Acid Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

The effectiveness of multiflora honey to prevent hepatotoxicity in invasive ductal breast cancer patients with FAC chemotherapy

Background: Breast cancer is an epithelial malignancy of the breast duct, which chemotherapy is one of the treatment modalities. Hepatotoxicity is known as one of the side effects of chemotherapy. Multiflora honey provides hepatoprotective effects through its phenolic acid and flavonoid compounds. This study will evaluate the effect of Honey in preventing hepatotoxicity in ductal invasive breast cancer patients receiving FAC chemotherapy.Methods: An experimental study with double-blind, randomized pre and post-test with control group design. About 36 ductal invasive breast cancer patients were divided into 2 groups, the control group who received FAC chemotherapy and the treatment group who received chemotherapy and 90 ml/day honey consumption for 14 days. The patient's Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), and Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) enzyme levels before and after 14 days of the study were assessed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15 for Windows by Mann-Whitney test and Wilcoxon tests.Results: There was a significant difference in AST (33.72±44.35 U/L vs. 23.22±4.48 U/L; p<0.001) and ALT (29.72±16.96 U/L vs. 26.06±9.19 U/L; p=0.020) levels in the treatment vs. control group. In addition, a significant difference of ALP (107.00±65.89 U/L vs. 103.17±35.30 U/L; p=0.009) and GGT (56.61±58.16 U/L vs. 51.33±27.50 U/L; p=0.035) levels in the treatment vs. control group was also found in this study.Conclusion: Multiflora honey has a hepatoprotective effect for invasive ductal breast cancer patients receiving FAC chemotherapy.

Impact of Allium sativum ethanol extract on immuno-regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in murine schistosomiasis.

Parasite immune response against schistosomal antigens involves both the innate and adaptive immune response. Tregs have a suppressive effect and play a role on the parasite's immune evasion. This study aimed to evaluate active compounds of Allium sativum (AS) ethanol extract and the impact of AS extract alone or in combination with praziquantel on Tregs and anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF- β and IL-10 in mice infected with S. mansoni . Phytochemical screening of AS bulbs for various active constituents and qualitative and quantitative analysis of the flavonoids and phenolic acids were done using HPLC. Measurement of splenocytes Treg cell phenotypes and anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF- β and IL-10 was done by flow cytometric analysis. The data are expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA utilizing the statistical package (SPSS version 17.0). HPLC of AS ethanol extract revealed presence of 22 and 18 compounds of flavonoids and phenolic acids, respectively. S. mansoni infection upregulated the Treg cells subsets (CD4, CD25, Foxp3) frequencies and the levels of TGF- β and IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokines when compared to healthy control. AS ethanol extract alone or combined with PZQ decreases the production of Treg cells from spleen in addition to the reduction in anti- inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF- β. This study recommends that the combination of AS ethanol extract and PZQ may play a role in maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system during schistosomiasis by decreasing Tr eg cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL- 10 and TGF- β production.

Protective effects of syringic acid on inflammation, apoptosis and intestinal barrier function in Caco-2 cells following oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced injury.

Syringic acid (SA) is an abundant phenolic acid compound that has been demonstrated to yield therapeutic benefits in myocardial and renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). However, the role of SA in intestinal I/R injury is unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of SA against intestinal I/R injury. Caco-2 cells were incubated with different doses of SA before oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) induction. The viability of Caco-2 cells, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the levels of reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde were measured. Apoptosis was evaluated using a TUNEL assay and western blotting. Transepithelial electrical resistance and western blotting were performed to evaluate intestinal barrier function in Caco-2 cells. The present study revealed that pretreatment with SA significantly increased cell viability and reduced LDH release in Caco-2 cells subjected to OGD/R treatment. In addition, SA suppressed OGD/R-induced inflammatory responses by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Furthermore, the levels of oxidative stress and apoptosis were ameliorated by SA. SA also alleviated the intestinal barrier disruption exhibited by Caco-2 cells after OGD/R injury. Overall, the present study revealed that SA may potentially protect Caco-2 cells from OGD/R injury, and that this effect may be attributed to its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities, as well as its ability to protect the function of the intestinal barrier.

Comparative Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activity of Four Major Medicinal Halophytes from Qassim Flora.

Four halophytic plants, Lycium shawii, Anabasis articulata, Rumex vesicarius, and Zilla spinosa, growing in the central Qassim area, Saudi Arabia, were phytochemically and biologically investigated. Their hydroalcoholic extracts’ UPLC-ESIQ-TOF analyses demonstrated the presence of 44 compounds of phenolic acids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, and fatty acids chemical classes. Among all the plants’ extracts, L. shawii showed the highest quantities of total phenolics, and flavonoids contents (52.72 and 13.01 mg/gm of the gallic acid and quercetin equivalents, respectively), along with the antioxidant activity in the TAA (total antioxidant activity), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and DPPH-SA (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-scavenging activity) assays with 25.6, 56.68, and 19.76 mg/gm, respectively, as Trolox equivalents. The hydroalcoholic extract of the L. shawii also demonstrated the best chelating activity at 21.84 mg/gm EDTA equivalents. Among all the four halophytes, the hydroalcoholic extract of L. shawii exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity against MCF7 and K562 cell lines with IC50 values at 194.5 µg/mL and 464.9 µg/mL, respectively. The hydroalcoholic extract of A. articulata demonstrated better cytotoxic activity amongst all the tested plants’ extracts against the human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC1) with an IC50 value of 998.5 µg/mL. The L. shawii induced apoptosis in the MCF7 cell lines, and the percentage of the necrotic cells changed to 28.1% and 36.5% for the IC50 and double-IC50 values at 22.9% compared with the untreated groups. The hydroalcoholic extract of L. shawii showed substantial antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 with a MIC value of 12.5 mg/mL. By contrast, the A. articulata and Z. spinosa exhibited antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger ATCC 6275 with MIC values at 12.5 and 50 mg/mL, respectively. These findings suggested that the L. shawii is a potential halophyte with remarkable biological properties, attributed to its contents of phenolics and flavonoid classes of compounds in its extract.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Pomelo (Citrus Grandis Limonia Osbeck L.) Peel

The pomelo peel occupies 50% of the fruit mass in pomelo juice processing. It contains large amounts of phenolic compounds, which may provide benefits to human health. These components should be isolated. In this study, the effects of ethanol concentrations, material-to-solvent ratios (g/mL), temperatures and sonication time on total phenolic content (TPC), naringin content and antioxidant capacity (using DPPH assay) of extract solution was evaluated. The results showed that all experimental factors significantly influenced the extraction of total polyphenol content, naringin content, and antioxidant capacity of the extract. The extraction condition was ethanol 80%, material-to-solvent ratio of 1:25 (w/v) at 60oC, and sonication time of 7.5 min, gave the extract had total phenolic content of 9.05 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g DM, naringin content of 4.65 ± 0.08 mg NE/ g DM, and antioxidant capacity of 4.76 ± 0.03 mg AAE/g DM. The ultrasound treatment was a useful method for improving the extraction of phenolic acid compounds from pomelo peel.

Effects of Sinapic Acid Combined with Cisplatin on the Apoptosis and Autophagy of the Hepatoma Cells HepG2 and SMMC-7721.

Sinapic acid (Sa) is a small-molecule phenolic acid compound predominant in fruits, vegetables, and grains. This study investigated the antitumor effects of cisplatin (DDP) combined with Sa (Sa/DDP) on the hepatic cancer cells (HCC), HepG2 and SMMC-7721. The HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells were treated with Sa or Sa/DDP, and the cell proliferation and cell cycle were detected using the MTT assay. The cell migration was detected using the transwell and scratch assays, while apoptosis and autophagy were detected using Hoechst, MDC, and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. The protein expression was quantitated using the western blot. Sa/DDP was found to not only inhibit cancer cell proliferation and migration but also induce cell apoptosis. Simultaneously, the Sa/DDP combination was found to activate autophagy, and the HCQ autophagy inhibitor enhanced the apoptosis in the Sa/DDP-induced liver cancer cells. The combined use of Sa and DDP makes it an attractive adjuvant therapy strategy for tumors, establishing the prospect of phenolic acid compounds for the adjuvant treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

A, The Identifying the hermetic potential of khatami (Altheae officinalis) emergence and seedling growth of wild Pea (Pisum sativum subsp. elatius).

Crop plants release biochemicals into surrounding environment that help in obtaining maximum yield of crop by acting bioherbicide at high concentration and plant growth hormone at low concentration. Therefore, this study was planned at Department of Agronomy in Weed Science Laboratory, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Winter 2018 to evaluate the allelopathic effects of A. officinalis on weed Wild Pea (Pisum sativum subsp. elatius). The experiments were laid out under completely randomized design (CRD) having three replications. The aqueous extracts of C. verum. were used on radish and wild pea seeds at different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80%). Data regarding seed germination and seedling growth (shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root dry weigh) of weed were recorded following standard procedures. Results Reveals that the aqueous extract of A. officinalis at higher concentration (80%) act as bioherbicide and produced inhibitory effects on R. sativus result in Maximum time to 50% germination (6.70 days) and mean germination time (10.00 days) while minimum germination index (4.70), germination percentage (66.60%), shoot length (49.8 cm), root length (8.16 cm), shoot fresh weight (10.00g) and root fresh weight (10.361g). While at lower concentration (10%) it shows hermetic effect and produce maximum germination percentage (90.00%), shoot length (84.7 cm), root length (66.2 cm), shoot fresh weight (82.20 g), root fresh weight (58.30 g) and germination index (8.21%) minimum time to complete 50% germination (4.33 days) and mean germination time (5.49 days) growth. In A. officinalis among different phenolic compound minimum Syringic acid (0.60%) and maximum Quercetion (12.3%) compound was found. Therefore, it was concluded from this study that aqueous extract of officinalis can be used as growth promoter at lower concentration while at higher concentration for environmentally friendly control of weeds.

A, The EXPLORING THE ALLELOPATHIC AND HERMETIC EFFECT OF KHATAMI (Altheae officinalis) ON EMERGENCE AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF RADISH (Raphanus sativus)

Abstract Crop plants release biochemicals into surrounding environment that help in obtaining maximum yield of crop by acting bioherbicide at high concentration and plant growth hormone at low concentration. Therefore, this study was planned at Department of Agronomy in Weed Science Laboratory, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during Winter 2018 to evaluate the hermetic effects of Althaea officinalis L. (khatami) on vegetable crop Radish (Raphanus sativus) The experiments were laid out under completely randomized design (CRD) having three replications. The aqueous extracts of A. officinalis L. were used on radish different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80%). Data regarding seed germination and seedling growth (shoot length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root dry weigh) of radish were recorded using standard procedures. Results Reveals that the aqueous extract of A. officinalis at higher concentration (80%) act as bioherbicide and produced inhibitory effects on R. sativus result in Maximum time to 50% germination (4.68 days) and mean germination time (9.05 days) while minimum germination index (3.60), germination percentage (85.00%), shoot length (42.4 cm), root length (25.90 cm), shoot fresh weight (53.30 g) and root fresh weight (13.30 g). While at lower concentration (10%) it shows hermetic effect and produce maximum germination percentage (100.00%), shoot length (58.2 cm), root length (52.0 cm), shoot fresh weight (90.00g), root fresh weight (26.30 g) minimum time to complete 50% germination (3.36 days), germination index (6.00%) and mean germination time (5.73 days) growth. In A. officinalis among different phenolic compound minimum Syringic acid (0.60%) and maximum Quercetion (12.3%) compound was found. Therefore, it was concluded from this study that aqueous extract of officinalis can be used as growth promoter at lower concentration while at higher concentration for environmentally friendly control of weeds.

Taxonomic study of some species of the subfamily Dipsacoideae Eaton (Caprifoliaceae) by phenolic acid profiles

Dipsacoideae has always been problematic for taxonomic delimitation of the taxa because of their morphological similarities and diversity amongst the taxa. Phenolic compounds are found in various organs of plants and are important in terms of chemotaxonomy and pharmacognosy. In this study, the phenolic acid compounds of 12 species of Dipsacoideae were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) and also evaluated their significances as chemotaxonomic markers. The main phenolic acids were found to be caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and salicylic acid. The principal components analysis (PCA) bi-plot indicated that ferulic acid, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid and rosmaric acid were principal components in the studied species dispersion. The species were separated from each other in a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot in terms of their phenolic acid profile. Regarding the results, the high amount of caffeic acid and cinnamic acid could be considered a chemotaxonomic marker for genus Pterocephalus Vaill. and Cephalaria Schrad. respectively. The results indicated that Scabiosa koelzii Rech. and S. amoena Jacq. were placed as a distinct group regarding their phenolic acid profile and established the opinion supported by Greuter and Raus. Consequently, phenolic contents could be applied as a significant marker in the chemotaxonomy of Dipsacoideae. Considering it, we suggest the study of interaction among ecological and genetically factors as well as the studied chemical compounds.

Synergistic anti-oxidative and antimicrobial effects of oat phenolic compounds and ascorbate palmitoyl on fish balls during cold storage.

This study investigated the effect of antioxidants on lipid stability of mackerel (Scomber japonicus) fish balls. Oat phenolic acid compounds (OPC) and ascorbate palmitoyl (AP) were used to prolong the shelf life of steamed mackerel fish balls. Fish balls were stored at 4°C for 21 days, and the total bacterial count, hardness, whiteness, water holding capacity (WHC), pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value were monitored regularly. The results indicated that OPC+AP composite as a biological preservative could significantly inhibit the increase of the total bacterial count. Meanwhile, OPC and AP could maintain better hardness, whiteness, and WHC of fish balls during refrigerated storage. Furthermore, OPC and AP slowed down the increase of TVB-N and TBARS values. The results showed that OPC+AP had a synergistic effect on the storage time and could prolong the shelf life within the storage time. Adding OPC and AP was a promising strategy to improve the quality and shelf life of fish balls. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The research provided a new application of OPC and AP for improving fish balls quality and shelf life during cold storage (4°C). OPC is a natural plant secondary metabolite from oat which exhibits excellent anti-oxidation. The research showed that OPC and AP combined with synergistic effect as biological preservatives can effectively inhibit the total bacterial count and reduce TBARS and TVB-N value of fish balls during the shelf life and maintain the hardness, which improved the quality and shelf life of fish balls.

The antibacterial mechanism of perilla rosmarinic acid.

Rosmarinic acid (RosA) is a phenolic acid compound extracted from perilla. In this experiment, the Oxford cup method was used to verify the antibacterial activity of PerillaRosA against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Bacillus subtilis. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the effect of RosA on bacterial nucleic acid and bacterial Na+ /K+ -ATP-ase activity, and scanning electron microscope to exploration of its antibacterial mechanism preliminarily. The results showed that RosA had antibacterial properties against all four bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of E. coli were 0.8 and 0.9mg/ml, respectively. The MIC and MBC of Salmonella were 0.9 and 1.0mg/ml, respectively. The MIC and MBC of S. aureus and B. subtilis were both 1.0 and 1.1mg/ml. RosA has the bacteriostasis function, which can destroy bacterial cells and cell proteins and inhibit the activity of Na+ /K+ -ATP-ase in cells.

Sinapic Acid Controls Inflammation by Suppressing NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation.

A natural phenolic acid compound, sinapic acid (SA), is a cinnamic acid derivative that contains 3,5-dimethoxyl and 4-hydroxyl substitutions in the phenyl ring of cinnamic acid. SA is present in various orally edible natural herbs and cereals and is reported to have antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and neuroprotective activities. Although the anti-inflammatory function of SA has been reported, the effect of SA on the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has not been explored. In the present study, to elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of SA, we examined whether SA modulates the NLRP3 inflammasome. We found that SA blocked caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) pyroptosome formation was consistently blocked by SA treatment. SA specifically inhibited NLRP3 activation but not the NLRC4 or AIM2 inflammasomes. In addition, SA had no significant effect on the priming phase of the NLRP3 inflammasome, such as pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 inflammasome expression levels. Moreover, we found that SA attenuated IL-1β secretion in LPS-induced systemic inflammation in mice and reduced lethality from endotoxic shock. Our findings suggest that the natural compound SA has potential therapeutic value for the suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated inflammatory diseases.

Salicylic acid in ginseng root alleviates skin hyperpigmentation disorders by inhibiting melanogenesis and melanosome transport

Abnormal melanogenesis and melanosome transport can cause skin pigmentation disorders that are often treated using ginseng-based formulation. We previously found that phenolic acid compounds in ginseng root could inhibit melanin production and as a skin-whitening agents. However, mechanisms of action underlying effects of ginseng phenolic acid monomers on melanogenesis remain unclear. This study was conducted to investigate effects of salicylic acid, a main ginseng root phenolic acid component, on melanogenesis and melanosome functions in melanocytes of zebrafish and other species. Salicylic acid exhibited no cytotoxicity and reduced melanin levels and tyrosinase activity in B16F10 murine melanoma cells and normal human epidermal melanocytes regardless of prior cell stimulation with α-melanocyte stimulating hormone. Additionally, salicylic acid treatment reduced expression of melanogenic enzymes tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 and tyrosinase-related protein 2, while reducing expression of their master transcriptional regulator, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Moreover, reduced phosphorylation of cAMP response-element binding protein was observed due to reduced cAMP levels resulting from salicylic acid inhibition of upstream signal regulators (adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A). Furthermore, salicylic acid treatment suppressed expression of transport complex-associated proteins melanophilin and myosin Va in two UVB-treated melanocytic cell lines, suppressed phagocytosis of fluorescent microspheres by UVB-stimulated human keratinocytes (HaCaT), inhibited protease-activated receptor 2 activation by reducing both Ca2+ release and activation of phosphoinositide 3 kinase/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinases and induced anti-melanogenic effects in zebrafish. Collectively, these results indicate that salicylic acid within ginseng root can inhibit melanocyte melanogenesis and melanin transport, while also suppressing keratinocyte phagocytic function.

THE POTENTIAL INHIBITION OF XANTHINE OXIDASE BY PHENOLIC AND FLAVONOIDS DATE (Phoenix dactylifera) WITH MOLECULAR DOCKING METHOD

Dates is fruit of palm trees that mostly grow in the Middle East. Dates contain phenolic acids and flavonoids that have antioxidants and potentially inhibit the ability of xanthine oxidase. The purpose of this research to determine the molecular interactions of xanthine oxidase by ligand of phenolic acids and flavonoids to inhibiting the production of uric acid. This research was conducted by site directed docking method. The size of the center of retardation used in this research is x = 26.569, y = 9.985, and z = 113.088 and the retardation volume of x = 14, y = 14, and z = 16. Inhibition by flavonoid and phenolic acid compounds has produces good inhibition strength shown by Gibbs free energy which is negative. The compound with the highest Gibbs free energy value is the anthocyanins compound which is -7.3 kCal / mol, the value is higher than the comparator ligand, allopurinol. Based on the bond analysis that is formed, the best compound in inhibiting xanthine oxidase is syringic acid.

Analyzing Bioactive Compounds in Essential Oil of Citrus maxima and Citrus sinensis Peel

Citrus peels are a rich source of nutrients, essential oil, and phenolic acid compounds. As they are produced in large amounts during fruit processing, these residues can be used as a potential nutraceutical resource instead of disposal as the wastes in the environment. Regarding the beneficial uses of citrus peels, essential oil composition taken from peels of Citrus maxima and Citrus sinensis cultivated in Iran were identified. 29 and 23 compounds were detected in essential oils of C. maxima and C. sinensis, respectively. The most represented compound in both plants was limonene, with 95.43 % for C. maxima and 76.9 % for C. sinensis. Other predominant compounds detected in C. sinensis peel volatile oil were linalool (9.4 %), myrcene (3.5 %), α- pinene (1.2 %), n-octanal (1.1 %), and α-terpineol (1.2 %).

Production of probiotic wort-based beverages with grapefruit (Citrus paradisi L.) or tangerine (Citrus reticulata L.) zest essential oil addition.

In recent years, increasing health awareness in consumers has motivated breweries to expand their beverage ranges with products with increased biological value. The aim of the present research was to develop probiotic wort-based beverages with grapefruit or tangerine zest essential oil addition. Wort was produced with 60% Pilsen malt, 20% Vienna malt and 20% Caramel Munich ІІ malt with and without the addition of 0.05% (v/v) grapefruit or tangerine essential oils. It was inoculated with the probiotic yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii Y1. Fermentations were carried out at a constant temperature of 10°C for 5 days. The dynamics of the extract, the alcohol content and the concentration of viable cells were monitored daily. The total phenolic content, phenolic acid and flavonoid phenolic compounds were determined because of their antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity was determined by radical scavenging assay (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). A descriptive organoleptic evaluation of the final beverages was performed. The essential oils inhibited yeast growth to some extent at the beginning of the fermentation, even at a concentration of 0.05% (v/v), which resulted in lower alcohol content in the beverages with essential oil addition. Nevertheless, at the end of fermentation the concentration of viable cells was almost equal in all the beverages. Tangerine essential oil addition led to the highest content of phenolics, of which phenolic acids predominated. Therefore, the highest antioxidant activity of the beverage with tangerine essential oil can be ascribed to phenolic acids. The results of the sensorial evaluation also showed that the panel had preference towards the beverage with tangerine essential oil. The combination of essential oil and the probiotic yeast strain resulted in beverages with higher biological value than the beverages produced with the probiotic strain alone. The results obtained will be used for optimisation of process variables in the production of pilot-scale wort-based probiotic beverages with essential oil addition.

Protective Effect of Chlorogenic Acid and Its Analogues on Lead-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity Through Modulating Oxidative Stress and Autophagy.

Lead (Pb) is among the deleterious heavy metal and has caused global health concerns due to its tendency to cause a detrimental effect on the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Despite being a serious health concern, treatment of Pb poisoning is not yet available, reflecting the pressing need for compounds that can relieve Pb-induced toxicity, especially neurotoxicity. In the quest of exploring protective strategies against Pb-induced developmental neurotoxicity, compounds from natural resources have gained increased attention. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) and its analogues neochlorogenic acid (NCGA) and cryptochlorogenic acid (CCGA) are the important phenolic compounds widely distributed in plants. Herein, utilizing zebrafish as a model organism, we modeled Pb-induced developmental neurotoxicity and investigated the protective effect of CGA, NCGA, and CCGA co-treatment. In zebrafish, Pb exposure (1,000 μg/L) for 5 days causes developmental malformation, loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, and brain vasculature, as well as disrupted neuron differentiation in the CNS. Additionally, Pb-treated zebrafish exhibited abnormal locomotion. Notably, co-treatment with CGA (100 µM), NCGA (100 µM), and CCGA (50 µM) alleviated these developmental malformation and neurotoxicity induced by Pb. Further underlying mechanism investigation revealed that these dietary phenolic acid compounds may ameliorate Pb-induced oxidative stress and autophagy in zebrafish, therefore protecting against Pb-induced developmental neurotoxicity. In general, our study indicates that CGA, NCGA, and CCGA could be promising agents for treating neurotoxicity induced by Pb, and CCGA shows the strongest detoxifying activity.

Sinapic Acid Reduces Oxidative Stress and Pyroptosis via Inhibition of BRD4 in Alcoholic Liver Disease.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the main causes of death in chronic liver disease. Oxidative stress and pyroptosis are important factors leading to ALD. Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is a factor that we have confirmed to regulate ALD. As a phenolic acid compound, sinapic acid (SA) has significant effects in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and liver protection. In this study, we explored whether SA regulates oxidative stress and pyroptosis through BRD4 to play a protective effect in ALD. Male C57BL/6 mice and AML-12 cells were used for experiments. We found that SA treatment largely abolished the up-regulation of BRD4 and key proteins of the canonical pyroptosis signalling in the liver of mice fed with alcohol, while conversely enhanced the antioxidant response. Consistantly, both SA pretreatment and BRD4 knockdown inhibited oxidative stress, pyroptosis, and liver cell damage in vitro. More importantly, the expression levels of BRD4 and pyroptosis indicators increased significantly in ALD patients. Molecule docking analysis revealed a potent binding of SA with BRD4. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that SA reduces ALD through BRD4, which is a valuable lead compound that prevents the ALD process.

Determination of bioactive properties of different edible mushrooms from Turkey

In this study, dry matter, total ash, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacities, antimicrobial activity, and phenolic acid contents of nine different mushrooms (Lactarius deliciosus, Agaricus bisporus, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Hericium erinaceus, Morchella spp., Boletus edulis, Cantharellus cibarius) from Turkey were determined. Water (W), methanol (M), and water–methanol mixture (W/M, 50:50 v/v) were used to extract phenolic substances from dried mushroom samples. Generally, W extracts showed higher values in total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity values. W extracts of B. edulis (17.11 mg/g), Morchella spp. (14.19 mg/g). Moreover, P. ostreatus (10.85 mg/g) had the highest phenolic contents (p < 0.05). The lowest antioxidant capacity values were found in W/M extracts of C. cibarius (20.22 μmol/g), and L. deliciosus (28.77 μmol/g) and M extract of P. ostreatus (31.61 μmol/g) mushrooms (p < 0.05). W and W/M extracts were more efficient in inhibiting Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus than M extracts. Besides, B. edulis and C. cibarius species were found to have the strongest antimicrobial activity. Besides, B. edulis and P. ostreatus have been found to contain the highest phenolic acid compounds (p < 0.05), supporting the high content of total phenolic contents and antioxidant properties. This study revealed that these mushrooms have the potential to be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Rapid identification of adulterated honey according to the targeted analysis of phenolic compounds using chemometrics

With honey adulteration, not only consumers and masses are defrauded, but also the normal market order is adversely upsetting due to the unfair competition. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an accurate and fast method for the identification of honey adulteration. A new chemometrics-assisted high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC–DAD) method was developed to rapidly and sensitively quantify seven phenolic compounds (i.e., gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, abscisic acid, and cinnamic acid) in honey and identify three types of adulteration in honey samples. This strategy has proven to be a useful tool for co-eluting and strong background interference problems in chromatographic analysis, and is able to quantify seven target analytes in complex samples within only 5.4 min. The average recoveries of seven target analytes in honey and adulterated honey samples ranged from 85.25 to 109.60%, with a low quantification limit and good sensitivity. In addition, the contents of major phenolic compounds were utilized as input variables for the identification of real honey and adulterated honey samples by principal component analysis (PCA). The experimental results showed that there was a close relationship between the content of phenolic acid compounds and the quality of honey, and therefore, the analysis in this paper would provide a powerful reference to fight with honey adulteration by combining chemometric technologies.