Phasor Measurement Units Placement Problem Research Articles

Optimal PMU Placement to Enhance Observability in Transmission Networks Using ILP and Degree of Centrality

The optimal PMU placement problem is placing the minimum number of PMUs in the network to ensure complete network observability. It is an NP-complete optimization problem. PMU placement based on cost and critical nodes is solved separately in the literature. This paper proposes a novel approach, a degree of centrality in the objective function, to combine the effect of both strategies to place PMUs in the power network optimally. The contingency analysis and the effect of zero-injection buses are solved to ensure the reliability of network monitoring and attain a minimum number of PMUs. Integer linear programming is used on the IEEE 7-bus, IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus, New England 39-bus, IEEE 57-bus, and IEEE 118-bus systems to solve this problem. The results are evaluated based on two performance measures: the bus observability index (BOI) and the sum of redundancy index (SORI). On comparison, it is found that the proposed methodology has significantly improved results, i.e., a reduced number of PMUs and increased network overall observability (SORI). This methodology is more practical for implementation as it focuses on critical nodes. Along with improvement in the results, the limitations of existing indices are also discussed for future work.

Analysis of Bus Vulnerability Conducted Using a Synchronized Phasor Measurement Unit in Order to Achieve the Maximum Observability

Phasor measurement units (PMUs) have gained significant interest in recent decades. These instruments are used to measure synchronized phasor data. PMUs are gradually but definitely taking over power grids because of the significant phasor information that they generate for both regular and irregular conditions for the purpose of maintaining safety and control. PMUs may be used for a variety of purposes, including state estimation, which is a common task. In order to make state estimation more reliable, a variety of approaches have been looked into, and one of them is the positioning of PMUs. This paper provides a plan for the implementation of the PMUs, taking into account the potential for failure and vulnerability posed by PMU-equipped buses. Two separate studies were carried out and evaluated with the goal of solving the optimum PMU placement problem (OPPP), which pertains to the grids. The findings of the first study show that the maximum bus observability may be accomplished with the fewest possible number of PMUs, even while taking into consideration the fact that there is a risk that one or more PMUs would malfunction. This investigation was carried out with common measures such as zero injection bus (ZIB) and branch flow measurements, both with and without them, in order to assess the outcomes. The second research focused on selecting the PMU-equipped bus’s vulnerability analysis as its primary area of investigation. All of the tests were completed by using binary integer linear programming. Specifically, the described method is meant to be used with an existing PMU framework and in the case that new locations for new PMUs are necessary to be furnished with existing PMUs. This results confirm that the recommended strategy can be implemented successfully on the IEEE benchmark test systems.

A Graph-Theoretic Approach for Optimal Phasor Measurement Units Placement Using Binary Firefly Algorithm

The pursuit of achieving total power network observability in smart grids using Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) carries a significant promise of real-time Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection, and Control (WAMPAC). PMU applications eliminate periodical measurements, thereby increasing accuracy through a high sampling rate of the measured power systems quantities. The high costs of installation of PMUs for total power system observability presents a challenge in the implementation of PMUs. This is due to the expensive costs of PMU devices. This has led to a prominent optimal PMU placement (OPP) problem that researchers tirelessly aim to solve by ensuring a complete power network observability while using the least installed PMU devices possible. In this paper, a novel Binary Firefly Algorithm (BFA) based on the node degree centrality scores of each bus is proposed to minimize PMU installations. The BFA solves the OPP problem in consideration of the effect of Zero Injection Buses (ZIBs) under normal operation and single PMU outage (SPO). The robustness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE-approved test systems and visualized with a force-directed technique on an undirected power network graph. The proposed BFA yields the same but better optimal PMU numbers, obtained by existing meta-heuristic optimization techniques found in the literature for each of the IEEE test cases, as well as highlighting the cost–benefit of having a robust system against single PMU loss while considering the ZIB effect for an improved system measurement availability.

Algebraic Approach to PMU Placement for Minimum Variance Linear State Estimation in Power Networks

Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are used to measure voltages and currents in a power network. Optimal PMU placement in a given network is an important problem since installing PMU at every node of a network is expensive. This paper proposes an algebraic approach to the PMU placement problem with a focus on complete voltage state estimation and PMU measurement noise, with the objective to minimize the variance of the state estimation. The approach determines the minimum number of PMUs needed for full voltage state observability in a network based on the number of buses with known nodal currents. Combined with the information on PMU measurement noise and the network admittance matrix, an optimal PMU placement algorithm is formulated that minimizes the variance of the voltage estimation. This algorithm groups nodes of the network into four different sets based on the nodal voltages and nodal/line currents measured by the PMUs deployed in the network. The proposed placement algorithm considers both single current-channel PMU case and multi-current channel PMU case. This proposed placement algorithm is tested on IEEE 14 bus and IEEE 39 bus network. The results show that optimal placement can significantly reduce the effects of PMU measurement noise on the estimated states.

Fault location observability rules for impedance-based fault location algorithms

Various impedance-based fault location algorithms have been presented in the related studies. The algorithms need some phasor data of the power system provided by phasor measurement units (PMUs), implying the necessity of PMU placement to attain fault location observability. This paper develops fault location observability rules associated with some important impedance-based fault location algorithms based on known state observability theories. The algorithms include two-ends measurements, one-end measurements, one bus space, only synchronized voltage measurements, and wide-area measurements. The developed rules are used to obtain an index that indicates the number of transmission lines that fault location on them is not possible. The index forms a main constraint or a part of the objective function for the defined PMU placement problem to determine the optimal placement of PMUs for state estimation observability and fault location observability. The proposed rules and optimization problem are applied to IEEE 14, 30, 39, and 57 buses test networks to study different scenarios.

Robust PMU Placement in Branch Switching Power Networks for Minimum Variance State Estimation

Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are measurement devices that measure voltage phasor data of a bus and current phasors of adjacent branches in a power network. With information on the power network impedance, a finite number of PMUs are used to estimate the voltage on all buses, also known as the state of the power network. Traditionally, the problem of Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) focuses on having complete observability of the network state by strategically placing a minimum number of PMUs. A change in network topology caused, for example, by network switches, changes the solution to the OPP problem. Since it is not feasible to change the locations of PMUs after every change in topology, the contribution of this paper is a PMU placement optimization algorithm which minimizes the variance on the estimated voltages and is also robust to the changes to the network topology. The optimization guarantees robustness to the change in network topology. Since it considers each change in the switch position as a different network topology, the optimization criterion is a multi-objective optimization function for different network topologies caused by changing the switch positions of the same network. The proposed robust optimal placement algorithm can be used for single current-channel PMUs and multi-current channel PMUs. The algorithm is tested on IEEE 14 bus network. The results show that the robust optimal placement can significantly reduce the effects of PMU measurement noise on the estimated states on average for different switch positions.

A novel comprehensive optimal PMU placement considering practical issues in design and implementation of a wide-area measurement system

• Several WAMS-based applications are considered in the OPP problem. • Concept of the line-wise observability is presented. • Observability of multi-TSO power systems in the OPP problem is investigated • The proposed OPP model is originally a MILP one and its global solution can be easily found. Since phasor measurement units (PMUs) are increasingly installed in power systems, many research works have investigated the optimal PMU placement (OPP) problem with the sake of maximizing observability over the power grid, while minimizing the cost of purchasing PMUs. However, there are still some practical challenges that have not been considered in the previous research studies, and are needed to be addressed for a real wide-area measurement system (WAMS) implementation. In this paper, a comprehensive OPP model is proposed which employs a set of basic and novel constraints for a WAMS design. In this regard, the line-wise observability concept is proposed for the first time to consider the requirements of observability for a range of WAMS-based applications such as restoration management, model validation of power system components, and dynamic line rating (DLR) monitoring. In addition, observability constraints for multi-transmission system operator (multi-TSO) power systems that are operated by different legal entities are provided, which can considerably affect the OPP result. The proposed model is formulated based on a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation which enables the optimization problem to be solved easily and effectively by existing commercial optimization tools, without any need for linearization. The performance of the proposed OPP model is first verified through simulation results on an 86-bus real power system. Then, simulations are applied to IEEE 118-bus and 300-bus test systems, to certify the performance of the proposed model in comparison with other OPPs in the literature.

Artificial Intelligence based Optimal Placement of Phasor Measurement Unit for Smart Grid

A Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) device ensures the stability, reliability, and proper visibility of critical areas of the power grid by providing a synchro phasor measurement of both voltage and current in real-time. Since it is not practical to place them at each branch of the system, the main concern lies in achieving entire network observability either by direct or indirect measurement through an optimal set of PMUs placed at the optimal location. This gives rise to the Optimal PMU Placement Problem (OPP). In this paper, OPP is solved by an optimization technique i.e., a Genetic Algorithm. The constraints that can greatly affect obtaining optimal solutions are reviewed and the effect of including Zero Injection Bus (ZIB) on the proposed method in solving OPP is studied. The algorithm is applied to IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus test systems for validation purposes. Since optimal sets of solutions are obtained from the proposed method, the solutions are ranked by the system observability redundancy index to find the best one. Further, a comparative analysis of the result is done with the depth first search algorithm and other widely used algorithms.

PMU placement with multi-objective optimization considering resilient communication infrastructure

A Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is the most advanced equipment used to bring a good level of situational awareness to Wide-Area Measurement System (WAMS) in power systems. However, the underlying cost for such PMU-based supervisory systems is the limiting factor that affects the extent of installed syncrophasor devices in a power network. This work aims to formulate the optimal PMU placement problem in a power transmission system which seeks to jointly minimize the risk of inobservability for State Estimation and also the overall total cost. Thus, it is proposed a multi-objective algorithm that uses numerical observability indicators to characterize measurement plan robustness and also graph theory tools to address the total cost optimization problem, which considers practical and more realistic aspects of the installation of PMUs, as well as addressing costs for the network communication infrastructure. Moreover, non-dominated Pareto solutions are built, which in a real scenario, would serve better for judicious decisions by the planners of a measurement system.

Power System State Estimation using Non-Iterative Weighted Least Square method based on Wide Area Measurements with maximum redundancy

The power system state estimation (PSSE) accuracy is crucial for monitoring and surveillance in an energy management system (EMS). Wide-area measurement systems (WAMS) are a pivotal technology to enhance the accuracy of PSSE. Further, with the advent of phasor measurement units (PMUs), state estimation got revolutionized by its performance. To attain better estimation accuracy, the main considerations for a power system are; observability and redundancy. In order to achieve full observability with maximum redundancy, the problem of optimal PMU placement (OPP) in power systems is investigated. This paper proposes a Modified- Integer Linear Programming (M-ILP) technique to achieve full observability with minimal PMU placement and maximum redundancy. Furthermore, A Non-iterative Weighted Least Square (NI-WLS) approach has been developed to improve the accuracy of power system state estimation by leveraging hybrid measurements consisting of traditional SCADA data and phasor measurements. The efficacy and precision of the proposed algorithms have been demonstrated through extensive simulations on a wide range of test systems, including standard IEEE- 14, 30, 57, 118 systems and real-time Indian Northern Region Power Grid-246 (NRPG-246) bus system. Moreover, the proposed methods show significant improvement in the accuracy and stability of the state estimate solution.

Evaluating Performance of a Linear Hybrid State Estimator Utilizing Measurements From RTUs and Optimally Placed PMUs

Synchro-phasor technology, using Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), has improved the way power system data is collected for monitoring through state estimation. The placement of PMUs in a power system presents technical benefits, but it comes with high infrastructural costs. It is, therefore, necessary to install the minimum number of PMUs at optimal locations subject to power system observability, creating the Optimal PMU Placement Problem (OPPP). Some factors may be considered constraints in the OPPP, such as PMU outage. The main challenge with incorporating such constraints in the PMU placement problem is that the minimum number of PMUs required for system observation increases, contributing to the high infrastructural costs. This paper, therefore, proposes using a Linear Hybrid State Estimator (LHSE) that considers existing Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) measurements randomly distributed within the system and optimally placed Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) measurements. The proposed LHSE addresses challenges associated with nonlinearity in state estimation. The LHSE is also based on the Weighted Least Absolute Value (WLAV) criterion, considered robust and able to detect and discard bad data during the estimation process. The proposed LHSE can address state estimation reliability and resiliency, specifically the PMU outage contingency, by employing existing RTU measurements and optimally placed PMU measurements based on the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization technique. The proposed approach also leverages RTU and PMU measurements to address PMU loss contingency instead of utilizing PMU measurements only as in existing studies. Three test cases (IEEE 14 Bus, IEEE 30 Bus, and IEEE 57 Bus) are considered, with the simulations performed in MATLAB using MATPOWER data. The performance of LHSE is evaluated considering PMU/RTU measurements and PMU measurements only scenarios. Both RTU/PMU measurements present a lower Normalized Cumulative Error (NCE) performance index than PMU measurements only. In case of a single PMU outage, the proposed LHSE can estimate all states based on RTU/PMU measurements instead of only PMU measurements that fail.

Optimization of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Placement: A Review

In today’s world, a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a crucial component of our power network for managing, controlling, and monitoring. PMU can provide synchronized voltage current, and frequency measurements in real time. We can't put a PMU in every bus in the electrical grid because it's not viable from a productivity and economic standpoint, and it's also not practical for handling huge data. As a result, it's critical to reduce the amount of PMU in the power network while also increasing the power network's observability. The optimal PMU placement problem is solved using a variety of methodologies. The paper's main goal is to provide a brief overview of synchrophasor technology, phasor measurement units (PMU), and optimal PMU placement in order to reduce the number of PMUs in the system while maintaining complete observability and application in today's power systems.

Novel Optimal PMU Placement Approach Based on the Network Parameters for Enhanced System Observability and Wide Area Damping Control Capability

The placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) in modern power systems provides improved monitoring and control characteristics of the entire electrical network. Nevertheless, the installation of additional PMU devices is associated with relatively high cost and complicated communication infrastructure. As a result, the allocation of the PMU devices needs to be optimized to achieve complete observability of the system while minimizing the related cost. This paper proposes a new method for solving the optimal PMU placement (OPP) problem using integer linear programming (ILP) such that the global optimal solution is guaranteed. As opposed to the reported studies in the literature, the proposed method considers the network parameters such as the series impedances and the shunt admittances of the transmission lines and transformers impedances in the formulation of the OPP problem. These parameters are found to have a crucial impact on the observability of the entire network. A distinguishing feature of the proposed approach is that it decomposes the network into smaller subnetworks, with reduced dependence between them, thus making it scalable when applied to typical networks. In addition, the proposed method seeks to achieve the maximum measurement redundancy while considering the impact of failures among individual PMU devices (N-1 contingency), the PMU channel limitation and the pre-existing conventional measurements. Furthermore, the presented approach incorporates additional constraints which are associated with the control feedback signals of the supplementary damping controllers and thus enhance the small signal stability of the power grid. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested using different standard IEEE systems as well as a large practical network.

An Approach to Unravel the Optimal PMU Placement Problem for Full Observability of Power Network in View of Contingencies

An Approach to Unravel the Optimal PMU Placement Problem for Full Observability of Power Network in View of Contingencies

Realistic Method for Placement of Phasor Measurement Units through Optimization Problem Formulation with Conflicting Objectives

The Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a modern metering device installed to monitor and control the power system network. However, the number of PMUs and their placements ought to be optimized to satisfy the techno-economic demand. In this paper, the PMU placement problem has been expressed as a multi-objective problem. Modified whale optimization algorithm (MWOA) is proposed to solve Optimal Placement of PMUs (OPP) problem formulation aiming at minimizing the required number of PMU installation subjected to complete network observability and maximizing the reliability for better operation of power systems. Here, the simultaneous optimization of the two conflicting objectives is performed using a fuzzy-based modified whale optimization algorithm (FMWOA). Besides, single objective optimization problems with and without considering the zero-injection bus constraint and multi-objective optimization problem with zero injection bus constraint have been investigated. The proposed method is validated on small and larger test systems, namely IEEE 14, 30, 57, 118 bus systems, and the polish 2383-bus system. Also, the proposed algorithm results are compared with those of previously published for better clarity.

Modified branch‐and‐bound algorithm for unravelling optimal PMU placement problem for power grid observability: A comparative analysis

Modified branch‐and‐bound algorithm for unravelling optimal PMU placement problem for power grid observability: A comparative analysis

Optimal PMU Placement Using Genetic Algorithm for 330kV 52-Bus Nigerian Network

The phasor Measurement Unit is a modern tracking tool mounted on a network to track and manage power systems. PMU is accurate and time-synchronized device that gives voltage phasor measurements in nodes and current phasor measurements connected to those nodes where the PMU is installed. This study introduces the Genetic Algorithm for optimization of allocation of PMUs to enable maximum observation of the power network. The optimal PMU placement (OPP) problem is developed to minimize the quantity of PMU to be placed. The set and optimized model can efficiently position PMU in any network, considering the regular operation and zero injection (ZIN). Thus, the allocation algorithm implemented on IEEE 14-bus systems, the result was compared to that of existing works which achieved the same system of redundancy index. As a further study, the proposed approach is applied to the Nigerian 330kV new 52-bus systems, under operational arrangements for maximum observability of the network system. The technique formulated to handle normal operation and zero injection node succeeded in producing comparable results with other available techniques.

Optimal Phasor Measurement Unit Placement Using a Honey Bee Mating Optimization (HBMO) Technique Considering Measurement Loss and Line Outages

Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are important devices for protection, monitoring, and control of modern power systems. Unlike the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system which only measure the magnitude, PMUs can provide a set of synchronized phasor measurements with high sampling rate with the accuracy of less than one second, for better system monitoring especially during the outages. Since the PMUs are costly devices, system operator is not able to install a PMU at each bus to maximize the observability of system. To this end, determination of the number of PMUs in the system for having a 100% observability is pivotal. In this paper, honey bee mating optimization (HBMO) approach is utilized to allocate PMUs in modern power systems. Moreover, the impact of line outages, as well as measurement loses, are considered. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method on solving the PMU placement problem. http://www.crpase.com/xml/20210701211.xml

Optimal Allocation of Synchrophasor Units in the Distribution Network Considering Maximum Redundancy

Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is a smart measuring device commonly used in wide-area monitoring systems. It provides the synchronized phasor values and the magnitudes of voltages and currents in real-time for the proper state calculation of the electrical network in a common time reference frame. But in order to avoid unnecessary placements, minimize installation cost, and due to the lack of communication facilities at the substations, the placing of PMUs at every location is not possible. Therefore several optimization techniques have been developed to solve the Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) problem. The OPP problem aims to reduce the number of PMUs by achieving a completely observable network. Many solutions to the OPP problem have been proposed for the transmission networks with the use of conventional and heuristic-based approaches, but very few for distribution networks. In this paper, the Binary Grey Wolf Optimization (BGWO) algorithm is proposed to solve the OPP problem considering the measurement redundancy (MR) to achieve complete observability of the distribution network. Finally, case studies have been done by implementing the proposed algorithm on different IEEE test feeders such as the IEEE -13, -33, -37, and -123 node feeder systems. The obtained results are compared with previous studies to verify the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed technique.

A Novel Approach for Configuration Identification of Distribution Network Utilizing μPMU Data

Estimating the configuration of the distribution network (DN) is essential for coordinated protection, reliable automation, and robust control applications. This article presents a novel approach to detect the configuration of the DN by acquiring and processing real-time measurement from the optimally placed microphasor measurement unit ( $\mu$ PMU). Initially, the $\mu$ PMU placement problem is formulated subjected to the various working configuration of the distribution network for complete observability. After that, measurements from $\mu$ PMU nodes are obtained to develop the problem of identifying the network configuration. Conceptual mechanism behind configuration identification approach is to compare time series measurements with the estimated version. The estimated measurement is derived by adopting load-flow analysis pertaining to different network configurations. Comprehensive testing in 33-node DN under different scenarios viz. nominal load, uncertain variation in load, load ratio effect, and evaluation with a reduced number of measuring devices verifies the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed configuration identification approach.