, prompting the scientific community to seek ways to improve how lessons on evolution are designed in order to promote students’ acceptance. A crucial factor identified in many studies is students’ comprehension of the nature of science and their perceived conflict between religious beliefs and evolution. Our research aimed to investigate the effects of philosophical dialogues on evolution acceptance, with a specific focus on the relationship between religion and science. We conducted an intervention study in 21 high-school classes in Switzerland. Our findings suggest that high-quality philosophical dialogues can enhance students’ acceptance of evolution by addressing the perceived conflict between it and religious beliefs. Conversely, low-quality dialogues may intensify the influence of religiosity, negatively affecting evolution acceptance. Our study underscores both the importance of applying philosophical methods skilfully and the potential benefits of incorporating philosophical dialogues into teaching practices. It also highlights the value of fostering a nuanced understanding of the interplay between religion and science in the context of evolution education.

The Freedom of Solar Systems

Abstract This essay discusses how, for Hegel, freedom can be realized in nature in a rudimentary fashion in solar systems. This solves a problem in Kant's account of freedom, namely, the problem that Kant only gives a negative argument for why freedom is not impossible but does not give a positive account of how freedom is real. I give a novel account of Kant's negative argument. Then, I show how, according to Hegel, solar systems can be considered as exhibiting freedom in a rudimentary fashion. Finally, I lay out how Hegel systematically develops this point about the freedom of solar systems in the ‘Mechanism’ chapter of the Science of Logic. In doing so, he uses Kant's negative argument in a ‘purified’ form to arrive at an account of an ‘intimate token-type relation’ between the planets in a solar system and the law that governs their motion. The essay as a whole provides a concrete example of how Hegel is an inheritor and radicalizer of Kant, both with respect to freedom's reality and with respect to philosophical method.