Phenolic Odor Research Articles

Scented solutions: Harnessing lavender essential oil liposomes for enhanced plywood performance

A wood-based panel that is both healthy and environmentally friendly has been developed utilizing the aromatic odor emitted by lavender essential oil. Liposomes were employed to encapsulate the lavender essential oil, resulting in a favorable loading effect and facilitating the control of odor release. Chitosan was used to encapsulate the lavender essential oil liposomes and then cross-linked with phosphate ions to form hydrogel balls, which improved the antioxidant performance and thermal stability of the lavender essential oil liposomes, achieving a 100 % encapsulation rate at optimal dosages. In order to investigate the effect of composite liposomes on the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that cause odors, plywood was used as the subtract for their application. Panels treated with essential oil liposome hydrogel spheres exhibited improved mechanical properties, with a 4.3 % increase in average MOR and a 15.7 % increase in average bonding strength compared to control panels. The release of aromatic VOCs was prolonged after plywood had been treated with essential oil liposome hydrogel balls, but the release of phenolic odor VOCs was significantly suppressed. This study provides a new solution for reducing plywood odor emissions.

Decoding of the enhancement of saltiness perception by aroma-active compounds during Hunan Larou (smoke-cured bacon) oral processing

The enhancement of saltiness induced by odrants perceived from the retronasal cavity during Larou oral processing was analyzed. During the oral processing of Xiangtan Larou, the smoky attribute was the dominant when chewing 0–15 times, followed by the savory (15–24 times) and meaty (24–42 times). Partial least squares analysis predicted 33 aroma compounds from the retronasal cavity significantly (p < 0.05) contributing to the aroma perception. A total of 12 aroma compounds with saltiness-enhancement ability were confirmed by odorant–NaCl mixture model experiments. Results revealed that 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (1.00–1000.00 μg/L) had the strongest enhancing effect on saltiness at NaCl (2969.85 mg/L), followed by diallyl sulfide (0.156–2.50 μg/L), 2,5-dimethylthiophene (0.156–50.00 μg/L), 2,6-dimethylphenol (1.00–100.00 μg/L), 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (0.391–50.00 μg/L), and 2,3-butanedione (0.50–100.0 μg/L). The sulfur-containing, nitrogen-containing, and phenolic odorants with savory, roasty, sulfide, meaty or smoky, attributes showed the better ability in saltiness enhancement.

Agaricus griseovariegatus: A new record of genus Agaricus for Indian mycobiota from Jammu and Kashmir, India

AbstractIn the present communication, a species of Agaricus (A. griseovariegatus) belonging to A. sect. Xanthodermatei has been described from North‐western Himalaya of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. This species is humicolous and found on dead decaying leaves of walnut. It is characterized by its appressed olive‐gray squamules, broad radial fissures on the pileus, floccose annulus, faintly yellow context, phenolic odor, and bisporic to tetrasporic basidia. This species is reported here as a novel addition to India's macrofungal flora. Its morphology, anatomy, and phylogenetic relationships based on nrITS sequences are all described in detail here.

Reducing the background interference of liquid–liquid extraction method during Baijiu aroma analysis

Liquid–liquid extraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (LLE-GC/MS) is a useful methodology for Baijiu aroma analysis. However, the background problems caused by LLE have rarely been investigated. In the present study, synthetic Baijiu was analyzed by traditional LLE-GC/MS to assess background problems, and a series of ghost peaks of some compounds were detected within the retention time of 47.0–60.0 min, including 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP), palmitic acid and oleanitrile. 2,4-DTBP, which has a phenolic odor, is an important component in both strong and light-flavor Baijiu. Single-factor experiments confirmed that 2,4-DTBP is not a constituent of Baijiu but migrates from sodium sulphate and sodium chloride, and, high-temperature baking was an effective approach to eliminate these compounds. A combined strategy using standard cleaning coupled with high-temperature baking was proposed to reduce the background problems during LLE. Furthermore, more trace compounds could be identified through this process in the future.

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane – inhalation fraction. Determination method in workplace air

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A BPA) is a substance in a form of a solid crystals or flakes with a mild phenolic odor. BPA is commonly used in the production of epoxide, polycarbonate or polysulfone resins, glues, breaks fluids or as a flame retardants and fungicides. Exposure to BPA can cause irritation of skin, BPA can also act as a nefro or hepatotoxic factor and upper respiratory tract or mucous membranes of the eye. BPA has a negative effects on human fertility. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive method for determining BPA concentrations in workplace air in the range from 1/10 to 2 MAC values, in accordance with the requirements of Standard No. PN-EN 482. The study was performed using a liquid chromatograph with spectrophotometric (UV-VIS) and spectrofluorimetric (FLD) detection. All chromatographic analyses were performed with Supelcosil LC 18 (150 × 3 mm) analytical column, which was eluted with mixture of acetonitrile and water (1:1). This method was based on collecting BPA on glass fiber filter, extracting with acetonitrile, and chromatographic determining resulted solution with HPLC technique. The average extraction efficiency of BPA from filters was 90%. The method was linear (r = 0.9996) within the investigated working range 0.125–5 mg/m3 for a 720-L air sample. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was to 0.02 μg/ml (UV-VIS) and 0.013 μg/ml (FLD), and 0.068 μg/ml (UV-VIS) and 0.042 μg/ml (FLD), respectively. The analytical method described in this paper enables specific and selective determination of BPA in workplace air in presence of other compounds. The method is precise, accurate and it meets the criteria for measuring chemical agents listed in Standard No. PN-EN 482+A1:2016-01. The method can be used for assessing occupational exposure to BPA and associated risk to workers’ health. The developed method of determining BPA has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see appendix).

PharmGKB summary

The uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes are a superfamily of enzymes responsible for the glucuronidation of target substrates. The transfer of glucuronic acid renders xenobiotics and other endogenous compounds water soluble, allowing for their biliary or renal elimination [1]. The UGT family is responsible for the glucuronidation of hundreds of compounds, including hormones, flavonoids, and environmental mutagens [1]. Most of the members of the UGT family are expressed in the liver, as well as in other types of tissues, such as intestinal, stomach, or breast tissues. A few members are expressed only extrahepatically, such as UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A10, and UGT2A1 [2]. Four families exist within the UGT superfamily: UGT1A, UGT2, UGT3, and UGT8 [3]. UGT2 is further divided into two subfamilies, UGT2A and UGT2B, both of which are present on chromosome 4 [2]. UGT2A enzymes are involved in the glucuronidation of compounds such as phenolic odorants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites, although limited studies have been carried out on this subfamily [4]; UGT2B proteins are mainly responsible for the metabolism of steroids [5]. The roles of UGT3 and UGT8 family members have not been well characterized [3]. The UGT1A family is located on chromosome 2q37, and the members of this group glucuronidate a large variety of compounds. Pharmaceutical drugs are a common substrate of the UGT1A family [1], making the enzymes in this group relevant to pharmacogenetic research. This very important pharmacogene summary on UGT1A1 is available with interactive links to genetic variants and drugs on the PharmGKB website at http://www.pharmgkb.org/gene/PA420.

Characterization of the Key Aroma Compounds in Two Bavarian Wheat Beers by Means of the Sensomics Approach

Application of aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) on the volatiles isolated from a commercial Bavarian wheat beer (WB A) eliciting its typical aroma profile, best described by a clove-like, phenolic odor quality, revealed 36 odorants in the flavor dilution (FD) factor range from 16 to 4096. Among them, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (clove-like) and 2-phenylethanol (flowery) showed the highest FD factors. AEDA of a second wheat beer (WB B), somewhat lacking the typical wheat beer odor note, revealed 32 odor-active components in the FD factor range from 32 to 8192. Among them, 2-phenylethanol, (E)-β-damascenone (cooked apple-like) and 3-methylbutanol (malty) were detected with the highest FD factors. Next, all odorants evaluated with an FD factor ≥32 were quantitated by stable isotope dilution assays in both beers, and the odor activity values (OAVs; ratio of concentration to odor threshold) were calculated. Thereby, ethanol, (E)-β-damascenone, 3-methylbutyl acetate, ethyl methylpropanoate, and ethyl butanoate showed the highest OAVs in WB A, followed by acetaldehyde, 3-methylbutanol, and dimethyl sulfide. In WB B, ethanol, (E)-β-damascenone, ethyl methylpropanoate, ethyl butanoate, and 3-methylbutyl acetate showed the highest OAVs. Whereas most aroma compounds were present in the same order of magnitude in both beer samples, in particular, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol and 4-vinylphenol (smoky, leather-like) were by factors of 13 and 15, respectively, higher in WB A. For the first time, the overall aroma of wheat beer (WB A) was successfully simulated on the basis of 27 reference compounds in their natural concentrations using water/ethanol (95:5; v/v) as the matrix.

Two species of Agaricus sect. Xanthodermatei from Thailand

Agaricus murinocephalus is described and illustrated as a new species. This taxon, presently known only from Thailand, is characterized by a context that generally does not discolor on exposure, the lack of a phenolic odor, a cap covered by very fine, appressed, dark grey squamules outside the grey disc on a whitish background, and a broken collar-like annulus. Agaricus endoxanthus, previously reported from South America, Europe, and Asia, is recorded for the first time in Thailand. Morphological and published molecular analyses place both taxa in A. sect. Xanthodermatei based on.

Analysis of Freshly Brewed Espresso Using a Retronasal Aroma Simulator and Influence of Milk Addition

Abstract: A quick (headspace: 1 min and retronasal aroma simulator (RAS): 2 min) sampling method for capturing volatiles released from coffee drinks by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) (fiber type; divinylbenzene (DVB)/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)) has been applied to freshly brewed espresso and cafe latte (espresso and milk). Headspace volatiles and volatiles in the RAS effluent were collected from espresso and cafe latte, and examined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and GC/olfactometry (GC/O, CharmAnalysis™). When milk was added to espresso in 60% by weight, aroma release (odor activities) was generally suppressed, both in headspace and RAS aromas. The relative charm value of sweet-caramel odor increased in the headspace aroma, while the phenolic odor increased markedly and the smoke-roast odor decreased in the RAS aroma. These results suggested that milk addition had different effects on the headspace and RAS aromas.

NTP‐CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of bisphenol A

Robert E. Chapin, Jane Adams, Kim Boekelheide, L. Earl Gray Jr, Simon W. Hayward, Peter S.J. Lees, Barry S. McIntyre, Kenneth M. Portier, Teresa M. Schnorr, Sherry G. Selevan, John G. Vandenbergh, and Susan R. Woskie Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA Brown University, Providence, RI U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD Schering Plough Research Institute, Summit, NJ American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH U.S. Public Health Service (Ret), Silver Spring, MD North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA

Using minced horseradish roots and peroxides for the deodorization of swine manure: A pilot scale study

Enzymes that have proven to be capable of removing toxic compounds from water and soil may also be useful in the deodorization of animal manures. Considering that pork production in the US is a $40-billion industry with over half a million workers, odor control to protect air quality in the neighboring communities must be considered an essential part of managing livestock facilities. This pilot scale (20–120 L) study tested the use of minced horseradish ( Armoracia rusticana L.) roots (1:10 roots to swine slurry ratio), with calcium peroxide (CaO 2 at 34 mM) or hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2 at 68 mM), to deodorize swine slurry taken from a 40,000-gallon storage pit at the Pennsylvania State University’s Swine Center. Horseradish is known to contain large amounts of peroxidase, an enzyme that, in the presence of peroxides, can polymerize phenolic odorants and thus reduce the malodor. Twelve compounds commonly associated with malodor (seven volatile fatty acids or VFAs, three phenolic compounds and two indolic compounds) were used as odor indicators. Their concentration in swine slurry before and after treatment was determined by gas chromatography (GC) to assess the deodorization effect. The pilot scale testing demonstrated a complete removal of phenolic odorants (with a detection limit of 0.5 mg L −1) from the swine slurry, which was consistent with our previous laboratory experiments using 30-mL swine slurry samples. Horseradish could be recycled (reused) five times while retaining significant reduction in the concentration of phenolic odorants. In view of these findings, inexpensive plant materials, such as horseradish, represent a promising tool for eliminating phenolic odorants from swine slurry.

Deodorization of Swine Manure Using Minced Horseradish Roots and Peroxides

Public concerns about offensive odors from livestock manures are on the rise and so is the pressure to develop practical ways to reduce the odors. The use of minced horseradish (Armoracia rusticanaL) roots (1:10 w/v plant tissue to swine slurry ratio), with calcium peroxide (CaO2 at 26 or 34 mM) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 at 34, 52, or 68 mM) for the deodorization of swine manure, was evaluated through a series of laboratory experiments. The principle underlying this deodorization method is the oxidation of odorants by the concerted action of horseradish peroxidase (present in the plant tissue) and peroxide that serves as an electron acceptor, followed by polymerization of phenolic odorants with a possible copolymerization or adsorption of other odorant compounds. The deodorization effect was assessed by a human panel and gas chromatography (GC). In the case of the GC method, 12 compounds commonly associated with malodor (7 volatile fatty acids or VFAs, 3 phenolic compounds, and 2 indolic compounds) were used as odor indicators. Malodor assessment of the treated slurry by a human panel indicated a 50% reduction in odor intensity. GC results showed 100% removal of all phenolic odorants without reoccurrence for at least 72 h. In view of these data, using plant materials as enzyme carriers and peroxides as electron acceptors emerges as an effective approach to phenolic odor control in animal manure.

Morphological and molecular characterization of two novel species of Agaricus section Xanthodermatei

Agaricus specimens collected in France belong to two novel entities resembling small forms of A. moelleri and A. xanthodermus, two common species in section Xanthodermatei. Molecular (IT1+ITS2 DNA sequence) and morphological comparisons between eight presumed similar taxa of the section support the elevation of both entities to species rank. The new entities are described as A. parvitigrinus and A. xanthodermulus. They form a group with A. laskibarii, a rare species also recently described from France, and A. californicus, a North-American species. The well known A. moelleri and A. xanthodermus are the most related species among the studied sample. Like other species of the section, both new species have a phenolic odor and are probably toxic.

Morphological and molecular characterization of two novel species of Agaricus section Xanthodermatei

Agaricus specimens collected in France belong to two novel entities resembling small forms of A. moelleri and A. xanthodermus, two common species in section Xanthodermatei. Molecular (IT1+ITS2 DNA sequence) and morphological comparisons between eight presumed similar taxa of the section support the elevation of both entities to species rank. The new entities are described as A. parvitigrinus and A. xanthodermulus. They form a group with A. laskibarii, a rare species also recently described from France, and A. californicus, a North-American species. The well known A. moelleri and A. xanthodermus are the most related species among the studied sample. Like other species of the section, both new species have a phenolic odor and are probably toxic.

Molecular cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an olfactory-specific mouse phenol sulphotransferase.

Previously we demonstrated the presence of phenol sulphotransferase (P-ST) in mouse nasal cytosols and identified its zonal location in mouse nasal cavity by staining with an antiserum raised against a rat liver P-ST isoenzyme, PSTg. In the present study a cDNA was isolated from a mouse olfactory cDNA library by immunological screening with the antiserum. The isolated cDNA consisted of 1347 bp with a 912 bp open reading frame encoding a 304-residue polypeptide. Both the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the cDNA were 94% identical with those of a rat liver P-ST isoenzyme, ST1C1. The expressed enzyme in Escherichia coli displayed high P-ST activity towards phenolic odorants such as eugenol and guaiacol, and it showed a high N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene sulphation activity in comparison with the rat ST1C1 enzyme. These results indicate that the olfactory P-ST encoded by the cDNA is a mouse orthologue of rat ST1C1; however, expression of the olfactory P-ST mRNA is specific for nasal tissues as revealed by reverse transcriptase-mediated PCR (RT-PCR).

High sulfotransferase activity for phenolic aromatic odorants present in the mouse olfactory organ

Mouse nasal cytosols show high sulfotransferase (ST) activities toward phenolic aromatic odorants, but have little activities for most alcoholic aromatic odorants. Most ST activities toward the phenolic odorants preferred slightly acidic pH (6.4) and were sensitive to 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol, a specific inhibitor for phenol ST (P-ST) but were not inhibited by triethylamine and tetra- n-butylammonium chloride, which are specific inhibitors for hydroxysteroid ST (HS-ST). These results suggested that P-ST activities are responsible for sulfation of the phenolic odorants. The spectra of the ST activities for these odorants were similar in mouse nasal and liver cytosols, however, nasal cytosols showed much higher ST activity toward cinnamyl alcohol than liver cytosols. This activity preferred higher pH (7.4) compared to the phenolic odorant-ST activities and was inhibited by both types of inhibitors, specific for P-ST and HS-ST. These results appear to indicate the participation of multiple ST isoforms for the sulfation of odorants in mouse nasal cytosols. The existence of P-ST(s) active for the phenolic odorants in olfactory cytosols suggests a role in odorant perception, in particular, in the signal termination process.

Phenol and Benzaldehyde in the Defensive Secretion of a Strongylosomid Millipede

The defensive secretions of millipedes have proven to be a rich source of natural products (Weatherston and Percy 1970). Species in the order Polydesmida characteristically produce a defensive exudate which is fortified with benzaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide (Blum and Woodring 1962, Eisner et al. 1963a). We. report here on the secretion of Oxidus gracilis (Koch), one of the 2 species in the polydesmid family Stronglysomidae which are present in North America. Although O. uracilis has been previously demonstrated to produce hydrogen cyanide in its defensive exudate (Eisner et al. 1963a), in our experience, the secretion of this species possesses a distinctly phenolic odor which is not typical of those of other polydesmids which we have examined.

Defense Mechanisms of Arthropods. XI. The Structure, Function, and Phenolic Secretions of the Glands of a Chordeumoid Millipede and a Carabid Beetle

In the course of exploratory field studies on arthropods with defensive glands, we came across two species which emit a strong and persistent phenolic odor when handled. One is a carabid beetle (Chlaenius cordicollis Kirby), the other a chordeumoid millipede [Abacion magnum (Loomis)]. The fact that both animals produce repellent secretions is not surprising, since many other carabids and millipedes are well known for their defensive glands. But the particular phenolic odor possessed by these two species is unIike the odor of any other arthropod secretion that has been studied (for a summary of defensive secretions of arthropods see Roth and Eisner, 1962).The purpose of this paper is to report on the nature of the two phenols involved, and to discuss the structure and mode of operation of the glands, as well as their defensive effectiveness. Both species were collected in the environs of Ithaca, N. Y. Abacion was from leaf litter in deciduous woods, and Chlaenius from beneath rocks near a creek bed. We had available for study ten specimens of Abaciorz and about two dozen Chlaenius.