Oil Phenols Research Articles

R2168 Anti-giardial activity of phenolic essential oils

R2168 Anti-giardial activity of phenolic essential oils

Skleroterapia guzków krwawniczych odbytu - prospektywne randomizowane badanie polidocanolu i fenolu w oleju

Skleroterapia guzków krwawniczych odbytu - prospektywne randomizowane badanie polidocanolu i fenolu w oleju

Catalytic wet peroxide photo-oxidation of phenolic olive oil mill wastewater contaminants: Part I. Reactivity of tyrosol over (Al–Fe)PILC

The catalytic photo-oxidation of tyrosol, a representative compound of the polyphenolic fraction typically found in olive processing wastewaters, has been investigated using Al–Fe pillared clay. The montmorillonite was pillared by mixed Al–Fe complexes, its properties being determined by DRX, BET surface area and chemical analysis techniques. The tests were performed on a laboratory scale set-up.Important factors affecting catalyst activity and tyrosol removal efficiencies were studied, mainly, the concentrations of the catalyst, tyrosol pollutant and H2O2 oxidant. The effect of pH and temperature was also investigated. A pseudo-first-order kinetics with respect to the tyrosol concentration was found to hold. The experimental results indicate that under mild conditions and oxidant contents lower than stoichiometric (28%), the use of (Al–Fe) pillared montmorillonite allows a significant TOC abatement and a total elimination of tyrosol, without significant leaching of Fe ions. The toxic potential of tyrosol degradation was investigated with the bioluminescence test using the LUMIStox and the results were expressed as relative toxicity index.

Deuterium/hydrogen ratio analysis of thymol, carvacrol, γ-terpinene and p-cymene in thyme, savory and oregano essential oils by gas chromatography–pyrolysis–isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Isotope ratio mass spectrometry online coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC–Py–IRMS) on column INNOWAX is used in the origin specific analysis and the authenticity control of the phenolic essential oils (EOs). Isotopic data δ 2H V-SMOW of thymol and carvacrol in natural essential oils were evidently more depleted than synthetic products (from −49 to 7‰ for thymol and −61‰ for carvacrol). δ 2H V-SMOW values of p-cymene, γ-terpinene and thymol in authentic thyme oils ( Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus zygis L.) were found from −300 to −270‰, from −285 to −248‰ and from −259 to −234‰, respectively. δ 2H V-SMOW values of carvacrol and p-cymene in authentic oregano oils ( Origanum heracleoticum L., Coridothymus capitatus L. and Origanum compactum L.) varied from −223 to −193‰ and from −284 to −259‰, respectively. For authentic Satureja montana subsp. montana essential oils, the mean δ 2H V-SMOW value for aromatic compounds were found to be the following: γ-terpinene −273‰ (SD = 4.6‰) and p-cymene −283‰ (SD = 3.0‰), thymol −245‰ (SD = 1.8‰) and carvacrol −226‰ (SD = 1.7‰). In addition, p-cymene was previously found as a precursor of the biosynthesis of thymol and carvacrol in thyme oil, thus, we considered p-cymene as an endogenous reference compound (ERC) for D/H ratio analysis. The isotopic fractionation factors α thymol/ p-cymene = 1.05 and α carvacrol/ p-cymene = 1.08 were obtained and also used to control the authenticity of the phenolic EOs.

Effect of dietary virgin olive oil on urinary excretion of etheno–DNA adducts

A significant protective effect against cancer and coronary heart disease has been attributed to the Mediterranean diet, in which olive oil is the main source of fat. Dietary antioxidants, as phenolic compounds from virgin olive oil, are candidates for reducing cancer risk by minimizing oxidatively derived DNA damage. Etheno–DNA adducts are formed as a result of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. To evaluate whether phenol-rich virgin olive oil influences urinary excretion of the etheno–DNA adducts ɛAde, ɛdA, and ɛdC as markers of oxidative stress, a randomized, double-blinded, crossover trial with three intervention periods was conducted in 28 healthy men. Each intervention was of 3 weeks’ duration and separated by 2-week washout periods. Twenty-five milliliters of similar olive oils, but with differences in their phenolic content (from 2.7 to 366 mg/kg), were supplied to each subject per day. The urinary excretion of the DNA adducts was assayed by LC-MS/MS in samples before and after consumption of high phenolic content olive oil (virgin). The 24-h excretion rate did not differ significantly between baseline and after virgin olive oil consumption: ɛAde, 105.5 ± 40.8 vs 116.4 ± 53.4 pmol ɛAde/24 h ( p = 0.21); ɛdA, 37.9 ± 24.8 vs 37.6 17 ± 24.2 pmol ɛdA/24 h ( p = 0.93); and ɛdC, 218.7 ± 157.2 vs 193.5 ± 64.7 pmol ɛdC/24 h ( p = 0.37). Multiple regression analysis showed a significant association between etheno–DNA adduct excretion rate and the dietary intake of linoleic acid (C18:2, ω-6) in healthy men. Consumption of 25 ml per day of phenol-rich virgin olive oil for 3 weeks did not modify to a significant degree the urinary excretion of etheno–DNA adducts in 28 healthy volunteers.

Therapeutic effect of phenol-croton oil on photoaging skin of hairless mice

目的 通过应用酚-巴豆油对经过长波紫外线(UVA)、中波紫外线(UVB)照射后的无毛鼠光老化皮肤进行治疗,检测酚-巴豆油对光老化皮肤的作用,为化学换肤的临床应用提供实验依据.方法经紫外线照射20周无毛鼠60只,随机分为未治疗组10只,治疗组50只.乙醚麻醉,应用无菌棉签沾取配好的酚-巴豆油,涂光老化无毛鼠脊背部.分别于处理后7、14、30、60、90 d将动物采用颈椎脱臼法处死,行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色.并在处理后第60天进行皮肤纹理图像的采集与分析.结果经治疗后60 d皮肤纹理变得细腻,皮沟、皮脊分布均匀.皮肤纹理定量分析结果与未治疗组差异显著.治疗组表皮、真皮结构随着时间的延长逐渐恢复,30 d时基本恢复正常.结论应用酚-巴豆油化学脱皮剂,对光老化的无毛小鼠进行治疗,通过皮肤纹理、皮肤的病理组织学检测证明,酚-巴豆油完全能逆转光老化引起的无毛小鼠表皮、真皮组织改变,使老化的皮肤恢复青春.这为临床应用酚-巴豆油治疗皮肤光老化疾病提供了实验基础。

Phenol-Castor Oil: Modified Peel for Dermal Melasma

Deep type of melasma is difficult to treat. Various compositions for peeling have been formulated to accomplish this. Our purpose was to determine the safe use of the new formula, which was composed of phenol and castor oil. Different concentrations of phenol and castor oil were mixed in five formulations, and the solutions were tested on the forearms of 10 volunteers. The application time was 1 minute, different from that of the original phenol-croton oil. Formula 4 was found to cause a high effect of peeling with least side effects and was used to treat deep facial melasma in 30 patients. Higher concentrations of castor oil produced more inflammation when mixed with phenol. Formula 4 was used to clear two cases of melasma in 1 week despite no effect from prior use of a modified antimelasma cream, while some degree of fading was noted in other cases. The total number of different melasma indices was reduced from 206.4 to 91.2 in 30 patients. Hyperpigmentation was noted in five cases and hypopigmentation in one case. Neither scar formation nor cardiac arrhythmia was observed. A phenol-castor oil peel with an application time of 1 minute reduces pigments in the deep type of melasma with least side effects and a high efficiency when combined with an antimelasma cream. The safe formula and the technique of application are introduced.

Microbiological analysis of the contamination of marginal seas in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean

A comparative study of the abundance of microorganisms of different environmental and trophic groups in the seawater of several aquatic areas of Far Eastern seas under the conditions of integrated organic contamination was carried out. It was shown that, although marine microorganisms are characterized by polyresistance to a great variety of contaminants, their responses are individual for each of the kinds of pollutants. By the results of microbial indication, the environmental quality in the areas of the greatest ecological stresses at the Pacific Ocean coasts was estimated. These areas were the coasts of Sakhalin Island in the oil production region, the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Avacha Bay region, the southern Primor’e within the impact zone of the Tumannaya River runoff, and Zolotoi Rog Bight located in the central part of the city of Vladivostok. On the basis of the data concerning the microbial indication of the contamination of the aquatic areas studied with oil hydrocarbons, phenols, and nutrients, the applicability of this method to the express estimation of the quality of coastal seawaters and to the short-term forecast of the changes that proceed under the complicated organic contamination was demonstrated.

Antioxidant Capacity of 26 Spice Extracts and Characterization of Their Phenolic Constituents

Total equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and phenolic content of 26 common spice extracts from 12 botanical families were investigated. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of major phenolics in the spice extracts were systematically conducted by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Many spices contained high levels of phenolics and demonstrated high antioxidant capacity. Wide variation in TEAC values (0.55-168.7 mmol/100 g) and total phenolic content (0.04-14.38 g of gallic acid equivalent/100 g) was observed. A highly positive linear relationship (R2= 0.95) obtained between TEAC values and total phenolic content showed that phenolic compounds in the tested spices contributed significantly to their antioxidant capacity. Major types of phenolic constituents identified in the spice extracts were phenolic acids, phenolic diterpenes, flavonoids, and volatile oils (e.g., aromatic compounds). Rosmarinic acid was the dominant phenolic compound in the six spices of the family Labiatae. Phenolic volatile oils were the principal active ingredients in most spices. The spices and related families with the highest antioxidant capacity were screened, e.g., clove in the Myrtaceae, cinnamon in the Lauraceae, oregano in the Labiatae, etc., representing potential sources of potent natural antioxidants for commercial exploitation. This study provides direct comparative data on antioxidant capacity and total and individual phenolics contents of the 26 spice extracts.

Dynamic mechanical properties of oil palm fiber/phenol formaldehyde and oil palm fiber/glass hybrid phenol formaldehyde composites

The dynamic mechanical properties of oil palm fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde (PF) composites and oil palm/glass hybrid fiber reinforced PF composites were investigated as a function of fiber content and hybrid fiber ratio. The dynamic modulus of the neat PF sample decreases with decrease in frequency. Glass transition attributed with the α relaxation of the neat PF sample was observed around 140°C. Tanδ values and storage modulus show great enhancement upon fiber addition. The value increases with increase in fiber content. The loss modulus shows a reverse trend with increase in fiber loading. Incorporation of oil palm fiber shifts the glass transition towards lower temperature value. The glass transition temperature of the hybrid composites is lower than that of the unhybridized composites. The highest value of mechanical damping is observed in hybrid composites. Storage modulus of the hybrid composites is lower than unhybridized oil palm fiber/PF composite. A similar trend is observed for loss modulus. Activation energies for the relaxation processes in different composites were calculated. Activation energy is increased upon fibrous reinforcement. Complex modulus variations and phase behavior of the composites were studied from Cole-Cole plots. Finally, master curves for the viscoelastic properties of the composites were constructed on the basis of time-temperature superposition principle. POLYM. COMPOS., 26:388–400, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers

Acid-induced structural modifications of unsaturated Fatty acids and phenolic olive oil constituents by nitrite ions: a chemical assessment.

The structural modifications of the unsaturated fatty acid components of triglycerides in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) following exposure to nitrite ions in acidic media were determined by two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy, aided by (15)N labeling and GC analysis, allowing investigation of the matrix without fractionation steps. In the presence of excess nitrite ions in a 1% sulfuric acid/oil biphasic system, extensive double bond isomerization of the oleic/linoleic acid components of triglycerides was observed associated with nitration/oxidation processes. Structurally modified species were identified as E/Z-nitroalkene, 1,2-nitrohydroxy, and 3-nitro-1-alkene(1,5-diene) derivatives based on (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N 2D NMR analysis in comparison with model compounds. Minor constituents of EVOO, including phenolic compounds and tocopherols, were also substantially modified by nitrite-derived nitrating species, even under milder reaction conditions relevant to those occurring in the gastric compartments. Novel nitrated derivatives of tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, and oleuropein (6-8) were identified by LC/MS analysis of the polar fraction of EVOO and by comparison with synthetic samples. Overall, these results provide the first systematic description at the chemical level of the consequences of exposing EVOO to nitrite ions at acidic pH and offer an improved basis for further investigations in the field of toxic nitrosation/nitration reactions and dietary antinitrosating agents.

Environmental effects in oil palm fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites: Studies on thermal, biological, moisture and high energy radiation effects

Accelerated weathering studies of untreated and treated oil palm fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites and oil palm/glass hybrid fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites were conducted. Thermal, water, biological and γ radiation effects on the composite properties were analysed. Mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural and impact properties of thermal and water aged samples were investigated. The extent of biodegradation and γ irradiation effects was estimated from variations in tensile and impact properties. The tensile and impact fracture mechanism and changes in fiber-matrix adhesion were studied using scanning electron microscopic analysis. The changes in the tensile and flexural stress-strain characteristics as well as deformation behaviour of aged composites are well explained by respective stress-strain curves. Mechanical performance of the composites decreased upon thermal ageing. Marked decrease in these properties of the composites is observed upon radiation ageing. However water immersion leads to an increase in strength properties in some treated composites such as on acetylation, silane, acrylonitrile grafting, isocyanate, permanganate treatment, alkali treatment etc. It is found that oil palm fiber increases the biodegradability of the composites.

Effects of spacing and harvesting time on herbage yield and quality/quantity of oil in thyme, Thymus vulgaris L.

Thyme ( Thymus vulgaris L.) is member of Lamiaceae family, which distributes in different areas of Meditranea and Asia. Thyme volatile phenolic oil has been reported to be among the top 10 essential oils, showing antibacterial, antimycotic, antioxidative, natural food preservative, and mammalian age delaying properties. It has been known that agronomical factors have a great effect on both quality and quantity of essential metabolites. For this reason, it is necessary to determine optimum levels of agronomical factors affecting plant growth and production. Planting space and time of harvesting are the most important agronomical factors. This study has been conducted in Research farm of ACECR, Institute of Medicinal Plants & Natural Products Research along 1999–2000 on the base of factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications. Thyme is cultivated in rows of 50 cm apart with inter-row spacing of 15, 30 or 45 cm. Plants are harvested in three stages, i.e. the beginning of blooming, full blooming and fruit set. In order to study the effects of plants space and time of harvesting, plant height, plant diameter, yields of dry and fresh herbage, content (%) and yield of oil, thymol and carvacrol were measured. Planting space had significant effect on plant diameter ( P<0.05) and very significant effect ( P<0.01) on other measured parameters except oil content, which was not significant. Time of harvest had significant effect on yield of fresh herbage, content of oil and content of carvacrol ( P<0.05). Its effect on other parameters was very significant ( P<0.01) except dry herbage and oil yield. The maximum yield of dry and fresh herbage, yield and content of oil and thymol yield were obtained in 15 cm space and beginning of blooming stage. Maximum thymol content was observed in the beginning of blooming and 45 cm space. However, 15 cm spacing and harvesting in the beginning of blooming was the best treatment in respect of yield of dry matter, oil and thymol per unit area.

Freeze Condensing Vacuum Systems Offer Advantages

A freeze condenser ahead of a ejector system can improve performance of a process in a number of ways. The condenser will trap unwanted vapors so they don't entire an ejector system. That eliminates the need for alterate motive fluids, such as ethylene glycol or monochlorobenzene. The process is able to stay onstream longer because ejector plugging due to product buildup is avoided. Additionally, by removing the vapors in a freeze condenser the ejector system becomes less expensive and requires less utility consumption. Furthermore, the production of waste water and vent streams is less, so the environmental impact from a particular process is improved. Freeze condensation technology is not well known and may be often overlooked. It should be considered when evaluating vacuum system design criteria. Successful freeze condenser installations are in bisphenol-A, phenol, fatty alcohols, polyester resin, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol and edible oil applications. Be certain to specify the freeze condenser and ejector system as single unit. Proper freeze condenser performance comes from matching the ejector system to the condenser. An ejector should be designed to ensure it does not control freeze condenser operating pressure, the ejector system simply supports the condenser. The best vacuum is obtained when a freeze condenser is unrestrained by the ejector system. By specifying the freeze condenser and ejector system as a single unit, the likelihood of discontinunity between the two is eliminated. Conversion factors for converting between U.S. engineering and S.I. units of measure

Water sorption in oil palm fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites

Abstract Water sorption kinetics in oil palm fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde (PF) composites and oil palm/glass hybrid fiber reinforced PF composites was investigated. The influence of fiber loading, relative volume fractions of fibers in hybrid composites and fiber surface modifications on the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of water sorption by the composites were also studied. Water sorption at four different temperatures was analysed and compared. Composite with 10 wt% fiber loading exhibits maximum water uptake. Hybridisation of the oil palm fiber with glass considerably decreased the water sorption by the composite. The concentration dependency of the diffusion coefficient was analysed and discussed.

Softwood Bark Pyrolysis Oil-PF Resols. Part 1. Resin Synthesis and OSB Mechanical Properties

Summary Bark residues generated by the pulp and paper and wood industries represent a threat to the environment due to leaching of chemicals such as phenolics and resin acids which are being currently regulated by governments. Vacuum pyrolysis of resinous bark produces phenolic-rich oils which represent a potential raw material to replace petroleum-based phenol presently used in the formulation of wood adhesive resols. Resols with different levels of phenol replacement by phenolic pyrolysis oils, formaldehyde to phenolics molar ratios and sodium hydroxide to phenolics molar ratios were synthesized. Strandboards werepreparedandtheirmechanicalandphysicalpropertiessuchasmodulusofrupture(MOR),modulus of elasticity (MOE), dry and 2-hour boil internal bond (IB) and thickness swelling (TS) were evaluated. Homogeneous panels bonded with resins having 25 and 50% by wt of pyrolysis oils replacing phenol exhibited comparable mechanical properties to those of panels made with a commercial surface resin under the same pressing conditions. Three-layer panels made with resins having 50 % by wt phenol replacement in the surface and 25% by wt phenol replacement in the core had mechanical properties above the requirements specified by the Canadian Standards CSAO437.0-93 for OSB products.

Chromatographic–Mass-Spectrometric Determination of Toxic Substances Liberated from Polymeric Materials

Chromatographic–mass-spectrometric procedures were developed for determining plasticizers (phthalates), antioxidants (phenolic derivatives), and residual monomers (phenol and styrene) in oil and aqueous solutions at a level 2–10 times lower than their maximum permissible concentrations. The relative standard deviation was no worse than 25%. The procedures were used for the determination of toxic substances evolved from polymeric materials and items for storing foodstuffs.

Selective Detection of Derivatized Alcohols and Phenols in Essential Oils by Electrospray-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Primary and secondary alcohols of rose absolute, sandalwood oil and peppermint oil, together with the phenols of clove oil were selectively derivatized at ambient temperature using l-methyl-2-fluoropyridinium tosylate. The alkyl N-methylpyridinium ether derivatives were selectively detected by electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (ES-MS/MS) without the need for sample cleanup. ES-MS/MS precursor ion and neutral loss spectra of the unpurified, derivatized oils revealed the expected compounds. The derivatization ES-MS/MS method provides a rapid, selective, and sensitive means for detection of primary and secondary alcohols and phenols in a complex mixture. It does not work for tertiary alcohols or geraniol. The derivatizations were successful at micromolar concentrations of the alcohols and detection levels approached the 100 amol level. No systematic study of intrasample reproducibility was carried out. The derivatization ES-MS/MS method might be used for the rapid screening of oils for selected alcohols or phenols either for quality control, or for the rapid assessment of a large number of extracts.

Modified Phenol Chemical Face Peels: Recognizing the Role of Application Technique

To determine the relative roles of phenol concentration, croton oil concentration, and application techniques, the authors obtained three additional human biopsy studies. The last study was a randomized, controlled, prospective study with surgeon, pathologist, and third-party evaluators blinded during the application process and during the gross and histologic evaluations. Conclusions drawn from the findings of the studies included the following: Rubbing more coats of phenol, with or without croton oil, produces more inflammation and fibrosis. Adding croton oil reduces the threshold of injury from 20 to 50 coats to 5 to 20 coats applied with a cotton tip applicator, confirming the clinical impression that croton oil resin facilitates injury pattern of wounding when used with phenol in 35% to 88% concentrations. 48% phenol without croton oil can provide the same long-term results as 48% phenol with croton oil. The data suggest that the application technique is more important than the concentration of phenol or croton oil alone.

The mighty cashew

The generic name ‘cashew’ applies to a tree, its fruit, its nuts, and the family to which it belongs. The tree has been cultivated in tropical countries for close on five hundred years, and from the fruit to the nut to the shell, the cashew is basically edible and useful. Outside the Tropics the tree is perhaps best known for its edible nuts. However of the various natural products of the cashew, it is the caustic, black phenolic oil known as cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), until recently routinely discarded as a waste product, which has been found to be of most interest, as it can be used in numerous industrial and engineering applications. CNSL is essentially a mixture of phenolics and is a good natural alternative to petrochemically derived phenol. Furthermore CNSL has found uses in areas as diverse as paints, corrosion resistant varnishes, and natural composite materials. The fact that CNSL is also a low cost renewable resource which until recently was thought of as a waste product only adds to its appeal and suggests that an exciting future awaits this fascinating material.