Phenolic Resin Research Articles

Epoxy‐POSS toughened phenol‐formaldehyde resin adhesive and its enhancement on the interfacial bonding strength of bamboo based composite

AbstractBamboo‐based composite, being an eco‐friendly green material, has garnered widespread utilization across diverse sectors including construction and domestic appliances owing to its impressive strength, innate aesthetic appeal, and wear resistance. However, it tends to crack at bonding interface between bamboo and the brittle resin adhesive due to stress concentration, reducing its mechanical properties and lifespan. To address this issue, the epoxy‐based polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) was incorporated to modify the phenol‐formaldehyde (PF) resin and improve the interfacial bonding strength. And the results showed that the incorporation of 5% epoxy‐POSS could markedly increase the impact and flexural strength of the modified PF resin by 75.7% and 27.6%, respectively, in contrast to the original PF resin. Moreover, the dry and wet shear strength of bamboo‐PF composites bonded by the POSS modified PF resin adhesive was also apparently improved by 17.03% and 28.55%, respectively. The increased toughness and bonding strength were mainly attributed to the nano‐effect of POSS and good compatibility and cross‐linking reaction with the PF resin, which helped dissipate energy and avoid stress concentration within the PF resin and at the bonding interface. This study aims to address the cracking problem of bamboo‐based composites and extend their longevity in architectural and domestic applications.Highlights Epoxy‐POSS disperse well in PF resin due to its unique multi‐epoxy structure. Epoxy‐POSS can react with PF resin and effectively improve its toughness. Nano‐effect and cross‐linking effect enable dissipate energy and disperses stress. Modification increased bonding strength and decreased interfacial cracking.

Using the Groundwater Cooling System and Phenolic Aldehyde Isolation Layer on Building Walls to Evaluation of Heat Effect

This study examines the thermal performance of building walls under full sunlight conditions using various insulation strategies. Specifically, it evaluates: (1) the effects of heat on building walls and indoor spaces; (2) the impact of groundwater cooling systems on thermal environments; (3) the influence of phenolic aldehyde insulation layers on heat transfer; and (4) the combined effects of groundwater cooling and phenolic aldehyde thermal insulation. Fluent–CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) was used in the study to simulate temperature transmission between the sun, the groundwater cooling system, and both indoor and outdoor spaces. Experimental analysis and simulations reveal that both the phenolic aldehyde insulation layer and the groundwater cooling system effectively reduce heat transfer, with the groundwater cooling system demonstrating the most significant impact. The phenolic aldehyde layer decreases the temperature difference between inner and outer walls by approximately 8 °C. The groundwater cooling system further reduces both inner and outer wall temperatures, helping to maintain cooler indoor environments. Simulation results indicate that, while the phenolic aldehyde layer effectively prevents external heat from penetrating into the room, it does not eliminate heat accumulation. In contrast, the groundwater cooling system efficiently dissipates heat, mitigating this issue. Groundwater analysis shows that maximum temperature differences occur at specific times of the day, with water flow effectively cooling the space. The combined use of the phenolic aldehyde insulation layer and the groundwater cooling system offers superior thermal performance. The phenolic layer provides effective heat blocking, while the groundwater system facilitates heat dissipation, optimizing indoor temperature and reducing air conditioning loads. This combination enhances overall comfort and energy efficiency, with the groundwater cooling system benefiting from reduced flow velocity and lower energy consumption.

Performance of oriented strand board bonded with a hybrid phenol-formaldehyde/polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate adhesives system

A hybrid adhesive system composed of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin and polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI), modified with two types of alkaline catalysts, namely NaOH and CaCO3 at 20% (w/v), was used for manufacturing the oriented strand board (OSB) from sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen) wood. The catalyst was added at a concentration of 1% of the solids content of PF adhesive, and pMDI was added at 2.5% and 5.0% of the PF adhesive solids content. Adding catalysts and cross-linking agents increased the solids content and viscosity of the adhesive and accelerated the gelation time. The water absorption of OSB increased with the addition of catalysts and crosslinking agents compared to the control PF. Still, the CaCO3 catalyst worked optimally in reducing the thickness swelling of OSB. The mechanical properties of the laboratory-fabricated OSB panels increased with the addition of catalyst and cross-linker, except for the modulus of elasticity parallel to the grain. The optimal performance of OSB was obtained by adding 1% CaCO3 and 2.5% pMDI based on the PF’s solids content.

Effect of novel aluminium titanate on mechanical, thermal and ablation performance behavior of carbon fiber reinforced phenolic resin composites

AbstractThermal Protection Systems (TPS) protect re‐entry space vehicles from the harsh heating they encounter when hypersonically flying through a planet or the earth's atmosphere. Carbon fiber‐reinforced phenolic resin composites were widely used for the thermal barrier structure of aerospace re‐entry vehicles. A Novel Aluminium Titanate (Al2TiO5/AT) micro powder‐modified Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based Carbon Fiber Fabric‐Resorcinol Phenol Formaldehyde Resin (C‐PR) (AT‐C‐PR) composites are well prepared to meet the requirements of TPS. The AT may act as an insulating layer and anti‐ablative material due to its excellent thermal shock resistance in TPS. To understand the effectiveness of AT content on density, barcol hardness, interfacial interactions, thermal conductivity, and thermal stability, the C‐PR composites were produced with and without loading of AT with various weight percentages, namely 0 wt% (C‐PR), 1,3, and 5 wt% (AT‐C‐PR) by hot compression molding method. The microstructural and elemental change of the composites were analyzed by microscopic and spectroscopic studies. Results suggested that the Interlaminar Shear Strength (ILSS) of the composites was increased by about 14% at 1 wt% of AT loading. Mass, Linear Ablation Rates (MAR, LAR), and back‐face temperature of C‐PR and AT‐C‐PR composites were decreased to 0.15128 g/s, 0.01233 mm/s, and 405°C, respectively by loading of AT up to 1 wt%. The thermally ablated composites were also evaluated for their crystallographic phase changes. The work provided an effective way to improve the thermo‐mechanical and ablation performance characteristics of the AT‐C‐PR composites that can be potentially used in TPS of re‐entry vehicles.Highlights This investigation utilized innovative Al2TiO5/Aluminium Titanate (AT) ceramic powder as a filler in reinforcing Phenolic Resin (PR) with PAN‐based Carbon Fiber (C). It examined the impact of various loadings of AT in C‐PR composites (AT‐C‐PR) on their physical, mechanical, thermal, and anti‐ablation properties. The AT‐C‐PR composites exhibit reduced density, lower thermal conductivity, and enhanced ILSS (31 MPa) compared to the C‐PR composites. Optimal ablation resistance and thermal stability were achieved with a loading of 1 wt% AT (Mass Ablation Rate: 0.15128 g/s and Linear Ablation Rate: 0.01233 mm/s) compared to the C‐PR composites. Microstructural and elemental analysis of the composites were conducted using microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, revealing the presence of oxides and carbides on the ablated surface. The phase transition and alterations in microstructure, coupled with the oxidation of AT, have enhanced the ablation resistance and reduced the back face temperature of different weight percentages of AT‐C‐PR composites, such as 1 wt% AT (413°C), compared to the C‐PR composites (704°C).

Study on three-dimensional porous carbon fiber-MWCNTs-PEG phase change materials and its photo/electricity-thermal conversion performance

Solar energy, as a crucial green energy source, attracted significant attention. Phase change materials (PCMs) addressed the intermittency issue by storing and releasing latent heat. This study innovatively combined carbon fibers (CFs), phenolic resin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to create high-loading (>86 %) and high-enthalpy composite CF-based phase change materials (CFPCMs), with melting and freezing enthalpies of 156.6 J/g and 148.6 J/g. CFPCMs demonstrated excellent photothermal and electrothermal properties. The lightweight, porous CFs structure stabilized the PCMs matrix, enhancing its performance while facilitating the reuse of waste CFs products, thus contributing to environmental protection.

Enhanced mechanical property, high-temperature oxidation and ablation resistance of carbon fiber/phenolic composites reinforced by attapulgite

To meet the thermal protection and load-bearing requirements of ultra-high-speed vehicles, it is urgent to improve the ablation resistance, high-temperature oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of carbon fiber/ boron phenolic resin (CF/BPR) composites simultaneously. Herein, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-modified attapulgite (ASP) with abundant porous structure was successfully introduced into the CF/BPR (CF/ASPBPR). The co-effect of ceramization, high infrared emissivity, and low thermal conductivity endowed the CF/ASPBPR with desirable ablation resistance, where the linear ablation rate and mass ablation rate reduced to 0.038 mm/s and 0.035 g/s, respectively. Meanwhile, due to the high thermal stability and energy dissipation of ASP, the CF/ASPBPR also presented the interlaminar shear strength of 35.40 and 9.79 MPa before and after high-temperature treatment, which were 24 % and 63 % higher than that of CF/BPR, respectively. This study provides a promising pathway for preparing advanced thermal protection materials that can adapt to severe mechanical spalling and thermochemical erosion environments.

Production and technical performance of scrimber composite manufactured from industrial low-value wood for structural applications

Development of scrimber composites and other engineered wood products from low-value wood and wood waste provides an effective opportunity to preserve natural resources, minimize waste, and innovate the production of higher-performance, environment-friendly construction materials. In this study, peeler cores, which are the center of poplar logs remaining after the peeling process in the veneer production, were utilized to develop scrimber composites. This study investigated the effects of different resins, including phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and urea formaldehyde (UF), as well as hydrothermal treatments at various temperatures (60 °C and 130 °C), on the physical and mechanical properties of the scrimber composites. Chemical changes in wood components and morphological changes in wood cell walls resulting from hydrothermal treatment were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. To clarify how resin type and hydrothermal treatment affect structural performance, several physical and mechanical properties of scrimber composites, including thickness swelling, water absorption, internal bond strength, bending modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture, were measured. The test results revealed that hydrothermally treated wood scrims at 130 °C, when bonded with PF resin, produced scrimber composites with superior structural performance.

Tailoring the properties of carbon molecular sieves membranes for the separation of propionic acid from aqueous solutions

In the fermentative production of propionic acid (PA), the major problem with batch fermentation systems is the strong inhibitory effect of PA on the production yield; one way to increase the yield is the in-situ removal of PA by using pervaporation. Acetic acid (AA) is the most important by-product in the fermentation; therefore, the membrane should be able to remove selectively PA from an aqueous solution containing AA. Considering that PA is more hydrophobic than AA and their kinetic diameter are 0.480 and 0.436 nm respectively, hydrophobic membranes with main pores in the range of around 0.5–0.6 nm with high permeation are required.Supported thin Carbon Molecular Sieve Membranes (CMSM) were prepared by the dip coating a porous alumina support into a solution containing resorcinol phenolic resin as carbon source. The hydrophobicity was obtained by carbonizing the polymer at temperatures higher than 750 °C and adding polyvinyl butyral (PVB) as pore forming agent and carbon contributor. PA with 88 % of purity was obtained by pervaporation of an aqueous solution containing 5 % of PA and 5 % of AA using a CMSM carbonized at 850 °C containing 1 % of PVB in the dipping solution.

A tough, strong, and fast-curing phenolic resin enabled by dopamine-grafted chitosan and polyethyleneimine-functionalized graphene

Phenolic resins are widely used for outdoor and structural wood-based panels; however, they are challenged by high curing temperatures, low curing rates, and high brittleness. Inspired by lobster epidermis hardening, a tough, strong, and fast-curing phenolic resin (named DCS/PG/PF) was proposed herein. In this approach, dopamine-grafted chitosan (DCS) and polyethyleneimine-functionalized graphene (PEI@G) were incorporated into neat phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin. The gel time and maximum curing temperature of DCS/PG/PF resin were considerably reduced from 445 s and 147.8 °C for the neat PF resin to 317 s and 127.8 °C, respectively. This was attributed to the oxidative crosslinking of catechol moieties in DCS and amino groups in PEI@G within the naturally alkaline environment of phenolic resins in addition to the high reactivity between catechol moieties and PF chains as well as between amino and PF chains. The prepared resin demonstrated a dry bonding strength of 2.56 MPa, wet bonding strength of 1.81 MPa, and debonding work of 0.714 J, exhibiting a considerable increase of 16.9 %, 52.1 %, and 95.1 %, respectively, compared with those of the PF resin. These improvements were attributed to the dense organic–inorganic hybrid crosslinking network formed in the DCS/PG/PF. Furthermore, the DCS/PG/PF resin exhibited enhanced thermal stability.

Mechanical property, oxidation resistance, and ceramization mechanism of MoSi2-SiB6 reinforced phenolic resin matrix composites

Ceramizable phenolic resin matrix composites have a significant potential for widespread applications in the field of aerospace ablation. However, due to the sharp decrease of mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, the composite fails to meet the requirements of thermal protection as well as load-bearing of aircraft in a wide temperature range. In this study, boron phenolic composites modified by MoSi2 and SiB6 with high strength in a wide temperature range are prepared. The flexural strength of composites after ablation within the temperature range of 800 °C to 1600 °C ranges from 48.07 to 82.49 MPa. In particular, a significant increase of 224.9% is obtained at 1400 °C with 6 wt% SiB6. The mass ablation rate and line ablation rate of the composites are increased to 0.054 g/s and 0.013 mm/s, respectively. The cooperation effect of oxygen consumption, carbon fixation, oxygen barrier, and liquid phase bonding produced by ceramization reactions involving SiB6, MoSi2, O2, and pyrolytic carbon at different temperatures, resulting in an improvement of the mechanical property and the oxidation resistance of the composite. These composites have a potential in long term thermal protection and load-bearing of new ablation materials.

Electrophoretic deposition of graphene oxide modified carbon paper: Enhance the interface strength and decrease the interface resistance

The gas diffusion layer (GDL) is a key component of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with the central roles of transporting electrons, supporting the electrode structure and transporting protons. However, the traditional carbon paper for GDL greatly limits the large-scale commercial application of PEMFC due to shortcomings such as low mechanical strength and poor electrical conductivity. Based on this, in this paper, ultrasound-assisted electrophoretic deposition of graphene oxide process is used to modify the primary carbon fiber paper and simultaneously improve the interfacial bond strength and interfacial conductivity of the carbon fiber paper to realize the facile preparation of phenolic resin carbon/reduced graphene oxide/carbon fiber (CFP-GO250–25) carbon-carbon composites with high mechanical and electrical conductivity properties. Compared to the unmodified carbon paper, the prepared CFP-GO250–25 shows an increase in tensile strength of about 76.5 % to 5.4 Mpa, a decrease in resistivity from 24.00 mΩ·cm to 10.21 mΩ·cm, and also has an excellent air permeability of 7.58 L/min. This study provides a reference for the facile preparation of phenolic resin carbon/reduced graphene oxide/carbon fiber carbon/carbon composites and promotes the large-scale commercial application of carbon fiber paper for low-cost GDL.

A porous phenolic resin sorbent for enhanced CO2 capture: Synthesis, optimization, and techno-economic analysis

Amidst rising global concerns about climate change, the capture and sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial emissions is becoming increasingly critical. In the present study, a phenolic resin-based porous polymer for CO2 capture is developed, offering a solution to the dual challenges of efficacy and cost in current carbon capture technologies. Optimization of synthesis parameters, including temperature, reaction time, and catalyst amount was performed using response surface methodology (RSM) to maximize surface area and economic benefits. The optimized polymer demonstrated a substantial CO2 adsorption capacity of 3.06 mmol/g at 273 K and 1 bar, with a specific surface area of 860 m2/g. An early-stage techno-economic analysis of sorbent synthesis was conducted, relating cost to sorbent quality and surface area. It was found that producing the polymer at low temperatures is more cost-effective, while synthesis at higher temperatures offers operational advantages. This research addresses a gap in existing literature by focusing on the sorbent material and its economic viability, paving the way toward the commercialization of such adsorption technology.

Study on interface bonding and mechanical properties of arc-shaped bamboo-poplar wood composites

The bamboo-wood composite is a high-performance product that utilizing the strengths of both materials, which also can effectively reduce the weight of the composite material. An equal arc-shaped bamboo split has been studied by our research group, which retains the natural arcuate structure and achieves a utilization rate of approximately 85%. Based on this, a new composite made of arc-shaped bamboo split and poplar wood is prepared in this paper. And another material made of flattened bamboo and poplar wood also prepared as a control. The mean flexural modulus and strengths for arc-shaped bamboo split were 12179.33MPa and 195.77MPa respectively, the shear strength of the adhesive layer in the composite of arc-shaped bamboo and poplar wood was a robust 8.02MPa. The flexural maximum load of arc-shaped bamboo-poplar composite was 9896.29N, nearly twice as much as that of flattened bamboo-poplar composite, whose excellent performance was expected to exceed the requirements of industrial products. The phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesive penetrated into the bamboo and wood quite deeply, allowing it to secure the two pieces of board together like many small glue nails. Besides the physical connections, lots of effective chemical bonding were formed between PF and the two boards. In addition, it was also found that the fracture mode of arc-shaped bamboo and poplar wood composites was ductile fracture, which was different from the brittle fracture mode of traditional bamboo and wood composites. Overall, this new arc structural composite material has high performance and will expand the application of bamboo engineering materials in industry products.

Carbonized derivatives derived from the complex of Fe/Ni bimetallic MOFs and phenolic resin for flexible piezoresistive sensors in motion capture and health monitoring

Based on the substantial high surface area and the chemical robustness inherent to metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), their integration into piezoresistive flexible pressure sensors presents significant potential. Nonetheless, the application of such sensors is impeded by the low conductivity of MOFs. In this work, we increased the conductivity of MOFs by carbonizing 2-aminoterephthalic acid iron-nickel metal–organic frameworks (Fe/Ni-MOFs) and introducing phenolic resins to protect the structure of Fe/Ni-MOFs. Piezoresistive flexible sensors were developed by embedding this carbonized derivative on the surface of PDMS films. The senrors showed a sensitivity of 198.51 kPa−1, broad operating pressure range (0–5 kPa), a fast response time (46 ms), a short recovery time (28 ms), and a high abrasion resistance. The flexible pressure device could be applied to monitor the finger motion and human pulses. Overall, these flexible high sensitivity devices demonstrate potential in the fields of wearable technologies, real-time health monitoring, and biomedical applications.

A dual resin application system for improved bamboo-wood bonding

In this work, a dual resin application system using commercial phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins with different molecular weight (MW) was investigated to improve bonding performance of bamboo and wood composite laminates. Water droplet contact angle was deemed to be unreliable for assessing resin wettability on bamboo due to its unique tissue structure compared with wood. Microscopic observation of the resin penetration showed high MW PF largely remained in the glueline and only entered the lumens of cut or damaged bamboo cells near the bondline. Low MW PF appeared in cell corners of bamboo parenchyma but not lumens. Applying low MW PF to the bamboo and high MW PF to the wood surface separately significantly improved bond shear strength with reduced difference between dry and wet conditions. The dry and wet bond strengths using the new method were enhanced by 36.5 % and 97.4 %, respectively, compared to high MW PF alone. The results suggest that low MW PF can permeate bamboo cell walls and fortify them against swelling and stress on the bamboo-resin interface in wet conditions. Further modifications are required to produce a stronger adhesive than the bamboo tissue to improve wet shear fiber failure rates and develop a viable structural bond qualification test for bamboo and bamboo-wood composites.

Pyrolysis front detection in carbon phenolic composites using x-ray computed tomography

Carbon phenolic composites are used as thermal protection systems (TPS) materials on space capsules to protect them from the hot aerothermal environment. The phenolic resin in the composite material decomposes (pyrolyzes) at low temperatures resulting in a pyrolysis front within the material. The detection of the pyrolysis front after exposure to heat has historically been achieved by physically sectioning cross-sections of the material. We combine the phase contrast retrieval method to reconstruct x-ray computed tomography scans along with image convolution to identify the pyrolysis front in carbon phenolic composites. Unlike the standard filtered back projection method that captures only the carbon phase, the phase contrast retrieval method uses both the attenuation coefficients and refractive indices to illuminate all three phases (carbon, resin, and voids) of carbon phenolic composites. Image convolution is applied on scans reconstructed using the phase contrast retrieval method to develop a density map of the composite to locate the pyrolysis front. The analysis is performed on a sample of phenolic impregnated carbon ablator that was tested in an arc-jet facility. For the sample analyzed, the depth of the pyrolysis front from the surface of the sample is calculated to be 2.150 ± 0.148 mm. Although the proposed approach is applied to detect the pyrolysis front, the tools can be used to illuminate the structure of any carbon phenolic composite, and we propose the use of the phase contrast retrieval method as a methodological standard to analyze carbon phenolic composites used on space capsules.

A new strategy to prepare MLG-SiCw/SiCp composites via three-roll milling exfoliation and catalytical-conversion for advanced refractories

Cost-effective decarbonization and structural strengthening of carbon-containing refractory materials are crucial for the development of low-carbon steel (LCS) and ultra-low-carbon steel (ULCS) technologies. In this study, a carbonaceous-ceramic reinforcement assembly structure composed of multilayer graphenes and silicon carbide whiskers/particles (MLGs-SiCw/SiCp) has been successfully designed and fabricated. By employing three-roll milling (TRM) for low-cost exfoliation of expanded graphite (EG) into MLGs in a phenolic resin (PF) medium, we optimized the exfoliation cycles to fine-tune the morphology of MLGs. Subsequently, the catalytical solid-state conversion of PF/MLGs reacting with Si into SiCw/SiCp at 1400 °C, under varying C/Si molar ratios and catalyst contents, not only retained the structural integrity of MLGs but also embedded them within a novel SiCw/SiCp composite matrix. Our research elucidates the catalytic conversion mechanism, underscoring the significant role of nickel catalysts in promoting efficient SiC conversion. This work offers a promising pathway for developing high-performance, economical, low-carbon refractories.

Effect of argon on classification and identification of organics based on laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy

AbstractOrganic matter is the material basis of life, which is widely present in people's products and lives. The rapid and accurate detection of organic matter can be applied to the identification of fake and inferior products, the traceability of the origin of agricultural products, and the early warning of explosives in antiterrorism. By combining laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with argon, the spectral characteristics of five common organic compounds (nitroglycerin, metronidazole, polyformaldehyde, polypropylene, and phenolic resin), the plasma lifetime, the parameters of plasma thermodynamic state, and the distribution of three existing forms of the element C in two gas environments were compared, the influence of argon on organic LIBS results and the reasons for its enhancement were analyzed. The results indicate that argon makes the atomization of carbon chain structures in organic matter more complete, and reduce the interference of the element N in air on the organic LIBS results to a certain extent. The intensity differences of different organic substances are more obvious. support vector machine optimized by principal component analysis and particle swam optimization algorithm was used to classify five kinds of organic matter. The prediction accuracy of classification in air is 94.4%, and it improves to 100% in argon. This result provides a powerful method for high‐precision, real‐time in‐situ, and rapid identification of organic substances, which has important scientific significance for the study of organic substances LIBS.

Modification of Phenol–Formaldehyde Resin with Alkyl Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Modification of Phenol–Formaldehyde Resin with Alkyl Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Novel mixed matrix membranes containing calixarene for enhanced CO2/N2 separation

Calixarene possessing advantages of small intrinsic cavity size, small particle dimension, and facile dispersion or dissolution in common solvents, is promising filler candidates in mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for gas separation. Herein, the supramolecular C-propylpyrogallol[4]arene (PgC3) was successfully synthesized via a phenolic resin condensation reaction. It was then incorporated into a polyether-polyamide block copolymer (Pebax-1657) to prepare mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with varying PgC3 loadings for CO2/N2 separation. The formation of hydrogen bonds between PgC3 and Pebax facilitated the uniform dispersion of PgC3 within the polymer matrix, enhancing interfacial compatibility. The incorporation of PgC3 significantly enhanced the CO2/N2 selectivity of the Pebax while preserving its permeability. The 1 wt% PgC3/Pebax MMMs performs the best CO2/N2 selectivity of 58.6, substantially higher than that of pristine Pebax membrane (32.4). This improvement can be attributed to the strong affinity between the abundant –OH groups in PgC3 and CO2 molecules. Moreover, the PgC3/Pebax MMMs exhibited exceptional stability under operating pressures of up to 5 bar, maintaining its performance consistently throughout a demanding100-hour test. The good separation performance together with the excellent stability enables PgC3 a promising filler in MMMs for CO2/N2 or other gas separations.