Oil Phenols Research Articles

Long-term Dynamics of Chemical Pollution of Coastal Waters in the Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka

The results of the comparative analysis of data of annual observations conducted in the framework of the program for the state monitoring of hydrochemical conditions and pollution of coastal sea waters in the Primorsky krai, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka are presented. Among the numerous pollutants coming to the marine environment, the priority ingredients for these water areas were selected. They characterize the marine environmental conditions in terms of the frequency of high concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) and in terms of toxicity: oil hydrocarbons, phenols, synthetic surfactants, and heavy metals. Specific features of interannual dynamics of average annual and maximum concentrations of pollutants for the certain periods are considered as well as the main trends in the composition and quality of water resulting from the anthropogenic impact in 1975–2015.

Characterization of Spanish powdered seaweeds: Composition, antioxidant capacity and technological properties

This work aimed to characterise four seaweed species: nori (Phorphyra), kombu (Laminaria), wakame (Undaria) and sea spaghetti (Himanthalia elongata). Their nutritional composition, total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant capacity, oil and water holding capacity (OHC and WHC), and swelling capacity (SC) were determined. Wakame and nori exhibited the highest proteins contents, rich in essential amino acids and in those related to umami flavour. All the samples had a low lipid content and high ash content values. High fibre levels were observed, especially in kombu. The TPC content and antioxidant capacity of sea spaghetti was significantly higher than in the other samples. The OHC, WHC and SC of the seaweeds demonstrated their potential influence on texture of food products. The incorporation of these seaweeds into different foodstuffs could entail an improvement of the nutritional quality and texture properties, and could also reduce the use of Na and synthetic additives.

Lignin-First Approach to Biorefining: Utilizing Fenton’s Reagent and Supercritical Ethanol for the Production of Phenolics and Sugars

Selective lignin depolymerization (SLD) has emerged as a value-added method of pretreatment for lignocellulosic biorefining, in which lignin is depolymerized into valuable phenolic monomers prior to utilization of the hemicellulose and cellulose. Herein, we report a biomimetic Fenton catalyzed SLD process, converting sweet sorghum bagasse into an organic oil that is rich in phenolic monomers and a solid carbohydrate that is favorable for enzymatic hydrolysis into sugars. Initially, the feedstock’s molecular structure was modified through iron chelation and free radical oxidation via Fenton’s reagent (Fe3+, H2O2). The lignin component of the modified feedstock was then selectively depolymerized in supercritical ethanol (250 °C, 6.5 MPa) under nitrogen to produce a phenolic oil, with a maximum yield of 75.8 wt %. Six valuable phenolic monomers were detected in this oil, with a maximum cumulative yield of 19.1 wt %. The solid carbohydrate obtained after the SLD process was enzymatically hydrolyzed to liberate 62.7 and 79.9 wt % of the initial 5- and 6-carbon polysaccharides within 24 h, respectively, indicating the majority of the hemicellulose and cellulose were preserved during the SLD process. Fenton modification not only increased the yields of phenolic monomers, particularly ethyl-p-coumarate and ethyl-ferulate, but also enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis.

Freeze drying process optimization of ginger juice-adjuvant for Chinese materia medica processing and stability of freeze-dried ginger juice powder

Ginger juice， a commonly used adjuvant for Chinese materia medica， is applied in processing of multiple Chinese herbal decoction pieces. Because of the raw materials and preparation process of ginger juice， it is difficult to be preserved for a long time， and the dosage of ginger juice in the processing can not be determined base on its content of main compositions. Ginger juice from different sources is hard to achieve consistent effect during the processing of traditional Chinese herbal decoction pieces. Based on the previous studies， the freeze drying of ginger juice under different shelf temperatures and vacuum degrees were studied， and the optimized freeze drying condition of ginger juice was determined. The content determination method for 6-gingerol， 8-gingerol， 10-gingerol and 6-shagaol in ginger juice and redissolved ginger juice was established. The content changes of 6-gingerol， 8-gingerol， 10-gingerol， 6-gingerol， 6-shagaol， volatile oil and total phenol were studied through the drying process and 30 days preservation period. The results showed that the freeze drying time of ginger juice was shortened after process optimization; the compositions basically remained unchanged after freeze drying， and there was no significant changes in the total phenol content and gingerol content， but the volatile oil content was significantly decreased(P<0.05). Within 30 days， the contents of gingerol， total phenol， and volatile oil were on the decline as a whole. This study has preliminarily proved the feasibility of freeze-drying process of ginger juice as an adjuvant for Chinese medicine processing.

Chemical profile and biological activities of the aerial parts of Senecio acaulis (L.f.) Sch.Bip

Background: Genus Senecio is known by its phenolic constituents, terpenoids, essential oil (EO), and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. No previous reports could be traced about the phytochemical study of Senecio acaulis. Objectives: To investigate the chemical composition and biological potentiality of EO of S. acaulis aerial parts and to study the phytoconstituents of the plant extract and its spasmolytic activity. Materials and Methods: The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation and its chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. In-vitro screen of antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antileishmanial activities was determined against positive controls. Column chromatography was used to isolate the phytoconstituents from chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions; their structures were elucidated using physical and spectral methods. Spasmolytic activity was measured before and after K+-induced contractions on isolated rabbit jejunum. DNA-fingerprint was established by RAPD-PCR technique using 12 primers. Results: The study of EO revealed the detection of 22 compounds representing 81.08% of the oil composition. The major constituents were D-limonene (13.32%), β-pinene (11.54%), and sabinene (10.79%). Eight compounds were isolated from the plant extract and identified as β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, lupeol, oleanolic acid, β-amyrin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin. The oil exhibited moderate antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The oil showed a significant antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Cryptococcus neoformans and weak antileishmanial activity. In isolated rabbit jejunum, the ethanol extract produced a relaxation of spontaneous and moderate effect against high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions. Amplification of DNA yielded 87 RAPD fragments. Conclusion: Senecio acaulis (L.f.) Sch.Bip essential oil can be used as antimicrobial agent against Staphylococcus aureus and Cryptococcus neoformans. In addition, the spasmolytic activity of its ethanolic extract suggests its incorporation in antidiarrheal preparations. Further clinical trials are required to evaluate these effects on humans. Identification of twenty two compounds in its essential oil, isolation of eight compounds for the first time as well as authentication of the plant via DNA finger print may play an important role in its chemotaxonomic classification. Abbreviations Used: EO: Essential oil, GC: Gas Chromatography, GC-MS: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry, ETOAc: Ethyl acetate, SEM: Standard error mean, RRI: Relative retention indices, SI: Selectivity Index, D6: chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium falciparum, W2: chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum. SI: selectivity index, IC50, IC90: concentration that affords 50 and 90% inhibition, respectively, 1H-NMR: Proton Nuclear magnetic resonance, 13C-NMR: Carbon-13 Nuclear magnetic resonance.

Coumarin, essential oil and total phenol levels in bark and leaves of Cinnamomum species

Coumarin, essential oil and total phenol levels in bark and leaves of Cinnamomum species

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction from basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum L.) by DPPH radical scavenging method

Basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum L.) contains various compounds such as flavonoid, alkaloid, phenol and essential oil, so it needs to be fractionated to find out the flavonoid compound with the greatest potential as an antioxidant. This research was aimed to know the chemical compound, antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction from basil leaf. The basil leaf was extracted by maceration using ethanol 70 %. The crude extract was fractionated with ethyl acetate. The ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction were screened of phytochemical content including identification of flavonoids, alkaloids and polyphenolics. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction were tested qualitatively with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and phosphomolybdate. Its antioxidant activity was determined quantitatively using DPPH radical scavenging method. Phytochemical screening test showed that ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction from basil leaf contain flavonoids, polyphenolics, and alkaloids. The qualitative analysis of antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction from basil leaf showed an antioxidant activity. The IC50 value of ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and quercetin were 1,374.00±6.20; 389.00±1.00; 2.10±0.01μg/mL, respectively. The research showed that antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate fraction more potential than the ethanol extract of the basil leaf, but less than quercetin.

Gontscharovia popovii, a new source of carvacrol, its polyphenolic constituents, essential oil analysis, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity

The experiment was carried out using the shadow-dried aerial parts including leaves and shoots of Gontscharovia popovii collected in Fars province in order to investigate the polyphenolic compositions, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and essential oil constituents. The result showed IC50 of 395.77 μg mL−1 and total phenolic content of about 20.01 mg g−1 gallic acid equivalent dry weight. It also showed a wild range of polyphenols such as; Gallic acid, catechin, chloregenic acid, rutin, vanillin, trans-Ferulic acid, sinapic acid, coumarin, hesperedin, quercetin, hesperetin, eugenol and carvacrol as the main detected polyphenols. Some major compounds were also detected through essential oil analysis, such as; 76.7% carvacrol, 4.25% γ-Terpinene, 3.8% p-Cymene and 2.4% (E)-Caryophyllene. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of chemical compounds of G. popovii was performed using HPLC, GC, GC/MS and microplate reader.

Proteinaceous microspheres as a delivery system for carvacrol and thymol in antibacterial applications

There is an urgent need for new materials with antimicrobial activity. Phenolic essential oil (EO) compounds with Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status are attractive candidates, but they need suitable delivery systems to overcome specific drawbacks. Core-shell microspheres (MSs) of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) or Human Serum Albumin (HSA) encapsulating such active compounds in the oil phase are a delivery system that is novel in combination with phenolic EO compounds. Moreover, the EO compounds can also be assembled in an oil shell around a protein core by choosing an appropriate oil phase. A facile sonochemical fabrication method, which can be easily scaled-up, is developed with full characterization of the resulting EO-containing MSs by optical and electron microscopy. Bacterial growth experiments with E. coli including TEM of treated cells confirm antibacterial activity. In the case of carvacrol, the corresponding MSs are found to be both more bioactive and more stable than the free biocide.

Gas assisted mechanical expression (GAME) for the selective recovery of lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds from olive kernel

This work is devoted to valorize olive kernel; a by-product produced during olive oil extraction process. For this purpose, aqueous liquid solid extraction (LSE), mechanical expression (ME), supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) and gas assisted mechanical expression (GAME), processes were compared when applied separately or consequently (ME + GAME), in terms of total phenolic compound (TPC) and oil recovery yields. Results showed that although the high extraction yields of TPC using LSE (61.4 ± 1.3%), the extraction process is economically not viable. However, it was demonstrated that applying ME (1 h at 30 MPa) followed by GAME (1 h at 30 MPa ME and 10 MPa SC-CO2 pressures) allowed recovering extracts enriched with TPC (≈50% yield) and oil (≈80% yield), respectively. Recovered phenolic compounds and oil were then identified using liquid and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry, showing no degradation and high oil quality compared to commercial virgin oil.

Effects of coal pretreatment on the products of co-pyrolysis of caking bituminous coal and corn stalks mixed in equal proportion

Aim at the problems that the higher heavy tar yield of caking bituminous coal (CBC) pyrolysis and the synergistic effect of its co-pyrolysis with biomass. The changes of gas evolution during the pretreatment process of CBC with oxygen in the atmosphere, and the strengthening effects of the co-pyrolysis of pre-treated coal sample and corn stalk mixed in equal proportion on the pyrolysis products under different carrier gases were studied in this paper. With the increase of the pretreatment temperature, more gas products were obtained than superheated steam from the pretreatment in nitrogen, while yield of gases such as CO2 and CO were much higher with oxygen in the atmosphere and the yield of CO2 increased most. The effects of pretreatment on the destruction of the caking property enhanced as the pretreatment temperature increased with oxygen in the atmosphere, which was beneficial to coal sample pyrolysis reaction, resulting in a 7.01% lower pyrolysis char yield than raw coal char. The equal proportion co-pyrolysis had a synergistic promoting effect on the formation of H2, CO2 and CH4. Compared with other carrier gases, light tar content increased significantly in the mixed carrier gas of CH4+CO2, while the improvement in tar quality should be attributed to the fact that content of phenol oil and anthracene oil increased and the content of asphaltene decreased obviously.

A model biorefinery for avocado (Persea americana mill.) processing

This research investigated and evaluated a biorefinery for processing avocado Hass variety into microencapsulated phenolic compounds extract, ethanol, oil and xylitol. Avocado was first characterized for its potential valuable compounds; then, the techno-economic and environmental aspects of the biorefinery were developed and finally the total production costs and potential environmental impact of the proposed biorefinery were investigated. Four scenarios of the biorefinery were evaluated with different extent of mass and energy integration as well as the incorporation of a cogeneration system. Results indicated that the main fatty acid in the pulp of the investigated avocado variety was oleic acid (50.96%) and that this fruit contained significant amount of holocellulose (52.88% and 54.36% in the peel and seed, respectively). Techno-economic and environmental assessment suggested an attractive opportunity for a biorefinery for complete utilization of the avocado fruit as well the importance of the level of integration.

Improving oxidative stability of echium oil emulsions fabricated by Microfluidics: Effect of ionic gelation and phenolic compounds

Echium oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which are important because of their benefits to human health; it is, however, unstable. The objective of this work was the coencapsulation of echium oil and quercetin or sinapic acid by microfluidic and ionic gelation techniques. The treatments were analyzed utilizing optical and scanning electron microscopy, encapsulation yield, particle size, thermogravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, stability under stress conditions, and oil oxidative/phenolic compound stability for 30days at 40°C. High encapsulation yield values were obtained (91–97% and 77–90% for the phenolic compounds and oil) and the encapsulated oil was almost seven times more stable than the non-encapsulated oil (0.34 vs 2.42mgMDA/kg oil for encapsulated and non-encapsulated oil, respectively). Encapsulation was shown to promote oxidative stability, allowing new vehicles for the application of these compounds in food without the use of solvents and high temperature.

The culture or co-culture of Candida rugosa and Yarrowia lipolytica strain rM-4A, or incubation with their crude extracellular lipase and laccase preparations, for the biodegradation of palm oil mill wastewater

Wastewater generated by the palm oil industry contains a high concentration of oil, grease and phenolic compounds, which makes it difficult to treat. The aim of this research was to evaluate the ability of free Candida rugosa and Yarrowia lipolytica rM-4A yeast cell cultures, as a single yeast strain and as a co-culture, as well as their crude extracellular enzyme preparations, to reduce the total phenolic compounds, triglycerides and chemical oxygen demand (COD) level in palm oil mill effluent (POME) that contains high amounts total phenolic compounds (9783 mg L−1) and oil and grease (7762 mg L−1). Culture with Y. lipolytica rM-4A effectively reduced the total phenolic content in undiluted POME, resulting in removal of 36% of the total phenolic content after 96 h. The highest removal of triglyceride (98.5%) and COD (60.3%) were observed in undiluted POME treated by the co-culture of C. rugosa and Y. lipolytica for 120 h. Triglyceride was removed rapidly by the extracellular lipase produced by C. rugosa, reaching 93% degradation after 48 h. This research revealed the excellent potential of both crude extracellular enzyme preparations and the co-culture of the two yeasts in the pretreatment of high fat and oil containing POME.

Lignin depolymerization for phenolic monomers production by sustainable processes

Biomass wastes (almond shell and olive tree pruning) were used in this work as raw materials for the extraction of high purity lignin by different delignification methods. A pretreatment stage was carried out to remove the major hemicelluloses content in the solid feedstocks. Afterward, two sulfur-free pulping processes (soda and organosolv) were applied to extract the largest fraction of lignin. The extracted lignin contained in the liquors was isolated using selective precipitation methods to design a tailor-made technique for obtaining high-purity lignin (in all cases more 90% of purity was reached). Soda process allowed the extraction of more lignin (around 40%–47%) than organosolv process (lower than 20%) regardless of the lignocellulosic source employed.Once the different lignin samples were isolated and characterized, they were depolymerized for the obtaining of small phenolic compounds. Three main streams were produced after the reaction: phenolic enriched oil, residual lignin and coke. After the purification of these fractions, their quantifications and characterization were conducted.The most abundant product of the reaction was residual lignin generated by the undesirable repolymerization of the initial lignin with yields around 30%–45%. The yield of the stream enriched in phenolic oil was higher than 20%. Coke, the lowest added-value product, presented a yield lower than 12% in all the cases. Lignin from organosolv presented higher phenolic oil yields, mainly due to their lower molecular size. This parameter was, thus, considered a key factor to obtain higher yields.

Coumarin, essential oil and total phenol levels in bark and leaves of Cinnamomum species

Coumarin, essential oil and total phenol levels in bark and leaves of Cinnamomum species

Evaluation of Basic and Major Items in the Treating of Wastewater; Experimental Investigation

The experiments were conducted to measure the important parameters in quality of treatment by addition of four different amounts of nano two metal oxides 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 gr. The value of zeta potential and oil and grease is investigated. The results show the better performance of nano ferric oxide in coagulation and flocculation by lower amount of zeta potential, ammonia, phenol and sulfide and oil, grease elimination than aluminum oxide. However the value of slug volume index in treated wastewater by nano ferric oxide is higher than that is obtained with nano aluminum oxide. The obtained results show the higher values of zeta potential in about 1%, 3%, 11% and 5% using aluminum oxide than those are obtained using nano ferric oxide show the better coagulation and flocculation in using nano ferric oxide nano coagulant.

The Parametric survey on the nano particles performance for treating of industrial wastewater

The techniques of wastewater treatment have been considered, recently. The performance of usage of nano ferric oxide and aluminum oxide as coagulant is evaluated in this work, experimentally. The experiments were conducted to measure the important parameters in quality of treatment by addition of four different amounts of nano two metal oxides 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 gr. The value of pH, color, color/color0, zeta potential, slug volume index, total dissolved solids conductivity, turbidity, ammonia, sulfide, heavy metals, phenol, oil and grease is investigated. The results show the better performance of nano ferric oxide in coagulation and flocculation by lower amount of zeta potential, ammonia, phenol and sulfide and oil, grease elimination than aluminum oxide. However the value of slug volume index in treated wastewater by nano ferric oxide is higher than that is obtained with nano aluminum oxide

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Early Harvest Effects on Hydrophilic Phenolic Components of Extra Virgin Olive Oils Cvs. 'Ayvalık,' 'Memecik,' and 'Topakaşı'.

The study was conducted to determine the effects of cultivar, harvest period, and their interaction on the hydrophilic phenolic components extra virgin olive oils of the cultivars 'Ayvalık,' 'Memecik,' and 'Topakaşı.' Olives were collected at three different harvesting periods: (1) early harvest period-1 (Beginning of spotting), (2) early harvest period-2 (End of spotting), and (3) optimum harvest period. Oils were extracted using the Abencor system. HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatograph) technique was used to quantify the phenolic compounds including tyrosol (p-HPEA), hydroxytyrosol (3,4-DHPEA), luteolin, rutin, quercetin, catechin, sinapinic acid, p-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, vanillin, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid. The results indicated that the effects of harvest period on the phenolic components were variety dependent. At the early harvest period-1, 'Memecik' and 'Topakaşı' had the highest efficiency in luteolin, cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, and ferulic acid contents, while 'Ayvalık' had the highest efficiency in hydroxytyrosol, sinapinic acid, p-coumaric, vanillin, and ferulic acid contents. At the optimum harvest period, 'Ayvalık' had the highest efficiency in luteolin, tyrosol, and gallic acid contents, while 'Topakaşı' had the highest efficiency in tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, and rutin content. The highest phenolic content was detected in the early harvest period-1. The content of tyrosol linearly increased with the progress of maturity harvest period, whereas the contents of the sinapinic acid, vanillin, vanillic acid, and ferulic acid decreased. The oils of 'Memecik' variety had significantly higher phenolic content than those of 'Ayvalık' and 'Topakaşı' varieties.

UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS and GC-MS Analyses on Phenolic, Fatty Acid and Essential Oil of Verbascum pinetorum with Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase, Antimicrobial and DNA Damage Protection Effects.

This paper is the first phytochemical and ABTS cation radical decolorisation activity, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, anticholinesterase and DNA damage protection effect of endemic Verbascum pinetorum (Boiss.) O. Kuntze. Phenolic profile of V. pinetorum were qualified and quantified by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Malic acid (47250.61±2504.28 µg/g) and luteolin (7651.96±527.98 µg/g) were found as most abundant compounds for metanol and acetone extracts, respectively. Fatty acid and essential oil compositions were determined by GC-MS analysis. The main components of fatty acid were found to be palmitic (27.1%) and stearic (22.1%) acids. The main compounds of the essential oil were cineole (16.9%) and α-selinene (16.4%). The acetone extract was found to be more active than BHT used as a standard in β-carotene-linoleic acid test system. In DPPH free radical scavenging activity, the acetone and methanol extracts showed higher activity than BHT at all tested concentrations. The acetone, methanol and water extracts showed strong inhibition while the acetone extract showed better activity than BHT and α-tocopherol which were used as standards in ABTS cation radical scavenging and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assays, respectively. All extracts were found to be inactive in antialzheimer activity. The acetone extract exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against C. albicans. The methanol extract of V. pinetorum were found no significant effect on DNA cleavage protection.