Philosophical Ideas Research Articles

Korelasi Tuhan dalam Pandangan Aristoteles dengan Konsep Satataning Panembah

<p>The will of the first Mover, who is none other than God, is inextricably linked to the existence of people and everything else in the cosmos. God is the reason why everything has a purpose, including humans. Aristotle, a philosopher, held this philosophical idea to be true. The Javanese, on the other hand, have their own ideas on how to worship God as the architect of the universe. This approach, known as <em>satataning panembah</em>, includes <em>sembah catur </em>or four different forms of worship. <em>Serat Wedhatama</em> by KGPAA Mangkunegara IV contains <em>sembah catur</em>. The goal of qualitative descriptive research is to identify the connections between the two, notably Aristotle's conception of God and the idea of <em>satataning panembah</em>, through gathering evidence through literary study. The study's findings indicate a connection between God and the four forms of worship practiced by the Javanese people it s <em>sembah raga, sembah cipta, sembah jiwa, </em>and <em>sembah rasa</em> according to Aristotle. The connection is that there is a means to reach human unity with God, which is the height of human perfection.</p>

Narrative Techniques and Symbolism in the Ramayana: A Literary Analysis

For ages, academics have been fascinated by the epic poem known as the Ramayana, which is considered to be one of the most respected works of Indian literature. This study will conduct an extensive literary examination of the Ramayana, with a special emphasis on the Ramayana's storytelling strategies and symbolism. This research aims to discover the deeper levels of significance that are buried in the epic's verses by conducting an investigation of the complex narrative techniques that are used throughout the text. It explores the use of allegory, metaphor, and allegorical storytelling that the sage Valmiki, the epic's original author, and successive retellers utilised in their narratives. The look at the ubiquitous symbolism in the Ramayana and analyses how it functions as a potent vehicle for transmitting important philosophical, ethical, and cultural ideas. This research aims to shed light on the enduring literary significance of the Ramayana and its capacity to resonate with readers across a wide variety of cultural and temporal contexts by dissecting the text on both a structural and thematic level. The research was carried out in order to achieve this goal. As a result of this, it provides new insights into the ageless allure and everlasting significance of this ancient epic.

Can philosophy benefit nurses and/or nursing? Heidegger and Strauss, problems of knowledge and context.

When researchers and scholars claim their work is based on a philosophical idea or a philosopher's corpus of ideas (and theory/theorist can be substituted for philosophy/philosopher), and when 'basing' signifies something significant rather than subsidiary or inconsequential, what level of understanding and expertise can readers reasonably expect authors to possess? In this paper, some of the uses to which philosophical ideas and named philosophers (Martin Heidegger and Leo Strauss) are put in exegesis is critiqued. Considering problematic instances of idea-name use may enable the question: 'Can philosophy benefit nurses and/or nursing?' to be better understood if not answered.

RUSSIAN CONTEXTS OF THE WORKS OF CHARLES MORICE

The article is devoted to the influence of ‘Russian fashion’ on the work of the French symbolist Charles Morice (1860–1919), who in the 1880s participated in translations of F.M. Dostoevsky’s and N.A. Nekrasov’s writings into French. The methodological basis of the article is the combination of a historical and literary approach with the study of the essence of cultural clichés in the field of literary relationships (Russian literature — French literature). The article is built on the littlestudied facts of the life and work of Morice, undeservedly forgotten in modern literary criticism both in Russia and in France. The analysis of the actual connections of Morice with cultural mediators (translator Ilya Danilovich Halperin-Kaminsky, diplomat and novelist Eugène Melchior de Vogüé), and the general context of the perception of Russian culture in France in the last quarter of the 19th century, when Russian literature for the first time in history began to be perceived as a source of inspiration for French. Being greatly influenced by the ideas of Vogüé, developed in the book Russian Novel (1886), Morice sees in Russian literature a reflection of his mystical and social concepts. Religious searches of Tolstoy and especially religious and philosophical ideas of Dostoevsky were influential in the conversion of Morice to Catholicism. The article deals with cases of direct reception of both ideas about Russian literature and the work of individual writers (mainly Dostoevsky) in the literary books of Morice, as well as in his works, the unfinished novel The Lonely Spirit (1886) and the play He is Risen! (1911).

Analityka i metafizyka w teorii estetycznej Johanna Gottfrieda Herdera

The main purpose of this article is to discuss the basic assumptions of the analytic method in Johann Gottfried Herder’s philosophy of art and theory of sense cognition. Analytic method, along with phenomenology and historical hermeneutics, is an essential component of his innovative project of philosophical aesthetics, which is based on the assumptions of sensualist metaphysics. The goal of Herder’s phenomenology is to isolate the sensory fields on which the various types of art are founded and to grasp the essential, qualitative features of a work of art. Hermeneutics examines the context of historical and cultural conditions that have determined such and not other forms of artistic expression and the laws that govern it. Meanwhile, the analysis of aesthetic categories serves as an organizing framework for synthesizing the findings obtained through the implementation of other research methods, thus laying the foundation for the theoretical edifice of aesthetics. The reconstruction of the analytics and metaphysics of aesthetics will be preceded by a discussion of the philosophical ideas of Leibniz and Baumgarten on which Herder’s theory is based.

L. T. Hobhouse's idea of a European Federation

AbstractThis article discusses L. T. Hobhouse's project for the creation of a new European Federation based on a social‐liberal model of the State without sacrificing the principle of national identity. The nineteenth century, according to Hobhouse, associated the idea of nationality and liberty, and the connection was genuine enough as long as it applied to subject peoples struggling to be free. But that very growth of national consciousness which inspired the struggle for freedom, turned to exclusiveness and imperiousness as soon as it had achieved its end. Nationality has thus turned into an exclusive principle and has become a dominating force in twentieth‐century politics. World War I proved that nationalism was Janus‐faced, promoting first freedom and self‐government, and then international aggression and militarism which are the product of an overstimulation of the sentiment of nationality. For this reason, Hobhouse distinguishes between a negative and a positive meaning of nationality, which he describes as patriotism. Patriotism is a more spontaneous, genuine and deeper feeling of national belonging. It is a part of a ‘sentimental education’ taking place within a national community. This positive conception of patriotism, borrowed from authors such as Thomas Hill Green and Giuseppe Mazzini, is the means by which, as Hobhouse believes, permanent tranquillity may be established in Europe. Using the philosophical idea behind the notion of patriotism, Hobhouse is able to overcome the arguments of the liberal economic cooperation, such as those exposed by Norman Angell, by mixing them with an ethical vision of the community.

More Is Better: Dual-Acceptor Engineering for Constructing Second Near-Infrared Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogens to Boost Multimodal Phototheranostics.

The manipulation of electron donor/acceptor (D/A) shows an endless impetus for innovating optical materials. Currently, there is booming development in electron donor design, while research on electron acceptor engineering has received limited attention. Inspired by the philosophical idea of "more is different", two systems with D'-D-A-D-D' (1A system) and D'-D-A-A-D-D' (2A system) structures based on acceptor engineering were designed and studied. It was demonstrated that the 1A system presented a weak aggregation-induced emission (AIE) to aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) phenomenon, along with the increased acceptor electrophilicity and planarity. In sharp contrast, the 2A system with one more acceptor exhibited an opposite ACQ-to-AIE transformation. Interestingly, the fluorophore with a more electron-deficient A-A moiety in the 2A system displayed superior AIE activity. More importantly, all compounds in the 2A system showed significantly higher molar absorptivity (ε) in comparison to their counterparts in the 1A system. Thanks to the highest ε, near-infrared-II (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) emission, desirable AIE property, favorable reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and high photothermal conversion efficiency, a representative member of the 2A system handily performed in fluorescence-photoacoustic-photothermal multimodal imaging-guided photodynamic-photothermal collaborative therapy for efficient tumor elimination. Meanwhile, the NIR-II fluorescence imaging of blood vessels and lymph nodes in living mice was also accomplished. This study provides the first evidence that the dual-connected acceptor tactic could be a new molecular design direction for the AIE effect, resulting in high ε, aggregation-intensified NIR-II fluorescence emission, and improved ROS and heat generation capacities of phototheranostic agents.

The Educator’s Vulnerability: Systemic Oppression From an Indian Frame of Reference

The author explores the impact of the Indian Cultural Parent on education in India, particularly the possible impact on transactional analysis (TA) training through the experience of both trainers and trainees. The article touches on the author’s personal exploration and considers relevant philosophical ideas and political systems and systemic processes. She aims to understand the educator’s role through the experience in the Indian cultural context of having a rich heritage with ancestral influences that contribute to academic rigidity and a dogmatic approach. She asks from a systemic perspective what influences academic rigidity in the Indian TA community and what unconscious process has been part of the Indian psyche for the TA educator. Instances are given of issues that inhibit the educator’s flexibility unconsciously and the learner’s culture shock experiences that can result in chaos and confusion. The article concludes with a perspective on the learning space using Cupsa’s stages of change, which learners and educators can contribute to in the process of becoming.

Философско-религиозные идеи американского трансцендентализма в учении Свами Вивекананды

The article contains a comparative analysis of philosophical and religious views of the Indian thinker and public figure Swami Vivekananda and the philosophers of the American transcendentalism movement. The author focuses on understanding by the intellectuals of various aspects of the Divine. As representatives of American transcendentalism, the most prominent figures of this movement are considered, in whose works the main transcendentalism ideas are expressed – philosophers Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau and William Ellery Channing. Hermeneutical and historical-philosophical methods are used in the study. As a result, the obvious similarity of many positions in the teachings of thinkers is recognized, caused by common sources of their views. At the same time, significant differences in the views of Western philosophers and Indian thinker are revealed. They are represented in the ideas about the divinity of man, about nature as a metaphysical force, as well as in the question of the search for and knowledge of God. The conclusion about Vivekananda’s adequate comprehension of the works of American transcendentalists and his using of transcendentalism ideas for forming a masterful interpretation of the foundations of Indian culture for Western society is done.

Self-Identity: Mid-Twentieth Century Philosophical and Literary Interaction on the Experience of “I” and “Non-I”

This article substantiates the autonomy of a philosophical text in relation to a literary text. Max Frisch's novel Stiller 1 is used to illustrate the idea of the dialectical nature of the process of concealing/revealing metaphysical meaning in a work of fiction regarding the problem of self-identification and the construction of one's own “I,” which is pivotal in this novel. The philosophical idea of self-identity as the goal of the process of self-knowledge exists only as a projection; it is not feasible in life. On the contrary, the novel Stiller, considered through the prism of basic ideas of philosophy of the twentieth century, allows the reader not only to better understand the inconsistency of the process of self-knowledge, but that it involves a reconfiguration of meanings in a conversation about being, and therefore requires a philosophical revision of the essence of the problem.

현대 사유에 감추어진 평생교육의 의미 탐색

Lifelong education, a relatively new area of discourse and practice, has been influenced by the extensive history and experience of traditional school education. However, lifelong education has recently developed its own distinct language and practices, distinguishing itself from traditional school education. This study focuses on the paradigm issue of socialization in lifelong education and contributes to its redefinition through a de-socialization perspective. The researcher completed three specific tasks to achieve this objective. First, the consequences of education-related ideas of postmodern philosophers, such as G. Deleuze and J. Ranciere, on the meaning of lifelong education were examined. Based on this analysis, the researcher insists on the need to distinguish between education and socialization, examine the relationship between education and learning, and critically examine the role of teachers. These tasks are necessary in order to redefine the meaning of lifelong education. In this study, the researcher proposes departing from discourses and practices that infantilize adult learners, and, instead, advocates for redefining lifelong education with a focus on cultivating adult learners' self-identification, such as saying, “I am a painter!” through the development of sensitivity, rather than aiming solely for their mastery of creating masterpieces.

David Lewis's сonvention and its contemporary perception

Aim to clarify the concept of social convention and the philosophical ideas associated with it as proposed by David Lewis and his contemporary critics, as well as to analyze the applicability of these ideas to the study of implicit rules of human behavior.
 Material and methods. We analyzed the works of D. Lewis "Convention: A Philosophical Study", "Languages and Language", as well as the works of contemporary authors who critically start from the concept of convention by Lewis in their research: R.G. Millikan, V. Zachnk, M. Matczak, I.F. Deviatko, B. Skyrms, B. Celano and others.
 Results. One of the main problems with understanding everyday behavior and speech as based on social convention by Lewis is the problem of determining the regularities of behavior. Lewis believes that conventions emerge from the preferences of some people based on the knowledge that others understand language and the world in general in the same way they do. But if each native speaker has in mind some own unique meaning, this does not prevent the appearance of an illusion of understanding, which in a sense leads to true understanding. It is the same for behavior: it is not very important how different participants of the interaction understand the rules of behavior, some result will still take place and everything will look as if the participants have assumed in advance according to what rules they themselves and their partners are going to act.
 Conclusion. The idea of conventionality can be used to explain the grammar of behavior, if supplemented with the understanding that real natural signs are always "ill defined". A realistic theory of conventions should assume that signaling systems, languages, ideas about possible situations and behaviors coincide only partially among representatives of the population in which the convention is maintained, which does not prevent either communication or other coordinated behavior.

Philosophy of Education and Pedagogy: Peculiarities of Interaction

Aim. The aim of the article is to determine the status and purpose of philosophy of education, and to identify the peculiarities of its relationship with educational practice and pedagogical science. Concept. Philosophy of education and pedagogy explore different aspects of the same subject field – education. Realising different research functions, they do not act as competitors, but, on the contrary, have the potential for mutual complementarity and reciprocal strengthening of their cognitive capabilities. Results. Philosophy of education as a branch of applied philosophy is not an instrumental tool and cannot directly influence educational practice. It is designed to provide comprehension and understanding of the most important problems of the theory and practice of education. The role of mediator is played by another science of education – pedagogy. Conclusion. The most productive form of relationship between philosophy of education and pedagogical science is their interaction, which contributes to the mutual enrichment, building up and the fullest realisation of their special research capabilities. Pedagogy has a choice of philosophical and educational concepts to develop educational theories which are verified by experiment and directly implemented in practice. Philosophy of education realises its theoretical functions at all stages of educational activity. Cognitive value. The article presents a new perspective on the problem of the relationship between educational philosophy and educational practice. It is argued that the most efficient channel of transferring philosophical and educational ideas into practice is pedagogical science. Keywords: philosophy of education, educational practice, pedagogy, comprehension, understanding, interaction, functions of philosophy of education

МИРОВОЗЗРЕНЧЕСКИЕ И ФИЛОСОФСКО-НРАВСТВЕННЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ РОМАНА Р.Ш. СЕЙСЕНБАЕВА «ОТЧАЯНИЕ, ИЛИ МЕРТВЫЕ БРОДЯТ ПО ПЕСКАМ»

The article examines the ideological and philosophical and moral features of R. Sh. Seisenbaev's novel "Despair, or the dead wander through the sands". An important ideological and philosophical role is played by epigraphs that precede the novel as a whole and each of its parts. The epigraphs indicate the main problem of the novel – the shallowing of the Aral Sea, the loss of water – the greatest wealth in the world. The problem of morality is also considered as the most important philosophical problem of the survival of man and nature, their co-existence on earth. The main philosophical and ideological idea of the novel is true humanity, which unites a person with everything living on earth, with all nature

Understanding cosmopsychism based on stochastic electrodynamics from the perspective of the Indian knowledge system

Cosmopsychism is a novel paradigm that has the potential to respond to the hard problem of consciousness. It is based on the theoretical framework of stochastic electrodynamics. Considering both consciousness and matter as the primary reality, cosmopsychism describes the dynamic interaction of the brain with the ubiquitous field of consciousness (UFC), resulting in a number of information states. The UFC is conceived to exhibit twofold properties— extrinsic and intrinsic. The extrinsic property has the characteristics of the field of physics, whereas the intrinsic property is hard to decipher but is interpreted in terms of the characteristics of a color palate representing different shades of consciousness. Scientific analysis reveals that the concept of UFC, as theorized in cosmopsychism, resonates with the philosophical ideas of the Indian knowledge system (IKS). This article attempts to integrate the paradigm of cosmopsychism with the philosophical insights of the IKS in order to develop a holistic framework that contributes substantially to the science of consciousness

Hyperintensional models for non-congruential modal logics

Abstract In this work, we illustrate applications of a semantic framework for non-congruential modal logic based on hyperintensional models. We start by discussing some philosophical ideas behind the approach; in particular, the difference between the set of possible worlds in which a formula is true (its intension) and the semantic content of a formula (its hyperintension), which is captured in a rigorous way in hyperintensional models. Next, we rigorously specify the approach and provide a fundamental completeness theorem. Moreover, we analyse examples of non-congruential systems that can be semantically characterized within this framework in an elegant and modular way. Finally, we compare the proposed framework with some alternatives available in the literature. In the light of the results obtained, we argue that hyperintensional models constitute a basic, general and unifying semantic framework for (non-congruential) modal logic.

Philosophy is Lucid, Not for Thinkers Alone, Adopts Practical Ethics, Makes Better Individuals, and Helps Tolerate Uncertainties: An Incisive Review of Bertrand Russell’s ‘Philosophy for Laymen’

Philosophy has always had two different objects: to arrive at a theoretical understanding of the structure of the world; and to discover and disseminate the best possible way of an ethical life. Some philosophers have left no stone unturned so as to make their philosophical ideas quite accessible for a cosmopolitan audience, no matter whether they are called common people or laypeople; young or old. One of them is Russell who proves philosophy should no longer be confined to decorate the discussion tables at academic establishments and within the research university settings. It is not full of high sounding words, lengthy sentences and Jargon which can only be made out by intellectuals. It is no unattainable arcadia for commonality nor is it a serious discipline of study because it is strictly institutionalized. Bertrand Russell, a multi-faceted genius, has turned the table and dispelled the illusions and delusions and spilled the beans that philosophy is for everyone, as everyone is compared to a builder by HW Long Fellow in his poem, The Builders. The poet says that people need to be careful in spending their time on good things as what they do now affects their lives and others lives later. So they should use their time and thoughts to make their lives more meaningful. Here they build their lives, it may be individual, but individual contributions ultimately become collective contributions as personal ethics become interpersonal ethics and personal discipline leads to interpersonal discipline.

TOWARDS A METHODOLOGY FOR INTERPRETING VISUAL IMAGES AS CYBERNETIC SYSTEM: LACAN AND DELEUZE

This exposition endeavors to outline a theoretical framework for a methodology to interpret visual images that draws on cybernetics, semiotics, psychoanalysis and philosophical ideas. Using images, aesthetics and artistic practices as a means of generating new understanding requires translating, deciphering and interpreting those artistic products and/or processes. How can one decipher the system of visual language that underlies artistic productions? I suggest that cybernetics is requisite for such an endeavor. Cybernetic theory is the science of relations within a system, taking as its problematic the relation between a system and its productions or output; in some instances, it studies how the productions of a system influence the system itself. This exposition endeavors to articulate aesthetics or artistic works in terms of a visual language and as a cybernetic enterprise in the context of art-based research by drawing on the ideas of Lacan and Deleuze. For Lacan, aesthetics exists as a primary mode of discourse for the articulations of the unconscious, as evidenced in images in dreams, art and fantasy. Lacan is renowned for his dictum that the unconscious and its productions are structured like a language, but the kind of structure of meaning at work in the unconscious is less related to the structural grammar of a natural language than the syntax of mathematics and cybernetics. Drawing on Lacanian dream analysis, I evince how such an approach could be applied to aesthetic phenomena. Deleuze presents a semiotic theory, a theory of signs which evinces the generation of novel meaning in the unconscious; it can be said to be cybernetic in the way that it exists in a state of continual evolution, the output produced by the system engendering transformation in the system itself. Deleuze offers a framework for how the work of art or aesthetic phenomenon can be translated into new knowledge through the process of entrainment with signs.

Plato’s Political Philosophy and its Assessment in the Discourse of Modern Political Science

Plato’s doctrine of the ideal state is the first form of political philosophy in the written history for European thought. The influence of Plato on the formation of political philosophy cannot be overestimated, since its further development in one way or another was based on the discourse and methodology that was set by his dialogues. This study aims to identify common discourses and dialectical foundations of the most influential modern schools of political philosophy converging in the ideas of Plato. Also, the study is aimed at identifying the main forms in which the philosophical ideas of Plato function in modern political philosophy in an explicit and implicit way. The contribution of the research and its novelty lies in the disclosure of the implicitly immanent features that connect political philosophy with the ideas of Plato as its primary source.

Research on Traditional Philosophical Thoughts in Chinese Classical Music Creation

Chinese traditional culture is rooted in the soil of the Chinese nation, created by ancestors and improved and evolved from generation to generation by the Chinese nation. The cultural background has a long history and profound cultural connotations. Chinese classical music carries the shining wisdom of excellent traditional Chinese culture and is the spiritual fruit of the integration of Chinese philosophical consciousness and artistic image. Chinese classical music culture is not an unchanging text, occurring in a historical context, but always open to the inheritors of traditional culture. Traditional music culture is an inseparable part of the traditional cultural system, which includes the beauty of traditional Chinese music and is an artistic crystallization that fully reflects the level of classical Chinese music art. In the process of development and inheritance of Chinese classical music, the adaptability to philosophical hermeneutics is reflected at multiple levels, which are respectively reflected in the context, inter subjectivity and horizon integration in the process of inheritance. Chinese classical music has the value of cultivating students' temperament in the education of excellent traditional Chinese culture, making it an inheritor of Chinese cultural emotional experience. This article mainly studies the traditional philosophical ideas in the creation of Chinese classical music.