Phenolic Resin Research Articles

Impact of ply stacking sequence on the mechanical response of hybrid Jute-Banana fiber phenoplast composites

Natural fiber composites are increasingly gaining popularity as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic fibers. Incorporating a variety of fibers enhances mechanical properties. The arrangement of fibers plays a crucial role in determining the mechanical characteristics of laminate composites. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to investigate how the stacking order of jute (J) and banana (B) fibers affects the mechanical behaviour of composites made from phenolic resins. Four different fiber mat stacking sequences (J/B/B/J, B/J/J/B, J/B/J/B, and J/J/B/B) were used for developing the eco-fiber composites using the heat-press technique. Several mechanical parameters were assessed, including tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS). The experimental results indicated that the JBBJ composite exhibits superior tensile strength (46.65 MPa) and modulus (993 MPa) compared to the other composites due to the presence of high-strength jute fibers on the surface. Additionally, the flexural strength of the JBBJ composite (87.24 MPa) was found to be noteworthy. It was observed that the impact strength of jute fibers surpasses that of banana fibers. Consequently, the JBBJ composite demonstrates higher values for energy absorption (0.482 J) and impact strength (120 J m−1) compared to the other composites tested. Moreover, the JBBJ composite displays higher inter-laminar shear strength and hardness values compared to BJJB, JBJB, and JJBB by 30%, 35%, and 43%, respectively. Scanning electron microscope microphotographs reveal strong correlational fracture failure mechanisms, indicative of improved mechanical properties in the JBBJ composite. Based on the experimental results, it is evident that the JBBJ composite can be utilized in lightweight applications.

An Overview of Recycling Phenolic Resin.

Over a century ago, phenolic formaldehyde (PF) resin was developed and continues to increase in yield due to its diverse applications. However, PF resin is a thermosetting plastic lacking fluidity and moldability, which are nondegradable in natural environments, leading to severe threats to fossil resources as well as global environmental crises. As a result, recycling PF resin is extremely important. In this review, we provide the recent advances in the recycling of PF resin, which includes mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, and utilization of carbon-based materials. The advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are evaluated from a green chemistry perspective. This article aims to attract interest in PF resin design, synthesizing, application and recycling, offering useful suggestions.

Advancements in gas phase pollutant removal: A comprehensive study on the sorption of CO2 and SO2 on modified carbon monoliths

The synthesis of carbon monoliths using activated carbon treated with phenol-formaldehyde resin has been identified as a promising approach for the removal of pollutants from the gas phase. Monolithic adsorbents were synthesised and modified by adding silica, acid etching, and high temperature activation with CO2. Sorption capacities were determined by CO2 and SO2 adsorption tests. Preliminary findings indicated that the unmodified monoliths exhibited limited porosity. The activation process significantly altered the textural parameters, resulting in an increase in surface area and adsorption and desorption capacity. The modification yielded a monolith with a specific surface area of 598 m2/g and a pore volume of 438 mm3/g. The sorption capacity of the monoliths towards CO2 and SO2 was 1.64 mmol/g and 3.93 mmol/g, respectively. The modifications introduced developed the sorption capacity of the monoliths, enabling the regeneration process and its further use in subsequent measurement cycles.

No‐organic solvent, no‐fluorinated waterborne superhydrophobic coatings based on SiO2 and IBTS

AbstractWaterborne superhydrophobic coatings have attracted widespread attention. However, organic solvents, fluorine‐containing compounds, and complex operational technologies hinder superhydrophobic coatings development severely. Herein, A simple method of preparing water‐based superhydrophobic coatings by one‐step spraying without organic solvent and fluorine is reported. The particles of silicon dioxide (SiO2) was modified by isobutyltriethoxysilane (IBTS), then combined with waterborne acrylic polyurethane (WPUA) and phenolic resin (PF), baked at 110°C to fabricate superhydrophobic coatings. According to the contact Angle (CA), hardness, adhesion, and other parameters, the ratio of SiO2 and PF of the composite coatings was optimized. Results showed that the superhydrophobicity and physical properties of the coating are the most exceptional at the content of SiO2 is 0.6 g, and the PF is 25%. In addition, related experimental results show that the coatings have good water resistance and self‐cleaning ability, the special nano/micro structure of the coatings also endows it excellent abrasion resistance. Exceptional hydrophobicity and physical properties meeting the actual application conditions of superhydrophobic coatings. Therefore, the simple method for preparing superhydrophobic coatings has great application prospects.

Preparation and properties of phenolic foam modified with boric acid and organosiloxane by supercritical CO2 technology

AbstractIn this study, a silica boron modified phenolic resin foam (SiBPF) is prepared in a reactor under specific pressure and temperature and using supercritical CO2 (scCO2) as a physical foaming agent, to improve phenolic foam (PF) brittle and friable properties and avoid environmental pollution caused by conventional physical foaming. To determine the partially curing degree for foaming, the influence of partially curing time at partially curing degrees between 39.88% and 53.17% was studied. Further, through an orthogonal experimental method, the optimized foaming process parameters—partially curing time of 6 h, adsorption time of 9 h, foaming pressure of 1 MPa, and foaming temperature of 130°C—were determined. The SiBPF, thus prepared under the optimized conditions, exhibited a density of 0.2356 g/cm3, an average cell size of 86.66 μm, and a cell density of 7.10 × 106 cells/cm3. Its compressive strength was found to be 7.28 MPa, with a specific compressive strength of 30.90 MPa/g·cm−3. At 800°C, the carbon residue rate, thermal decomposition temperature T5%, and Tmax reached 77.61%, 355.21, and 702.70°C, respectively. The thermal conductivity of SiBPF was measured to be 0.0644 W/mK, with the rear temperature stabilizing at 60°C on a hot platform of 100°C.

Preparation and High-Temperature Resistance Properties of Phenolic Resin/Phosphate Hybrid Coatings.

In this study, a novel fabrication method was used to synthesize phenolic resin/phosphate hybrid coatings using aluminum dihydrogen phosphate (Al(H2PO4)3, hereafter denoted as Al), SC101 silica sol (Si) as the primary film-forming agent, and phenolic resin (PF) as the organic matrix. This approach culminated in the formation of Al+Si+PF organo-inorganic hybrid coatings. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results confirmed the successful integration of hybrid structures within these coatings. The crystalline structure of the coatings post-cured at various temperatures was elucidated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Additionally, the surface and cross-sectional morphologies were meticulously analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), offering insights into the microstructural properties of the coatings. The coatings' porosities under diverse thermal and temporal regimes were quantitatively evaluated using advanced image processing techniques, revealing a significant reduction in porosity to a minimum of 5.88% following a thermal oxidation process at 600 °C for 10 h. The antioxidant efficacy of the phosphate coatings was rigorously assessed through cyclic oxidation tests, which revealed their outstanding performance. Specifically, at 300 °C across 300 h of cyclic oxidation, the weight losses recorded for phosphate varnish and the phenolic resin-infused phosphate coatings were 0.15 mg·cm-2 and 0.09 mg·cm-2, respectively. Furthermore, at 600 °C and over an identical period, the weight reduction was noted as 0.21 mg·cm-2 for phosphate varnish and 0.085 mg·cm-2 for the hybrid coatings, thereby substantiating the superior antioxidation capabilities of the phenolic resin hybrid coatings in comparison to the pure phosphate varnish.

Hollow Fe3O4/Fe@C nanocubes for broadband microwave absorption spanning low- and high-frequency bands

Rationally constructing hollow structures with heterogeneous interface is usually an effective strategy to regulate the electromagnetic response behavior for lightweight and strong absorption, but achieving low-frequency and broadband absorption is a major challenge. This work adopts a novel Fe(II)/Fe(III) ions regulation strategy to design and synthesize hollow Fe(OH)X (x = 2, 3) nanocubes, which addresses the disadvantages of time-consuming or using etchant. Subsequently, a unique hollow Fe3O4/Fe@C nanoboxes with adjustable magnetic composition and uniformly coated shell have been successfully synthesized by in-situ carbonization with the assistance of phenolic resin and hydrogen thermal reduction. Notably, the different magnetic components induce the magnetic coupling assembly and play a crucial role in determining its electromagnetic parameters, whereas Fe3O4 contributes to more dipole polarization and stronger low-frequency response characteristics. For Fe3O4@C hollow nanoboxes, the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) is as low as –119.9 dB at 2.3 mm, and extremely wide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 11.4 GHz is achieved spanning low-frequency band of 2.8 ∼ 7.2 GHz and high-frequency band of 11.0 ∼ 18 GHz at 5.0 mm. Surprisingly, the Fe3O4@C also has satisfactory EAB20 (RL＜ –20 dB) reaching 7.1 GHz (14.9 ∼ 18 GHz) at a thin thickness of 1.8 mm. The RLmin of other hollow nanoboxes is also below –30 dB, and the EAB is greater than 9 GHz. This study provides a competitive candidate for efficient microwave absorption in complex frequency bands, especially low-frequency bands.

Ceramization of coordinated Zr4+ and Hf4+ in polysiloxane conferring silicone/phenolic hybrid resin with excellent thermal protection

Silicon/phenolic hybrid resins are one of the most commonly used materials for thermal protection. However, the weak ability of SiO2 generated by silicone during ablation to resist the impact of high-speed hot gas flow hinders further improvement of the performance. Therefore, in this work, the ultrahigh-temperature ceramic elements Zr4+ and Hf4+ were integrated into hyperbranched polysiloxanes in the form of coordination bond and then introduced into phenolic resin (PR), obtaining hybrid resin with excellent ablative resistance. During ablation, Zr4+ and Hf4+ will first undergo ceramization, producing ZrO2 and HfO2. Subsequently, they will undergo a solid solution sintering reaction to produce complex-phase ceramic particles (ZrxHf1-x)O2, which are embedded in the SiO2 liquid film and provide excellent pinning effect. This gives the hybrid resin excellent ablation resistance, whose linear ablation rate can be as low as 0.038 mm/s, a 58 % decrease compared to pure PR. This work not only provides a new pathway for ceramization through metal ion coordination bonding, but also provides a new way to prepare high-performance TPS materials.

Structural and thermal behavior of a novel phenolic resin and its composite with excellent ablative performance

The heat resistance of existing phenolic resins cannot meet the requirements of the increasingly harsh spaceflight environment. Boron and silicon have been added to phenolic resins to improve the char yields. However, achieving both a high initial decomposition temperature and an outstanding char yield remains challenging. This study presented a strategy to regulate the methylene types of boron-containing phenolic resin (TBPR) by trisilanolphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (TPOSS) and NaOH. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in nitrogen of cured TBPR displayed remarkable thermal stability with an initial decomposition temperature of 450.0 °C and a char yield of 75.8 %. The effect of TPOSS and NaOH on the TBPR structure were further investigated using nuclearmagneticresonance (NMR) analysis and densityfunctionaltheory(DFT) calculation. The results indicated that TPOSS could attract sodium phenate and formaldehyde through hydrogen bonds, and greatly reduced the energy barrier of the phenol–formaldehyde resin para-addition. The formation of more p-p’ type methylene structures of phenolic resin profoundly contributed to the outstanding initial decomposition temperatures and char yield. TBPR matrix transformed into a stronger protective char layer, forming an effective thermal protection barrier. As a result, the mechanical strength and ablative resistance of the fiber-reinforced CF/TBPR composites were enhanced by the excellent thermal stability of TBPR matrix.

Construction of Functional Phenolic Resin and Carbon Hollow Spheres by Manipulating Structural Inhomogeneity.

Hollow carbonaceous spheres are extraordinarily attractive for their unique structural features and wide applications in various fields. Herein, a facile and effective synthesis methodology based on the extended Stöber process for construction of phenolic resin hollow spheres has been presented. Combined with a series of characterization techniques, the synthesis process was systematically investigated, and a possible synthesis mechanism was proposed. It is revealed that the structural inhomogeneity of the polymer product achieved by using dodecylamine and alkane is responsible for the formation of hollow architecture, which depends on spontaneous selective dissolution during the synthesis process. Different metal-doped carbonaceous hollow spheres can be obtained by introducing corresponding precursors into the synthetic system and meeting requirements of different application fields. This work presented a novel synthesis strategy of hollow carbonaceous spheres, which is significant for building a new platform of advanced functional carbon-based composites.

Monoliths for gas storage manufactured with precision pore engineering using 3D-printed templates

A fast, customizable, and systematic route for producing activated carbon monoliths for gas storage with low interparticle porosity (9 % to 24 %) containing tailored macro channels is disclosed. The production uses a three-dimensional (3D)-printed polymeric lattice, rich in oxygen, as a sacrificial template. Its interstitial voids are filled with a phenolic resin that is carbonized and activated at 1173 K under carbon dioxide (CO2). Sequential pyrolysis occurs via thermal treatment with the 3D-printed lattice removed first, rendering macro channels with the same shape as the template in accurately placed positions. Resulting in adsorbents with interparticle porosities ranging from 10 % to 23 %, calculated from X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) images. The axial resolution of these macro channels was similar to the SLA printing layer thickness used of 100 µm. Making it the best resolution attained to date in fabricating monoliths via a 3D-printed sacrificial templating method. Breakthrough experiments indicated healthy macro channel connectivity due to the reduced mass transfer zone. Moreover, excellent mechanical integrity was displayed, with a monolith withstanding 900 N before excessive fracturing occurred despite the presence of macro channels. Therefore, this method emphasizes its use for gas storage applications by enabling the adsorbent material to efficiently utilize the volumetric space while allowing a fast rate of adsorption over the entire structure.

Green preparation of versatile silver-based nanocomposites using whole biomass-based Tannin-Furfural as raw materials

Phenolic resin (PR) nanomaterials, which serve as excellent carriers for precious metals, are typically synthesized via the cross-linked reaction of phenol and formaldehyde, and both are toxic. Therefore, replacing them with whole biomass-based materials is an attractive alternative; however, it has proven to be a significant challenge. In this study, we successfully prepared versatile Ag-based resin nanocomposites (referred to as TFR@Ag) by utilizing whole biomass-based tannin and furfural as raw feedstock. The resulting TFR nanospheres exhibited high stability and uniformity, with tunable sizes ranging from 280 to 1430 nm by adjusting the amount of ammonia used in the synthesis process. Importantly, compared to traditional PR nanospheres, the novel and environmentally friendly TFR nanospheres possess abundant phenolic-OH groups that significantly enhance their adsorption, reduction and chelation capacity for Ag+. The highest loading amount of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) achieved was up to 60.3 wt% with a size of only 10.6 nm. The as-obtained TFR@Ag nanocomposites demonstrated excellent catalytic activity in treating typical hazardous dye-containing wastewater. As catalyst, the 0.4 mg TFR@Ag were capable of achieving full reduction of 2 mL 40 mg·mL−1 methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) in just one minute, exhibiting reaction rate constants of 1.71 min−1 and 2.40 min−1, respectively. Moreover, as antibacterial agents, the TFR@Ag nanocomposite effectively inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with a bacterial inhibition rate close to 100 %. This work presents a new strategy for green synthesis of multi-functional Ag-based nanocomposites that hold great potential in various fields such as catalysis, nanomaterials science and biomedicine.

Strategic moderation of thermal stability and curing time of lignin-based phenolic resin by incorporating nanoparticles

In order to solve the problem of poor thermal stability of lignin-based phenolic resin (LPF), nanoparticles such as nano-SiO2, nano-Al2O3 and nano-TiO2 were used as modifiers to modify LPF. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that nano-SiO2, nano-Al2O3 and nano-TiO2 can be chemically cross-linked with LPF to form Si-O-Si, Al-O and Ti-O, respectively. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) results showed that after modifying by nano-SiO2 (SLPF), nano-Al2O3 (ALPF) and nano-TiO2 (TLPF), the small copolymers were significantly reduced and the surface become flat and smooth. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that at 800 °C, the thermal stability of SLPF, ALPF and TLPF increased by 4.28, 5.38 and 4.74%, respectively, compared with LPF, the reason was that the introduction of nanoparticles required more energy to be absorbed during thermal degradation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the curing temperature of the modified LPF remained basically unchanged, and the curing time was reduced.

Phosphorylated porous phenolic resin for efficient extraction of low-concentration rare earth elements from tailing wastewater

Efficient extraction and recycling of rare earth elements (REEs) from low-concentration complex tailing wastewater is critical to meeting the growing industrial demands and optimizing resource utilization. In this work, three phosphorylated porous phenolic resins (PO-PPRs) were prepared via the phosphorylation of phenolic hydroxyl groups with POCl3, and employed to extract REE3+ from both simulated and practical low-concentration REE3+-containing aqueous solution. The PO-PPRs, characterized by hierarchical pore structures, exhibit high adsorption capacities for both light and heavy REE3+ ions over a broad pH working range from 3.0 to 7.0, along with fast adsorption kinetics (<30 min). And the maximum adsorption capacities of PO-PPRs for Nd3+, Dy3+ and Y3+ were found to be 104.1, 118.0 and 63.9 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the introduction of phosphonic groups significantly improves the REE3+ adsorption selectivity against various interfering metal ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Al3+. For instance, the Nd3+/Al3+ separation factor (S.F.) of 24 exceeded that of most commercial resins and reported materials. In a simulated mixed multi-element aqueous solution system containing Nd3+, Dy3+, Y3+, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, K+ and Na+, PO-PPR-1 extracted 82.5% of total REE3+ while maintaining Al3+ adsorption efficiency of less than 13%. Moreover, the extraction efficiency of total REE3+ for PO-PPR-1 in pretreated practical wastewater from ion-adsorbed ores tailing reached 99.6%. Additionally, PO-PPRs demonstrated easy regeneration and excellent recycling performance after 5 consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles, confirming their promising application potential in low-concentration REEs extraction.

Modulation of impedance matching of hollow cubic carbon with semi-closed structure for effective microwave absorption

In this paper, a certain degree of semi-closed structure was successfully introduced in hollow cubic carbons (HCCs) by selective dissolution of phenolic resin (PR)/NaCl precursor by acetone. The impedance matching of the HCCs absorber was improved, which in turn lead to the enhancement of the electromagnetic wave absorption capacity. By controlling the selective dissolution time of acetone, HCCs with different degrees of integrity were formed, and the degree and mechanism of the influence of the semi-closed structure of HCCs on the wave absorbing properties were investigated by analyzing the microstructure and physical phase composition of HCCs. From the scanning electron microscope photographs, it can be seen that with the increase of the acetone treatment time of HCCs, the samples gradually appeared a certain degree of semi-closed structure. With the extension of the acetone treatment time to 60 min, the structure of the HCCs was seriously damaged, at which time the impedance matching of the wave-absorbing materials was seriously deteriorated, and the electromagnetic wave absorption performance was also decreased. Among them, the electromagnetic wave absorption performance of HCCs30min is the most outstanding, specifically, when the loading rate is 10 wt%, the maximum absorption peak value of HCCs30min with a thickness of 2.7 mm reaches −41.1 dB, and the corresponding absorption bandwidth is 3.8 GHz (8.9 GHz–12.7 GHz). The experiment confirms that the existence of the degree of structural integrity can affect the impedance matching and wave absorption performance of HCCs.

Performance of novolac resin‐ and resole resin‐based carbon/carbon composites in relation to their fabrication conditions

AbstractThe demands of cost‐driven industrial applications can be satisfied by manufacturing composites with a low volume fraction of carbon fibres as phenolic carbon fibre‐reinforced composites and C/C composites, both with acceptable performances, for low‐ or high‐temperature applications, respectively. Polymeric composites reinforced with a low volume fraction (7.5% v/v) of carbon fibres were fabricated using laboratory‐produced phenolic resins, novolac (N) and resole (R), as matrices after different curing/post‐curing temperature profiles. By optimising the manufacturing conditions, the N‐based polymeric composites exhibited higher flexural strength, whereas the R‐based composites showed higher shear strength. C/C composites, namely N‐based and R‐based, were manufactured by pyrolysis of the previously prepared polymeric composites up to 1000 °C. The pyrolysed composites were then densified by impregnation with an appropriate resin solution, followed by curing and new pyrolysis, and particularly by employing 1 up to 4 consecutive cycles of ‘impregnation–curing/pyrolysis’. Weight changes resulting from the impregnation–curing and pyrolysis stages were determined. The curing of both resins was verified by Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis. The apparent density and X‐ray diffraction data of the C/C composites were used to calculate their total percent porosities. The morphology and elemental composition of the C/C composites at their failure region (after flexural testing) were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy‐Dispersive X‐ray Analyses. In comparison to the N‐based C/C composites, the R‐based ones exhibited: higher shear strength, lower flexural strength, higher Shore D hardness, slightly higher surface conductivity and lower volume conductivity. The optimum conditions for the manufacture of C/C composites were achieved by applying two consecutive cycles of ‘pyrolysis–impregnation–pyrolysis’ to the polymeric composites. © 2024 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry.

In-situ copper-loaded hollow porous carbon nanospheres derived from phenolic resin for thermal energy storage

Hollow porous carbon nanospheres (HPCS) are ideal scaffolds for phase change materials in thermal energy storage. However, their synthesis traditionally relies on template-based routes, involving tedious procedures and high costs. This study presents a facile method for preparing HPCS through one-step carbonization of phenolic resin using CuCl2 as the activation agent. This mild activation agent not only helps create a rich porous structure, but also maintains the hollow spherical architecture of the polymer precursor. More importantly, copper ions are reduced to copper nanoparticles during the carbonization process and are in-situ loaded into porous carbon, enhancing the thermal conductivity of the scaffold. After incorporating paraffin, the resulting composite exhibits a high phase change enthalpy of 104.4 J g−1, improved thermal conductivity of 0.95 W m−1 K−1, and excellent thermal cycling stability (100.5 J g−1 after 50 heating-cooling cycles), indicating significant potential for thermal energy storage and management.

Effect of Hot-Pressing Temperature on the Properties of Eco-Friendly Fiberboard Panels Bonded with Hydrolysis Lignin and Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin.

Lignin is the natural binder in wood and lignocellulosic plants and is regarded as the main natural and renewable source of phenolic compounds. Its incorporation in the composition of fiberboards will enhance both the environmental performance of the panels and the complex use of natural resources. In recent years, the increased valorization of hydrolysis lignin in value-added applications, including adhesives for bonding fiberboard panels, has gained significant research interest. Markedly, a major drawback is the retention of lignin in the pulp until the hot-pressing process. This problem could be overcome by using a small content of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin in the adhesive mixture as an auxiliary binder. The aim of this research work was to investigate and evaluate the effect of the hot-pressing temperature, varied from 150 °C to 200 °C, in a modified hot-press cycle on the main physical and mechanical properties of fiberboard panels bonded with unmodified technical hydrolysis lignin (THL) as the main binder and PF resin as an auxiliary one. It was found that panels with very good mechanical properties can be fabricated even at a hot-pressing temperature of 160 °C, while to provide the panels with satisfactory waterproof properties, it is necessary to have a hot-pressing temperature of at least 190 °C.

By the force of decay: A green strategy to fabricate white rot fungal degraded wood for sustainable oil/water separation

Two species of white rot fungi, Coriolus versicolor（Cv）and Fomes fomentarius (Ff), were successfully applied to selectively degrade lignin of balsa wood, which caused weight loss of 15.66% and 9.66% respectively. Subsequently, the remained wood template was impregnated with 1 wt% cuprous oxide modified phenol formaldehyde resin and 4.8 wt% Stearic acid (STA, C17H35COOH), which was endowed with superhydrophobicity, high oil absorption capacity and filtration efficiency up to 8.97 g/g and 95% respectively. It was first time discovered that the absorption capacity of as prepared wood was not decreased but improved with the increase of the recycle times. Characterized by absorption efficiency of chloroform increased from the initial 5.69–8.97 g/g after 84 times repeat oil absorption process. While, the filtration efficiency for chloroform remains above 95% even after 84 cycles. Furthermore, the as modified balsa wood performed desirable photocatalytic degradation efficiency toward methylene blue (MB) more than 95% even after 84 cycles, this multifunctional aspect enhances the material's applicability for various environmental remediation purposes. This work proposed a novel, green and facile strategy to fabricate sustainable oil/water separation material, which has potential to be applied to oil/water separation industry.

Phenolic resin derivatized TiO2-walnut shell carbon hybrid materials for solar photocatalytic phenol removal

Phenolic resin derivatized TiO2-walnut shell carbon hybrid materials for solar photocatalytic phenol removal