Mass Phenomena Research Articles

Personal advertising and dating culture in World War II Finland

ABSTRACT I analyze how personal advertising affected marital and sexual culture in Finland during World War II. The practice of seeking intimate company through newspapers was nearly non-existent in Finland before the war, but in wartime grew into a nationwide mass phenomenon due to the gender imbalance caused by men’s departure for the front. Wartime personal advertising was different than that in peacetime. Unlike the typical situation, when advertisements are mostly used by the middle-aged, most of the advertisers during the war were young adults in the prime age of courtship. Their active advertising accounted for the high marriage rates during the war and had a liberating effect on Finnish sexual culture. The active posting of personal advertisements by women was also noteworthy. Traditionally, they were expected to passively await men’s initiatives in the marital market. However, during the war, women advertised in the same numbers as men, indicating that the freedom offered by advertisements was particularly important for them. Nevertheless, the transformation of sexual culture is not explicitly evident in the advertisements. The Finnish personal advertising culture was unique in that even adults undoubtedly seeking serious relationships only expressed wishes for correspondence in advertisements due to the conservative sexual culture of the country. The case illustrates challenges in using personal advertisements in the historical analysis of mate selection.

Use of passive acoustic monitoring to fill knowledge gaps of fish global conservation status

Abstract Knowledge of the ecology, spatial distribution and conservation status of fish populations is achieved by fishery‐dependent techniques, and by more recently developed non‐invasive fishery‐independent techniques. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is a fishery‐independent method that provides remote sensing of soniferous species, populations, communities and ecosystems by recording soundscapes and their components. A case study is presented to demonstrate how PAM can contribute to a dynamic understanding of fish distribution, ecological preferences and conservation status. This case study refers to the cusk‐eel Ophidion rochei (Ophidiiformes), a nocturnal, behaviourally cryptic, soniferous fish species, described as uncommon and rare in the scientific literature, and listed as Data Deficient in the IUCN Red List. A systematized literature review was carried out using Ophidion+rochei as the search term, and by grouping records into two main categories: (i) traditional techniques (including all fishery‐dependent techniques and underwater visual census); and (ii) PAM. This review highlights how PAM has provided new sightings of O. rochei at a rate three times higher than all other monitoring techniques combined. In contrast with the knowledge achieved to date by fishery‐dependent techniques, the reported acoustic mass phenomena indicate that this species can be very abundant. Ophidion rochei was found to inhabit a wide range of depths and ecosystems, at least throughout the Mediterranean basin. This paper supports the urgency and the importance of relying on the integration of different fishery‐independent techniques for multidisciplinary monitoring, in line with the Goal 14 requirements of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development.

What Soviet Periodicals Can Tell Us About the Propaganda on the Women’s Service in the USSR’s Armed Forces (1941-1945)

The materials of Soviet newspapers are an important source for studying the policy of the regime regarding the service of women in the armed forces of the USSR. Based on the frequency of publication of these materials, the date of their publication, and the content, it is possible to make assumptions about the need for female personnel in the armed forces during a particular period of war, as well as to highlight and evaluate the government’s propaganda concerning female soldiers in general. However, the thematic articles contained almost no specifics about the service of women in the armed forces of the USSR as a mass phenomenon – they did not provide data on the establishment of women’s military units, general statistics on the presence of women in the Army, conscription data, etc. The totalitarian regime kept this information secret, unlike other members of the anti-Hitler coalition

Global existence of solutions to the 4D attraction–repulsion chemotaxis system and applications of Brezis–Merle inequality

We consider the Cauchy problem for an attraction–repulsion chemotaxis system in the four space dimension. One of main topics in the study of such a system is the presence of L 1 threshold. In fact, the critical mass phenomenon called 8π-problem is well-known in the two-dimensional setting. In this paper, we show the global existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem for the four-dimensional subcritical case, that is, the total mass of the initial data is less than the four-dimensional L 1 threshold value . The key ingredients are the four-dimensional Brezis–Merle type inequality of the 4th-order elliptic equation and some inequalities derived from rearrangement arguments.

Main types of podcast advertising: foreign and Ukrainian experience

The article is devoted to considering podcast advertising as a means of monetizing. The podcast advertising types are characterized. An analysis of the domestic experience of using podcasts for advertising purposes was carried out. The purpose of the article is to consider the main types of podcast advertising and analyse their use in the Ukrainian segment of the media market. Podcasts of Radio NV, Suspilny, "The Ukrainians", "Ukrainian Pravda" have been analysed. Content analysis of podcasts was chosen as the main research method to identify the types of advertising used in domestic podcasts. The main characteristics of the classification of podcast advertisements and the types that are distinguished within these characteristics have been established. It was found that Ukrainian podcasts most often use self-promotion, but there are isolated cases of partnership and sponsorship (usually at the end of the podcast) and mentions that can be identified as native advertising. It was concluded that it is too early to talk about the monetization of podcasts thanks to advertising as a mass phenomenon, it is rather an exception to the rule than a regularity. An effective way of interacting with the audience is thematic projects and those ones, which are designed for a specific brand, which is their sponsors.

What Are Statistics: It's Time to set the Record Straight

The authors present their views on the modern concept of statistics as a science, academic discipline, and field of activity. The urgency of the matter lies in an adequate understanding of the essence of statistics, which determines the direction for its further evolution as a tool for increasing the effectiveness of the national socio-economic processes.According to the authors, by the beginning of the XXI century, de jure statistics are associated with activities, measured by data, that reflect a set of phenomena of diverse nature while ignoring de facto activities, associated with an assessment of the quantitative side of mass phenomena as part of information support of cognitive processes and management decision-making in the socio-economic sphere. In the former case, theoretical, methodological, and practical statistical activities are based on the consideration of the statistical population as such, for which is being developed an appropriate toolkit based primarily on the unity of methods of mathematical logic, mathematical statistics, and big data analysis. In the latter case, theoretical, methodological, and practical activities are interpreted within the framework of the concept implying that the quantitative side of mass social phenomena is the object of cognition and management as an objective reality. It is based on the following categories: a statistical indicator, a system of indicators, and an information model.Analysis of the main features of the two types of activity show that their convergence is impossible. The paper concludes that while maintaining the independent status of the first type of activity, called Statistics, it would be appropriate to acknowledge the independent status of the second type of activity, called Socio-economic statistics, as a type of occupation, a specialty and area of training in higher education, a scientific specialty – a branch of science, incorporating it in the professional standard «Statistician», the educational standard of higher education «Socio-economic statistics», and the standard of the scientific specialty «Socio-economic statistics».

Towards Humanistic Management in professional sports: How to make mobility and fan-related tourism more sustainable?

Abstract Ideas of (a more) humanistic management have taken hold in multiple tourism contexts. In particular, we can see this in specific niches of tourism such as sports-related mobility and adjacent forms of athlete and fan travel, it has become more commonplace to pay attention to questions of ecological integrity as well as sustainability. Rather than being mere rhetorical exercises to create the appearance of more responsible practices (a ‘CSR façade’), substantial changes seem to be underway, through which authentic transformation towards genuinely humanistic management practices may be possible. We take the case of the inclusion of sustainability considerations in the organisation of team and fan travel alongside professional football in Germany to highlight such incremental change. While far from constituting mass phenomena, any such reforms have the capacity to set a trend, and to re-orient business practices across larger industries. Based on a qualitative case study of five professional football teams in Germany and their recently adjusted mobility activities, we argue that sports-related tourism and mobility management has the capacity to create role models in steering societies towards more sustainable, and hence: more humanistic modes of action.

Transportation of nanoparticles in thermally stratified fluid reservoirs based on Cattaneo–Christov model with viscous dissipation

The usage of nanoparticles is effectively enhanced in industries and technologies because of their intensified thermal performance. Nanomaterials innovatively play a significant role in technological applications such as biosensors, the petroleum related industry and biofuels. Due to such exceptional performance of nanomaterials, the magneto-hydrodynamics squeezed nanofluid flow is examined through the parallel walls. The transportation phenomenon of heat and mass with viscous dissipation and double stratification is also investigated under Cattaneo–Christov phenomenon. The constitutive equations (PDEs) are transmuted with precise similarity variable into dimensionless equations (ODEs). The acquired ODEs are evaluated through the assistance of Homotopic technique. The impacts of the emerging parameters are described graphically on the concerned profiles. The graphical discussion clarifies that both stratification parameters diminish both profiles (thermal & solutal). Concentration field is decreased by the thermophoresis parameter. The relaxation time parameters decrease the heat and mass transport. Moreover, both Brownian and thermophoresis parameters raise the temperature.

Avoiding critical mass phenomena by arbitrarily mild saturation of cross-diffusive fluxes in two-dimensional Keller-Segel-Navier-Stokes systems

The Keller-Segel-Navier-Stokes system{nt+u⋅∇n=Δn−∇⋅(nχ(n)∇c),ct+u⋅∇c=Δc−c+n,ut+(u⋅∇)u=Δu+∇P+n∇Φ,∇⋅u=0,(⋆) is considered in a smoothly bounded domain Ω⊂R2, with a given function χ∈C2([0,∞)).It is shown that ifχ(n)→0as n→∞, then for all suitably regular initial data an associated no-flux/no-flux/Dirichlet problem for (⋆) possesses a globally defined and bounded classical solution.This particularly indicates that actually arbitrarily weak saturation of cross-diffusive fluxes at large population densities is sufficient to suppress critical mass phenomena with respect to the occurrence of unbounded solutions, as known to be present when χ≡const. even in the fluid-free case.

Aerogenic route of metals entering lake Ladoga

Studies have shown that the entry of metals and other pollutants by aerogenic means into Lake Ladoga is associated with the presence of both remote and local sources of entry into the atmosphere. In this regard, Lake Ladoga is in a vulnerable state, as studies have shown – since often the metal content in precipitation is higher than in water. This is especially dangerous for the shallow littoral zone of the lake, where the dilution rate is low due to the volume of water. This showed their presence in water, sediments and fish, and most importantly – the impact on the biota and, above all, on the ichthyofauna, since fish are able to accumulate pathological information during their life cycle. Toxicosis has become a mass phenomenon in these waters, which has affected the natural reproduction of fish with a prolonged effect on populations and ichthyocinosis in general. The inflow of metals and other pollutants of organic nature (xenobiotics) in the form of dry and wet precipitation forms a polluting surface runoff, which is associated with difficulties in carrying out preventive measures.

La costruzione dell’Esperto di Massa: il calcio e la sua neo-lingua tecnocratica

The focus of this paper is to analyze the evolution of football language spoken by massmedia, from the origin of football as a social mass phenomenon to its nowadays transformation in a multimedia show. Football has always been a shared language, whose form depended on the specific mass medium that was egemonic in any epoch. From paper, to electonic, to mulimedia coverages, the performative language of football changed in a way that gave again more and more importance to its spoken side. This trend takes its maximum level in the present time, when di role of pundits gives help to the construction of a technocratic football language.

Critical mass for Keller–Segel systems with supercritical nonlinear sensitivity

This paper is concerned with the following radially symmetric Keller–Segel systems with nonlinear sensitivity [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], posed on [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and subjected to homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. It is well-known that [Formula: see text] is the critical exponent of the systems in the sense that all solutions exist globally if [Formula: see text] and there exist finite-time blowup solutions if [Formula: see text]. Here we consider the supercritical case [Formula: see text] and show a critical mass phenomenon. Precisely, we prove that there exists a critical mass [Formula: see text] such that (1) for arbitrary nonincreasing nonnegative initial data [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], the corresponding solution blows up in finite time if [Formula: see text], and if [Formula: see text] we can only prove that the solution blows up in finite time or infinite time; (2) for some nonincreasing nonnegative initial data with [Formula: see text], the corresponding solutions are globally bounded. Our results extend that of Winkler’s paper [M. Winkler, How unstable is spatial homogeneity in Keller–Segel systems? A new critical mass phenomenon in two- and higher-dimensional parabolic–elliptic cases, Math. Ann. 373 (2019) 1237–1282], where he proved similar results for the system with [Formula: see text].

Videogames and the representation of men and women: an international perspective

In the last few decades, videogames have become a mass phenomenon and have progressively carved out an important space in society and culture. Today, they have growing capabilities to reproduce realistic scenarios, and are increasingly used as an artistic medium with significant narrative potential. In this context, players also need to confront with the representation of aspects of the Self, moving and interacting within video games’ parallel worlds. How these aspects are represented in media can be an important influence on a psychological, cultural and social level. Gender representation can be argued to be almost universal in media and reflects real-world beliefs and attitudes. Despite areas of progress, videogames often feature sexist, prejudiced or biased representations of men and women, both from an aesthetical and narrative point of view. This contribution will discuss the role of gender representation in videogames, aiming to summarize the main features and specificities of different portrayals. Specifically, men characters were over represented compared to women characters as a lead both in the narrative and in promotional material, although recent improvements were observed. Portrayals of womenappeared to feature lean-ideal body idealization, sexualization, objectification, as well as reduced agency. Moreover, portrayals of men appeared to feature muscular-ideal body idealization, restrictive emotionality, and the overuse of aggressiveness and assertiveness. These restrictive representations can have harmful consequences in the users’ reality, such as fostering sexist attitudes and beliefs, promoting restrictive gender roles and ideals of appearance, as well as increasing tolerance of violent behaviors. This analysis suggests that reducing stereotypical and sexist representations, promoting diverse and nuanced representations, and efforts for critical engagement with media portrayals may help reduce these negative effects.

Critical mass phenomenon in a chemotaxis fluid system

In this paper, we study the following parabolic–parabolic–elliptic attraction–repulsion chemotaxis fluid system driven by a friction force n∇(χ1c−χ2v): (0.1)nt+u⋅∇n=Δn−∇⋅(χ1n∇c)+∇⋅(χ2n∇v),x∈Ω,t>0,ct=Δc−λ1c+n,x∈Ω,t>0,0=Δv−λ2v+n,x∈Ω,t>0,ut+(u⋅∇)u+∇P=Δu+n∇(χ1c−χ2v),∇⋅u=0,x∈Ω,t>0,∂n∂ν=∂c∂ν=∂v∂ν=0,u=0,x∈∂Ω,t>0,n(x,0)=n0(x),c(x,0)=c0(x),u(x,0)=u0(x),x∈Ω,in a bounded domain Ω⊂R2 with smooth boundary. With the help of a free energy functional, it is proved that (0.1) admits a global classical solution with arbitrary large initial data in the repulsive dominant or balance case χ1≤χ2. Moreover, there exists a critical mass phenomenon in the attractive dominant case χ1>χ2. Specifically, when the initial mass (χ1−χ2)∫Ωn0(x)dx≤4π, the solution exists globally; while if the initial mass (χ1−χ2)∫Ωn0(x)dx>4π and (χ1−χ2)∫Ωn0(x)dx∉{4πm:m∈N+}, the solution may blow up. This work extends the conclusions of the critical mass phenomenon in the Patlak–Keller–Segel-Navier–Stokes system (Gong and He, 2021) to the parabolic–parabolic–elliptic attraction–repulsion chemotaxis fluid system.

Prevention and Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Prevention and treatment of PTSD are carried out through the use of effective practices of modern medical rehabilitation centers and rational state policy aimed at overcoming this mass phenomenon. The article examines modern tools and means that help to overcome post-traumatic stress disorder and its negative consequences for the social environment and the population. The key aim of the article is to provide effective principles for the prevention and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder based on international experience. The article presents the current state of development of this disease and characterizes the main trends that contribute to the spread of post-traumatic stress disorder. In particular, the analysis makes it possible to characterize the results of the study from the perspective of the exercise and realization of public power in the field of social protection and health care. Attention is paid to the issue of financing the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as possible practices for overcoming this disease through the development of medical infrastructure. The article examines the main symptoms and root causes of post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as possible directions of its development. The analysis of treatment practices and possible prospects for overcoming post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized from the standpoint of ensuring the development of human capital and stabilization of the social environment as a result of the massive spread of post-traumatic stress disorder. The results of the study can be used by specialized institutions, private psychologists, and specialists who aim to treat post-traumatic stress disorder.

Violations of the Code in Argentina: analysis of promotions, advertising and labeling of commercial milk formula and complementary foods products

Breastfeeding has unique benefits for the child and the mother, and its decline may be one of the most significant mass phenomena in infant feeding. While there are several causes, standing out among them is the marketing practices of commercial milk formula (CMF) and commercial complementary foods (CCF). This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using qualitative and quantitative methodology, between August 2018 and August 2020. Regarding the promotion, advertising and labeling of CMF and CCF, none of the companies in Argentina at the time complied with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes or the related laws in force in the country. The multiple forms of violation found emphasize the need to establish and strengthen monitoring and enforcement mechanisms to curb abuses by the CMF and CCF industry in Argentina, safeguarding the rights of mothers, families, and their newborns. Likewise, the Government must lead the political process and adapt its regulatory framework in terms of transparency and conflict of interest, as well as generate comprehensive and intersectoral public policies on the protection of breastfeeding.

Critical mass phenomena in higher dimensional quasilinear Keller–Segel systems with indirect signal production

In this paper, we deal with quasilinear Keller–Segel systems with indirect signal production, complemented with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions and suitable initial conditions, where is a bounded smooth domain, and We show that in the case , there exists such that if either or , then the solution exists globally and remains bounded, and that in the case , if either or , then there exist radially symmetric initial data such that and the solution blows up in finite or infinite time, where the blow‐up time is infinite if . In particular, if , there is a critical mass phenomenon in the sense that is a finite positive number.

Reasons for sedentarism of shrinking cities in public opinion (evidence from Volgograd city)

The shrinking of cities has become a mass phenomenon, both in foreign countries and in Russia, since the end of the twentieth century. Until now, the question of why some old-industrial cities succeed in the modern global network of comparative advantages and specializations, while others fail and face population decline, seems to be of no small importance. The article attempts to fill the existing gap in the study of the reasons forcing residents of shrinking cities to stay in them. They were defined as “reasons for sedentarism”, which the authors propose to consider as circumstances that keep residents from moving to another city/region/ country in the presence of stable migration intentions. In order to identify the causes of sedentarism, the authors conducted a survey of students of educational institutions in the city of Volgograd and its region using an online questionnaire created on the Google Forms platform. The study used a non-random sample (the “snowball” method). The present study confirms the primacy of the economic causes of sedentarism in shrinking cities and the need to implement an adequate and systematic economic policy that promotes the innovative development of territories. The analysis of the answers shows that the second most important reasons, following material ones, that keep students of shrinking cities from changing their place of residence, are socio-psychological: the desire to preserve social ties (family, friends, relatives) and the fear of changing the situation.

“To Be, or Not to Be”: Critical Assessment of the Use of α-Acoustic Diversity Indices to Evaluate the Richness and Abundance of Coastal Marine Fish Sounds

Passive acoustic monitoring can be used to assess the presence of vocal species. Automatic estimation of such information is critical for allowing diversity monitoring over long time spans. Among the existing tools, α-acoustic indices were originally designed to assess the richness/complexity of terrestrial soundscapes. However, their use in marine environments is impacted by fundamental differences between terrestrial and marine soundscapes. The aim of this study was to determine how they vary depending on the abundance and sound type richness of fish sounds. Fourteen indices used in terrestrial environments were tested. The indices were calculated for files from three sources: a controlled environment (playback of artificial tracks in a pool), in situ playbacks (playback of natural soundscapes), and a natural environment (only natural sounds). The controlled experiment showed that some indices were correlated with the sound abundance but not with the sound type richness, implying that they are not capable of distinguishing the different types of fish sounds. In the in situ playbacks, the indices were not able to capture differences, both in terms of the sound abundance and sound type diversity. In the natural environment, there was no correlation between most of the indices and the abundance of sounds. They were impacted by mass phenomena of biological sounds (e.g., the Pomacentridae sounds in shallow reefs) that cannot inform on fish acoustic diversity. Indices are appropriate when soundscapes are divided into bands. In contrast to terrestrial environments, frequency bands in coastal marine soundscapes do not provide ecologically relevant information on diversity. Overall, indices do not appear to be suitable for inferring marine fish sound diversity.

Long-term development of assisted suicide in Switzerland: analysis of a 20-year experience (1999–2018)

The legalisation of assisted suicide is one of the most debated topics in the field of medical ethics worldwide. In countries in which assisted suicide is not legal, public discussions about its approval also encompass considerations of the long-term consequences that such legalisation would bring, for example, how many people will use this option, from what conditions would they be suffering, would there be differences between male and female assisted suicide and which developments and trends could be expected if there were to be a marked increase of cases of assisted suicide over time? In order to answer these questions, we present the development of assisted suicide in Switzerland over a 20-year period (1999-2018; 8738 cases) using data from the Swiss Federal Statistical Office. During the observation period, the number of assisted suicides rose significantly: when four 5-year periods (1999-2003, 2004-2008, 2009-2013, 2014-2018) were analysed, the number of assisted suicide cases doubled over each period compared with the preceding one (Χ = 206.7, 270.4 and 897.4; p <0.001). The percentage of assisted suicides among all deaths rose from 0.2% (1999-2003; n = 582) to 1.5% (2014-2018: n = 4820). The majority of people who chose assisted suicide were elderly, with increasing age over time (median age in 1999-2003: 74.5 years vs 2014-2018: 80 years), and with a predominance of women (57.2% vs 42.8%). The most common underlying condition for assisted suicide was cancer (n= 3580, 41.0% of all assisted suicides). Over time, assisted suicide increased similarly for all underlying conditions; however, the proportion in each disease group remained unchanged. It is a matter of one's viewpoint whether the rise of assisted suicide cases should be considered alarming or not. These figures reflect an interesting social development but still do not appear to represent a mass phenomenon.