Phenolic Compounds In Seeds Research Articles

Effect of Fertilization on Phenolics of Rapeseeds and Their Antioxidant Potential.

Three varieties of rapeseed (Castilla, California, and Nelson F1) were cultivated using medium-intensive (control), intensive, and economical (spare) technologies with different nitrogen and sulfur fertilization techniques. The antioxidant potential of rapeseeds was investigated using ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH assays. The content of total phenolic compounds was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent. The profile of phenolic compounds was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Diversifying fertilization in various ways influenced the content of phenolic compounds in extracts of rapeseed. In extracts from the Nelson F1 rapeseeds, intensive cultivation resulted in a lower content of phenolic compounds compared to the control group. Economic fertilization reduced the content of phenolic compounds in seeds from the California variety. HPLC chromatograms of the extracts were characterized by the presence of five (California and Castilla) and six (Nelson F1) main phenolic compounds. Two compounds were identified as sinapine and sinapic acid; others were classified as derivatives of sinapic acid. The effect of fertilization on the antioxidant activity of the seeds and their extracts varied depending on the plant variety and antioxidant assay. For the Castilla and California varieties, no differences were found in the results of the ABTS assay. The antiradical activity against ABTS•+ of extracts from the Nelson F1 intensive and spare cultivated seeds was higher than that of extracts from control seeds. The FRAP values of extracts/seeds from the Castilla variety cultivated using different methods did not differ significantly. The results of the DPPH assay were not affected by fertilization in the case of extracts from the California and Castilla varieties. However, the extracts from spare cultivated seeds of Nelson F1 exhibited stronger antiradical activity against DPPH•. These findings highlight the complex relationship between fertilization practices, phenolic compound accumulation, and antioxidant activity in rapeseed. Integrating varietal traits and cultivation practices is crucial for optimizing the nutritional benefits of rapeseed.

Characterization of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds in Seeds of Chilean Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Germplasm

In recent years, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), an ancient Andean region crop, has received increased research attention because it is an excellent source of nutrients and also of bioactive phenolic compounds, which are potentially beneficial for human health. However, variation in the content and type of these metabolites in quinoa genetic resources remains, to a large extent, unexplored. We evaluated the composition of free and bound phenolic forms in the seeds of 111 Chilean quinoa accessions by using LC-DAD-MS/MS. The relative phenolic content ranged from 35.51 mg/100 g to 93.23 mg/100 g of seed dry weight. The free phenolic fraction accounted for 72% of the total phenolic content, while the bound fraction represented the remaining 28% of the total phenolic content. Our study also revealed a significant degree of variation in terms of individual phenolic compounds such as rutin, vanillic acid, quercetin, and their derivatives, which can have important implications for quinoa’s nutritional and functional properties. We conclude that our data reveal a significant phenotypic variation of bioactive phenolic content in the examined germplasm, which could be exploited in current and future genetic improvement programs in quinoa.

The effect of the genotype-environment interaction on the concentration of carotenoids, tocochromanol, and phenolic compounds in seeds of Lupinus angustifolius breeding lines

In order to determine the effect of genotype and environment on the concentration of carotenoids, tocopherols and phenolic compounds in narrow-leafed lupin a two-year study was conducted. The plant material comprised 55 breeding lines of Lupinus angustifolius. Quantitative concentration of carotenoids, tocopherols and phenolic compounds were determined using HPLC method. Mean carotenoid concentration amounted to 0.5 mg/100 g d.m. for violaxantin, 2.0 mg/100 g d.m. for lutein, 1.2 mg/100 g d.m. for zeaxantin and 0.5 mg/100 g d.m. for β-carotene, respectively. The share of the α-T homologue was 5 % (mean concentration 0.5 mg/100 g d.m.), while for the γ-T homologue it was 95 % (mean concentration 9.9 mg/100 g d.m.). The total concentration of phenolic acids in the tested lines of L. angustifolius ranged from 5.1 mg/100 g d.m. to 19.9 mg/100 g d.m. Among phenolic compounds a higher concentration of flavonoids was recorded, with their total level ranging from 100.7 mg/100 g d.m. to 152.8 mg/100 g d.m. Broad-sense heritability was 0.67–0.75 for carotenoids, 0.59–0.86 for tocopherols and 0.72–0.76 for phenolic compounds. Among all the analyzed genotypes, fifteen were selected as satisfactory and stable in terms of their concentration of biologically active compounds.

Bioactive Compounds of Fruit Parts of Three Eugenia uniflora Biotypes in Four Ripening Stages.

Variability of secondary metabolites in edible (peel and pulp) and inedible (seeds) parts of three pitanga varieties, red, red-orange and purple, was investigated during the maturation process. Hydrolysable tannins, anthocyanins, and flavonoids were quantified by HPLC/DAD and carotenoids by absorbance. Peel/pulp showed greater complexity of constituents (carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and hydrolysable tannins), while only tannins were identified in seeds, but in quantities of 10 to 100 times greater. The red-orange variety showed the highest levels of phenolic compounds in seeds and peel/pulp, except anthocyanins. The analysis of the principal response curves showed that the pitanga biotype has greater influence on metabolite variation than ripening stages. During peel/pulp maturation, a reduction in the levels of flavonoids and tannins contrasted with an increase in carotenoids and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in all varieties, whereas in the seeds oenothein B, the major tannin, increased up to 1.32 g/100 g fresh weight. Such marked differences between fruit parts demonstrate that the seeds in stages E3 and E4 are a source of hydrolysable tannins, compounds known for their antitumor activity, while peel/pulp of all varieties in the ripe stage provide natural antioxidants, such as carotenoids and flavonoids. Lastly, the purple biotype can be a rich source of the cyanidin-3-O-glucoside pigment a potent bioactive compound.

Predisposition of Soybean (Glycine max L.) to the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds Depending on the Purpose of Its Use

The paper summarizes a 3-year study of the total accumulation of phenolic compounds (PC), which represent the most important group of alcohol- and water-soluble antioxidants, in seeds and vegetative organs of vegetable soybean. The study was carried out using a Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method. Oil-bearing and vegetable soybean samples were grown in a greenhouse and on the experimental field of the Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing (Moscow oblast). PC accumulation in the phases of the technical (R6) and biological (R8) ripeness of vegetable soybean varieties was first studied under conditions of the northern border of the crop cultivation zone (55° N). The PC content in vegetative organs of plants at the R6 phase significantly exceeded that in seeds (12.0 and 4.1 mg/g of dry weight, respectively). In both R6 and R8 phases, accumulation of phenolic compounds in seeds of vegetable forms exceeded that in the oilseed varieties by 36.6 and 10%, respectively; the average exceeding at the R8 phase for the 3 years of study was 26.3%. Some vegetable lines, such as Gokuwase Hayabusa Edamame, Sample A, and Tundra, were characterized by a high PC content (4.9 mg/g). The study of accumulation of such compounds in vegetable forms under conditions of the Central region of the Nonchernozem zone showed a high potential of their use for the creation of varieties characterized by a high PC content and suitable for production of functional and medicinal vegetable products.

Maternal Exposure to Ozone Modulates the Endophyte-Conferred Resistance to Aphids in Lolium multiflorum Plants.

Simple SummaryGlobal change is driving the incidence of novel stress factors such as the tropospheric pollutant ozone. Plants can overcome the environmental challenges by adjusting their phenotypes that eventually, can be transmitted to the progeny. Plants also establish symbiotic interactions with beneficial fungal endophytes, some of which can be transmitted to the progeny through the seeds. We worked with the grass Lolium multiflorum and its common endophyte, Epichloë occultans that benefits the host by coffering resistance to herbivores. Specifically, we studied the effect of exposing endophyte-symbiotic and non-symbiotic plants to ozone on the level of resistance to herbivorous aphids in the progeny. The ozone history impaired the endophyte-conferred resistance to aphids in progeny. This was evident at individual weight level of aphids but not so at population level. Defensive compounds were higher in endophyte-symbiotic seeds but depressed by mother plants exposure to ozone. Despite the negative effect of maternal ozone on the resistance level of plants, symbiotic plants showed a superior biomass compared to endophyte-free plants. Our work illustrates how the environment explored by parent plants can persist transgenerationally and, depending on the symbiotic state, will affect the fate of the progeny.Plants are challenged by biotic and abiotic stress factors and the incidence of one can increase or decrease resistance to another. These relations can also occur transgenerationally. For instance, progeny plants whose mothers experienced herbivory can be more resistant to herbivores. Certain fungal endophytes that are vertically transmitted endow plants with alkaloids and resistance to herbivores. However, endophyte-symbiotic plants exposed to the oxidative agent ozone became susceptible to aphids. Here, we explored whether this effect persists transgenerationally. We exposed Lolium multiflorum plants with and without fungal endophyte Epichloë occultans to ozone (120 or 0 ppb), and then, challenged the progeny with aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi). The endophyte was the main factor determining the resistance to aphids, but its importance diminished in plants with ozone history. This negative ozone effect on the endophyte-mediated resistance was apparent on aphid individual weights. Phenolic compounds in seeds were increased by the symbiosis and diminished by the ozone. The endophyte effect on phenolics vanished in progeny plants while the negative ozone effect persisted. Independently of ozone, the symbiosis increased the plant biomass (≈24%). Although ozone can diminish the importance of endophyte symbiosis for plant resistance to herbivores, it would be compensated by host growth stimulation.

Phytochemical analysis, phenolic compounds, condensed tannin content and antioxidant potential in Marwa (Origanum majorana) seed extracts

Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of seed extracts of Origanum majorana was evaluated and correlated with total phenoliccontent (TPC) and condensed tannin content (CTC). Ethanol, methanol, acetone and chloroform were used to extract bioactive compounds fromseeds of Origanum majorana at 45 °C for 45 minutes. As compared to other solvents, methanol seems to be an important extraction solvent, asmaximum amount of bioactive compounds (1.18 mg GAE/g dwb) with antioxidant potential was observed in methanolic extract. Total phenoliccompounds in seeds were evaluated using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (FC reagent) method. Total phenolic compounds in seeds were in the range of0.10–1.18 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight basis (mg GAE/g dwb). HPLC study confirmed the presence of catechin, cinnamic acid, gallicacid and ascorbic acid. The antioxidant potential in seed extracts of Origanum majorana confirmed the presence of nutraceutical properties in themwhich will further be helpful in the preparation of various functional food products.

Phytochemical analysis, phenolic compounds, condensed tannin content and antioxidant potential in Marwa (Origanum majorana) seed extracts

Abstract Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of seed extracts of Origanum majorana was evaluated and correlated with total phenolic content (TPC) and condensed tannin content (CTC). Ethanol, methanol, acetone and chloroform were used to extract bioactive compounds from seeds of Origanum majorana at 45 °C for 45 minutes. As compared to other solvents, methanol seems to be an important extraction solvent, as maximum amount of bioactive compounds (1.18 mg GAE/g dwb) with antioxidant potential was observed in methanolic extract. Total phenolic compounds in seeds were evaluated using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (FC reagent) method. Total phenolic compounds in seeds were in the range of 0.10–1.18 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight basis (mg GAE/g dwb). HPLC study confirmed the presence of catechin, cinnamic acid, gallic acid and ascorbic acid. The antioxidant potential in seed extracts of Origanum majorana confirmed the presence of nutraceutical properties in them which will further be helpful in the preparation of various functional food products.

Effect of mid season drought on phenolic compounds in peanut genotypes with different levels of resistance to drought

Drought is a major constraint in peanut production. Drought not only reduces pod yield but also may affect phenolic compounds in peanut. This experiment was conducted for two years under field conditions. Soil moisture levels (field capacity and mid season drought stress) were assigned as main plots, and five peanut genotypes were assigned as sub plots. Peanut seeds were analyzed for phenolic compounds at harvest. Leaves and stems were also analyzed at 30 and 60 days after planting (DAP), and at harvest. Water regimes did not result in significant differences for phenolic compounds in seeds, whereas peanut genotypes were significantly different for this trait. Drought increased phenolic contents in leaves at 60 DAP and phenolic contents were reduced during the recovery period. The production of leaf phenolic compounds differed among genotypes. Mid season drought increased phenolic compounds in stems during the drought period and levels of phenolic production were different depending on peanut genotype. Breeding for high phenolic content and drought tolerance in peanut should be possible because mid season drought did not affect phenolic content in seeds.

Determination of phenolic acids in seeds of black cumin, flax, pomegranate and pumpkin and their by-products

Ten phenolic acids, contained in the seeds of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) and their oil industry by-products, separated into the free, esterified, and insoluble-bound forms, were quantitatively analysed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector. The chromatographic data were interpreted using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The PCA model with three principal components (PC1-PC2-PC3) fitted well with 12 examined plant samples, allowing their division into groups according to their origin. The total phenolic variables could be represented by two PCs and for the pattern recognition of the analysed samples, 13 phenolic variables are sufficient, including: free, esterified and insoluble-bound forms of gallic and syringic acids, free vanillic, insoluble bound p-coumaric, esterified p-hydroxybenzaldehide, and free and insoluble-bound forms of p-hydroxybenzoic and trans-synapic acids. This might have potential application in simplified screening of phenolic compounds in seeds and their oil industry by-products or in food component analysis or authenticity detection in such plant materials.

Comparison of phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties of European Fagopyrum esculentum cultivars

The purpose of this study was to investigate composition and content of phenolic compounds in seeds of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) cultivars from Western, Central and Southeastern Europe grown in the Balkan area, and to compare them with cultivars from the Balkan. Mostly detected hydroxycinnamic acids in seeds of the investigated cultivars were caffeic and chlorogenic acid derivatives. More than ten different flavanols were detected in the investigated seeds, based on which all tested buckwheat cultivars were divided into two groups: those with high propelargonidins (epiafzelechin–epicatechin) and those with high procyanidins contents. ‘Novosadska’ had the highest level of phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, flavones and most of the flavonols. However, ‘Bosna 1’ and ‘Bosna 2’ were highlighted with the greatest rutin content (up to 46 times higher than in other cultivars). All buckwheat cultivars had quite high antioxidant capacity (more than 80% of neutralized radicals), yet, ‘Novosadska’, ‘Godijevo’, ‘Spacinska 1’ and ‘Bamby’ excelled.

Comparison of seed phenolic extraction and assay methods

Summary1. Phenolic acids have been found to play a role in seed persistence traits such as dormancy and resistance to microbial decay, and so accurate methods for their quantification are needed to study the ecological significance of these compounds.2. The goal of this study was to compare three different spectrophotometric assays and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the extraction and quantification of phenolic compounds in seeds. Total phenolic concentrations in the seeds of wild oat, broadleaf plantain and common lambsquarters were determined according to the methods recommended for the total polyphenol content assay, the orthodihydroxyphenol assay and the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) assay, and compared to totals determined through GC/MS.3. The spectrophotometric methods were found to consistently overestimate the total phenolic concentrations when compared to totals indicated by GC/MS. The total concentrations indicated by GC/MS analysis ranged from as low as 0·005% of the spectrophotometric totals indicated by the total polyphenol content assay to 12% of the totals indicated by the FCR assay.4. Ferulic acid, p‐coumaric acid and vanillic acid were among the most abundant simple phenolics in the seeds, with ferulic acid accounting for as much as 56% of the total phenolic composition in the hulls of wild oat seeds.5. Bound phenolics also constituted a large proportion of the total phenolic concentration (up to 98%) although only one method extracted them.6. The results suggest that to get an accurate determination of the simple phenolic content of seed material, GC/MS analysis, along with the use of calibration curves and internal standards, is needed.

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of different grape cultivars grown in China

Skins and seeds of 18 grape cultivars belonging to Oriental and North American Vitis Species/hybrids, and Vitis vinifera were analysed for health beneficial properties. Four phenolic compound parameters (total phenols, flavonoids, flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins) and three antioxidant property parameters (DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, ABTS [2,2-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothialozine-sulphonic acid)] radical scavenging and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power)) were measured. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for this evaluation and results showed that both phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties in the seeds and skins varied among the cultivars investigated. V. vinifera “Cabernet Sauvignon” had the highest values of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties in seeds followed by Muscadines, while the lowest appeared in the Oriental Vitis species. As expected, these values of the Euro-Asian or Euro-American hybrids fell between the parents. However, far less variation of these values was observed in the skins among different grape cultivars investigated. Interestingly, even the total phenolic contents in the berries of two cultivars are similar, distributions of phenolic compounds in seeds and skins varied greatly among them. Additionally, significant correlations among different antioxidant assays in both seeds and skins were observed. These antioxidant properties were also found highly correlated to the main phenolic compounds.

Quantitative Changes in Phenolic Compounds of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Seeds during Growth and Processing

Phenolic compounds in safflower seeds were recently found to stimulate bone formation and increase plasma HDL cholesterol levels in estrogen deficient rats, and to inhibit melanin synthesis. Nine phenolic compounds: N-feruloylserotonin-5-O-β-D-glucoside, 8'-hydroxyarctigenin-4'-O-β-D-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, N-(pcoumaroyl) serotonin, N-feruloylserotonin, 8'-hydroxy arctigenin (HAG), luteolin (LT), acacetin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (ATG) and acacetin (AT), were quantified by HPLC in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds during growth and processing. During growth, levels of the nine phenolic compounds in the seeds increased progressively with increasing growth stages, reached a maximum on July 30 (42nd day after flowering), and then remained relatively constant. During the roasting process, levels of phenolic compounds, except HAG, LT and AT, generally decreased with increased roasting temperature and time, whereas those of HAG, LT and AT increased progressively with increased roasting temperature and time. During the steaming process, levels of other phenolic compounds except HAG and AT generally tended to increase with increased steaming time, whereas those of HAG and AT were scarcely changed. During the microwave treatment, quantitative changes of phenolic compounds were similar to the roasting process, although there were some differences in levels of phenolic compounds between two heat treatments. These results suggest that the steamed safflower seeds after harvesting on late July may be useful as potential dietary supplement source of phenolic compounds for prevention of several pathological disorders, such as atherosclerosis and osteoporosis and aging.

Early developmental responses of mountain birch (Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii) seedlings to different concentrations of phosphorus.

Phenolic compounds, identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and growth were investigated in the first true leaves, cotyledons, stems and roots of 2.5-week-old seedlings of mountain birch (Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii (Orlova) Hämetahti) grown with 1.5, 15 and 50 ppm phosphorus (P). Phenolic compounds in seeds and unfertilized 6-day-old seedlings were also studied. Seeds contained few phenolics, but had an abundance of condensed tannins. There were fewer HPLC phenolic compounds in 6-day-old seedlings than in 2.5-week-old seedlings. In 2.5-week-old seedlings, growth of the first true leaves, but not of other plant parts, was affected by P regime. In the first true leaves and stems, the concentration of condensed tannins was significantly affected by P, being higher at 1.5 ppm than at higher concentrations. The concentration of total HPLC phenolics was significantly affected by P only in stems.

Changes in physical and chemical properties during pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit maturation

Abstract Physicochemical studies of pomegranate fruits (Punica granatum) variety Taifi, including total seed juice extracted from unripe, half-ripe and full-ripe stages are reported. Edible portion of pomegranate (57.51% of total fruit wt.) comprised 63.58% of juice and 36.21% of seeds. Fresh juice contained 84.57% moisture, 14.1% sugar, 1.05% protein and 0.33% ash. Total protein, ascorbic acid, fat and phenolic compounds in seeds were 4.06, 0.23, 0.15, 2.92%, respectively. The pH of the fruit increased with the advance in maturity, whereas ripe fruits were significantly less acidic than green unripe and half-ripe fruits. Ripe fruits had a higher percentage of glucose (53.5%) than fructose (46.6%). Polyphenols were lower in full-ripe fruits than unripe. The amounts of K, Na, Mg and Ca were highest among other minerals in the fruit. Cu, Zn and Ca contents were higher in seeds, whereas K, Na and Fe were higher in juices.