Plants Phaseolus Vulgaris Research Articles

Effect of Water TDS, on the Growth of Plant (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Water is the major constituent of life for the growth of animals and flora species. Water is available around the world with different Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) levels and minerals. On the basis of TDS, the hardness and softness of water are determined. (Underground water and oceanic water are found to have higher TDS than fresh water).
 Aim: To understand the effect of TDS on the growth of plant.
 Objectives: A study was conducted on the basis of the TDS of water to observe the effect of TDS on the growth of phaseolus vulgaris (kidney bean) plants and to check whether the water TDS is responsible for the growth of the plants or not.
 Methods: Water of different TDS levels was collected from Gwalior district (Gwalior, Gwalior fresh water Takenpur, and distilled water). Water has different TDS levels ranging from 95ppm (Parts Per Million), 750ppm, 2000ppm, distilled water with 0ppm TDS, and acidic distilled water (pH 3.5–4, by adding HCl acid). The kidney beans (phaseolus vulgaris) were purchased from a local mart and sowed into the washed sand with a neutral pH of 7, and the growth was observed under sunlight. (Each pot containing 7 beans).
 Results: The result of the experiment was positive as required, as the water TDS level affects the growth of plants. It has been observed that distilled water with a TDS of 0 ppm shows almost no growth, but a TDS of 750 ppm shows the maximum growth. Therefore, it has been concluded that TDS is also responsible for the growth of plants, and this practice can be done on a large scale also for the best result of growth.

Reduction in the Use of Some Herbicides Favors Nitrogen Fixation Efficiency in Phaseolus vulgaris and Medicago sativa.

In recent decades, the quality of agricultural soils has been seriously affected by the excessive application of pesticides, with herbicides being one of the most abundant. Continuous use of herbicides alters the soil microbial community and beneficial interactions between plants and bacteria such as legume-rhizobia spp. symbiosis, causing a decrease in the biological nitrogen fixation, which is essential for soil fertility. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the effect of two commonly used herbicides (pendimethalin and clethodim) on the legume-rhizobia spp. symbiosis to improve the effectiveness of this process. Phaseolus vulgaris plants grown in pots with a mixture of soil:perlite (3:1 v/v), showed a 44% inhibition of nitrogen fixation rate with pendimethalin. However, clethodim, specifically used against monocots, did not induce significant differences. Additionally, we analyzed the effect of herbicides on root exudate composition, detecting alterations that might be interfering with the symbiosis establishment. In order to assess the effect of the herbicides at the early nodulation steps, nodulation kinetics in Medicago sativa plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti were performed. Clethodim caused a 30% reduction in nodulation while pendimethalin totally inhibited nodulation, producing a reduction in bacterial growth and motility as well. In conclusion, pendimethalin and clethodim application reduced the capacity of Phaseolus vulgaris and Medicago sativa to fix nitrogen by inhibiting root growth and modifying root exudate composition as well as bacterial fitness. Thus, a reduction in the use of these herbicides in these crops should be addressed to favor a state of natural fertilization of the soil through greater efficiency of leguminous crops.

Response of Phaseolus vulgaris plants to foliar spray and soil drenching by silver nanoparticles (Ag+NPS).

Response of Phaseolus vulgaris plants to foliar spray and soil drenching by silver nanoparticles (Ag+NPS).

The role of tetradecane in the identification of host plants by the mirid bugs Apolygus lucorum and Adelphocoris suturalis and potential application in pest management.

The mirid bugs Apolygus lucorum and Adelphocoris suturalis are considered serious pests of many crops in China, the host plant recognition of these pests remains unclear. The current study investigated the vital odor cues of two mirid bugs and evaluated the role of olfactory recognition in host recognition. The GC-EAD response of mirid bugs to volatiles of their host plant Phaseolus vulgaris was tested. Tetradecane, 2-propyl-1-pentanol, and dodecanal elicited strong EAG responses by mirid bugs and were tested with field experiments. The results indicated tetradecane was significantly more attractive than other attractants, yielding 30.33 ± 2.19 mirid bugs trapped during 7days. The selected response rates to tetradecane were above 60%, which was most attractive to female A. lucorum at 1.5mg/ml. Among seven tetradecane derivatives, tetradecane and tetradecanoic acid were the most potent attractants to A. lucorum and A. suturalis. Tetradecane was present in the volatiles of 10 common hosts, and their difference in relative content was significant. The presence of tetradecane seemed relevant to the olfactory response intensity of two mirid bugs towards the different host plants. The artificial supplement of tetradecane increased the attractive effect of host plants. These results suggested that tetradecane plays a vital role in the olfactory selection by two mirid bugs, and it can be made into field baits as a novel ecological strategy to manage these pests with widely reported pesticide resistance. However, results suggested host recognition is not entirely dependent on odor cues. We demonstrated that A. suturalis and A. lucorum adults have similar olfactory recognition mechanisms to their hosts in long-distance host selection. While, the differences in host plant selection between the two pests should occur in close range due to differences in gustatory or tactile sensory organs of A. lucorum and A. suturalis.

Simultaneous Action of Silymarin and Dopamine Enhances Defense Mechanisms Related to Antioxidants, Polyamine Metabolic Enzymes, and Tolerance to Cadmium Stress in Phaseolus vulgaris.

Silymarin (Sm) and dopamine (DA) act synergistically as potential antioxidants, mediating many physiological and biochemical processes. As a first report, we investigated the synergistic effect of Sm and DA in mitigating cadmium stress in Phaseolus vulgaris plants. Three experiments were conducted simultaneously using 40 cm diameter pots to elucidate how Sm and DA affect cadmium tolerance traits at morphological, physiological, and biochemical levels. Cadmium stress triggered a marked reduction in growth, productivity, and physio-biochemical characteristics of common bean plants compared to unstressed plants. Seed priming (SP) and foliar spraying (FS) with silymarin (Sm) or dopamine (DA) ((DA (SP) + Sm (FS) and Sm (SP) + DA (FS)) ameliorated the damaging effects of cadmium stress. Sm seed priming + DA foliar spraying (Sm (SP) + DA (FS)) was more efficient. The treated stressed common bean plants showed greater tolerance to cadmium stress by diminishing oxidative stress biomarkers (i.e., O2•-, H2O2, and MDA) levels through enhanced enzymatic (SOD, CAT, POD, APX) and non-enzymatic (ascorbic acid, glutathione, α-tocopherol, choline, phenolics, flavonoids) antioxidant activities and osmoprotectants (proline, glycine betaine, and soluble sugars) contents, as well as through improved photosynthetic efficiency (total chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, photochemical activity, and efficiencies of carboxylation (iCE) and PSII (Fv/Fm)), polyamines (Put, Spd, and Spm), and polyamine metabolic enzymes (ADC and ODC) accumulation. These findings signify that Sm and DA have remarkable anti-stress effects, which can help regulate plant self-defense systems, reflecting satisfactory plant growth and productivity. Thus, realizing the synergistic effect of Sm and DA in cadmium tolerance confers potential new capabilities for these compounds to function in sustainable agriculture.

Genome-Wide Analysis and Characterization of the PIF Gene Family Under Salt and Drought Stress in Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The purpose of this study was to identify and describe members of the phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) gene family including the basic helix loop helix (bHLH) binding site in Phaseolus vulgaris plants, as well as to investigate their responses to salt and drought stress. Various tools of in silico approaches were used to identify five Pvul-PIF gene families in the P. vulgaris genome. This gene family contained 324 to 726 amino acids and has molecular weights ranging from 35.11 kDa to 77.67 kDa. The theoretical isoelectric points range from 6.03 (Pvul-PIF-3.3) to 8.30 (Pvul-PIF-3.2). Pvul-PIF proteins were shown to be clustered in three main groups with Arabidopsis thaliana, Populus trichocarpa, Solanum lycopersicum, Zea mays, Arachis hypogaea L., Oryza sativa, Vitis vinifera, Glycine max, and Phaseolus vulgaris species as a result of the phylogenetic study. Segmental duplication was detected between Pvul-PIF-3.2, Pvul-PIF-3.3 and Pvul-PIF-3.1 genes, Pvul-PIF-4.1 and Pvul-PIF-4.2 genes and Pvul-PIF-3.3 and Pvul-PIF-3.1 genes. When the expression patterns of the Pvul-PIF genes were examined, it was observed that they had different levels of expression under salt and drought stress and that they may be involved in specific biological and molecular processes in response to different abiotic and biotic stresses. The results of this research, which were established for the first time in response to salt and drought stress in P. vulgaris of the PIF gene family, will be a valuable source of knowledge and additional information in the fields of plant biotechnology, agricultural biotechnology, and molecular biology.

Effects of Rhizobium leguminosarum Thy2 on the Growth and Tolerance to Cadmium Stress of Wheat Plants.

Cadmium (Cd) stress is an obstacle for crop production, quality crops, and sustainable agriculture. An important role is played by the application of eco-friendly approaches to improve plant growth and stress tolerance. In the current study, a pre-sowing seed treatment with Rhizobium leguminosarum strains, isolated from the leguminous plants Phaseolus vulgaris (strain Pvu5), Vicia sylvatica (strain VSy12), Trifolium hybridium (strain Thy2), and T. pratense (strain TPr4), demonstrated different effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant growth under normal conditions. Among all tested strains, Thy2 significantly increased seed germination, seedling length, fresh and dry biomass, and leaf chlorophyll (Chl) content. Further analysis showed that Thy2 was capable of producing indole-3-acetic acid and siderophores and fixing nitrogen. Under Cd stress, Thy2 reduced the negative effect of Cd on wheat growth and photosynthesis and had a protective effect on the antioxidant system. This was expressed in the additional accumulation of glutathione and proline and the activation of glutathione reductase. In addition, Thy2 led to a significant reduction in oxidative stress, which was evidenced by the data on the stabilization of the ascorbate content and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase. In addition, Thy2 markedly reduced Cd-induced membrane lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage in the plants. Thus, the findings demonstrated the ability of the R. leguminosarum strain Thy2, isolated from T. hybridium nodules, to exert a growth-promoting and anti-stress effect on wheat plants. These results suggest that the Thy2 strain may enhance wheat plant growth by mitigating Cd stress, particularly through improving photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity and reducing the severity of oxidative damage. This may provide a basic and biological approach to use the Thy2 strain as a promising, eco-friendly candidate to combat Cd stress in wheat production.

Tests for Inhibiting the Action of Cadmium by Selective Interactions with Zinc and Copper; in-vitro Investigations on the Phaseolus-vulgaris Plant

Knowing that heavy metals are characterized by the cumulative effects on the one hand and that they are present in biological systems at very low doses, which makes their effects latent and often irreversible. It is in this perspective and in order to try to solve the problem of detoxification of this type of major contaminant, we opted for an effective solution which is detoxification by antagonism based on selective interaction. The choice is made for Cadmium which is considered a very harmful element on the one hand and its almost total presence in the entire ecosystem. The investigation protocol is based on two complementary steps which are: • Determination of the Cadmium toxicity threshold vis-àvis the selected plant Phaseolus-Vulgaris. • Study of the interaction between and Cadmium and Zinc and Cadmium Copper selected for the application And the verification of the reduction of the harmful effect by selective competition.

Plant growth promoting and antagonistic Enterobacter sp. EPR4 from common bean rhizosphere of garhwal himalayan inhibits a soil-borne pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Plant growth stimulating and antagonistic properties of 7 bacterial isolates of beneficial Enterobacter spp. (EPR1- EPR7) screened from the rhizospheric soil of Phaseolus vulgaris plants growing in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India was studied against soil borne phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes root rots in various crops. Among the isolates, EPR4 showed 64.8% reduction in colony growth of the fungal pathogen in dual culture. All seven isolates are capable of producing Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), but EPR4 also produced cyanogens, solubilized inorganic and organic phosphate, siderophore, ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) deamininase, and extracellular enzymes like chitinase which inhibited the phytopathogen. For the EPR4 strain, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was followed by NCBI - BLAST similarity showed the maximum sequence similarity (100%) with the species of Enterobacter (available on NCBI data base), and recognized as Enterobacter sp. EPR4 (GenBank accession number JN225424). The Enterobacter sp. EPR4 has the potential to be used as a biocontrol agent against S. sclerotiorum as well as a good plant growth promoter for common bean and other crops grown in India's Garhwal Himalaya.

Role of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Enzyme in the Systemic Acquired Acclimation Induced by Light Stress in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Plants.

Plants are able to acclimate to environmental constraints through functional modifications that may also occur in tissues that are not directly exposed to stress. This process is termed “systemic acquired acclimation.” The present study aims to evaluate the involvement of PolyADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein in the acclimation process to high light (HL) stress in Phaseolus vulgaris plants. For this purpose, some leaves located at the top of the plant, in the apical position, were directly exposed to HL (“inducing” leaves), while others on the same plant, distal from the top, continued to be exposed to growth light (“receiving” leaves) to verify the hypothesis that an “alert” message may be transferred from injured tissues to distal ones. Biochemical and eco-physiological analyses, namely PARP activity, H2O2 and water- and fat-soluble antioxidants (i.e., ascorbic acid, tocopherol, glutathione (GSH), phenols, carotenoids, etc.) content, and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were performed on both “inducing” and “receiving” leaves. Even if no change in PARP expression was found, its activity increased in “receiving” unstressed leaves in response to the light stress duration experimented by “inducing” leaves, while antioxidant capacity declined. When the “receiving” leaves were exposed to HL, the PARP activity returned to the control value, while antioxidant capacity photosynthetic electron transport rate (Jf) decreased and increased, respectively, compared to Control. Our results seem to show an acclimation pathway triggered in remote tissues not yet subjected to stress, likely involving a reactive oxygen species wave activating the PARP enzyme in a mechanism still to be clarified. In addition, the increased tolerance of plants directly exposed to HL could implicate a boosted synthesis of soluble antioxidants accompanied by a reduction of PARP activity to reduce excessive consumption of NAD(P).

Study on the Effect of Phaseolus vulgaris Methanol Extract on Haloperidol and Tacrine Induced Parkinsonism

Abstract: Background: Parkinson’s disease is neurodegenerative disease with no cure till now, there are treatments that can be explored to ease the symptoms of this disease, and using plant extract we explore the possibility of neutralizing the adverse symptoms and providing better quality of life to patients. Purpose: To demonstrate Anti-parkinson’s activity of Phaseolus vulgaris methanol pod extract by using behavioural models in Wister Albino rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were given Phaseolus vulgaris methanol extract (PVME) prior Haloperidol and Tacrine induced Parkinsonism. Results: Phaseolus vulgaris, family (Leguminosae) is a plant, well known for its Traditional and Ayurvedic application for the treatment of various diseases. In the present studies, Phaseolus vulgaris pods were used to evaluate its Antiparkinson’s activity in behavioral models in Albino rats. The models used here were Haloperidol-induced catalepsy and Tacrine-induced vacuous jaw movement. Phaseolus vulgaris methanol extract (PVME) of 200 and 400 mg/kg were given to rats prior to inducing Catalepsy. Haloperidol, an Antipsychotic drug that induces motor symptoms like Parkinson’s disease, PVME administration for 5 days, and on last day Haloperidol (1mg/kg i.p) was given and catalepsy was observed, it was seen that PVME reduces catalepsy score in a dose-dependent manner. Behavioral parameters also observed using Tacrine, which is an Anticholesterase drug induces chewing movements and orofacial bursts. The results were noted for a duration of 1 hr and found that PVME 400 mg/kg dose significantly reduces the movements and bursts as compared to 200 mg/kg dose. The given results were found close to the standard group (levodopa + carbidopa). Conclusion: The study conducted on Phaseolus vulgaris plant pod extract demonstrates the Neuroprotective activity of plant and its effectiveness to assess the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Antiparkinson’s effect of PVME shown to treat symptoms of motor dysfunction attributed to its tendency to reduce oxidative stress and having phenolic content. Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris, Haloperidol, Tacrine, Parkinson’s disease, Levodopa, Neuroprotective, Carbidopa, Oxidative stress.

Chemical seed treatment and mycorrhizal inoculation provide better development and nutrition of common bean plants.

Chemical seed treatment is an established practice in agriculture to protect crops from soil-borne pathogens and pests. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) benefit plants by extending soil exploration as well as water and nutrient uptake. The objective of this work was to analyze the effects of combinations of seed treatments with doses of inoculant containing Rhizoglomus intraradices on vegetative development, root colonization and nutrition of Phaseolus vulgaris plants and soil microbiota. Seed treatment benefited the vegetative development and nutrition of beans, with the treatments metalaxyl + fludioxonil + tiabendazole and pyraclostrobin + thiophanate methyl + fipronil standing out regarding the contents of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) of the aerial parts. Mycorrhizal inoculation linearly increased dehydrogenase activity, root biomass and total plant biomass, with increments reaching 27%. There was an interaction between seed treatment and inoculation dose for aboveground biomass and the contents of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn) and root colonization, with expressive results for the combination of the two highest doses of inoculant with metalaxyl + fludioxonil + tiabendazole or pyraclostrobin + methylthiophanate + fipronil in the seeds. Chemical seed treatment and mycorrhizal inoculation benefited bean plants and their nutritional status. The best combinations for the bean crop were metalaxyl + fludioxonil + tiabendazole with 41.4mg of the inoculant per 100 seeds and pyraclostrobin + thiophanate methyl + fipronil with 62.1mg of the inoculant per 100 seeds. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Assaying the efficiency of sulfate, chelate and zinc nanoparticle fertilizers in green bean grown in alkaline soil

The excessive fertilizer application is a recurring problem in agriculture as it not only harms the soil texture but also diminishes the micronutrient availability i.e., zinc (Zn). Zn is an essential element for crop production and quality, and is also indispensable for human diet. Zn deficiency is a common problem in alkaline soils. This study aims to assess the efficiency of three different Zn fertilizers in Phaseolus vulgaris plants, grown in an alkaline soil. P. vulgaris plants were grown in an experimental greenhouse under four different treatments: control (no Zn fertilization), ZnSO4, the chelate diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA-Zn), and Zn nanoparticles (NfsZnO). Each Zn source was applied at three different doses (0, 25, 50, 100 mg kg−1). Parameters related to biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and Zn accumulation were analyzed. Zn sources enhanced bean pod growth and yield. Furthermore, the three Zn sources increased Zn accumulation in all plant organs, except in leaves. Whereas, plants supplied with 100 mg kg−1 of DTPA-Zn and 25 mg kg−1 of NfsZnO accumulated the highest bean Zn concentration. Generally, plants supplied with DTPA-Zn and NfsZnO showed the highest Zn content values. Besides, Zn sources enhanced the values of Zn efficiency parameters in a dose-dependent manner. According to the results, the three Zn fertilizers were effective to increase the parameters analyzed in P. vulgaris. However, DTPA-Zn and NfsZnO were more effective to enhance yield and bean Zn content, and thus can be useful for bean cultivation in alkaline soils.

Identification of conserved and new miRNAs that affect nodulation and strain selectivity in the Phaseolus vulgaris-Rhizobium etli symbiosis through differential analysis of host small RNAs.

Phaseolus vulgaris plants from the Mesoamerican centre of genetic diversification establish a preferential and more efficient root nodule symbiosis with sympatric Rhizobium etli strains. This is mediated by changes in host gene expression, which might occur either at the transcriptional or at the post-transcriptional level. However, the implication of small RNA (sRNA)-mediated control of gene expression in strain selectivity has remained elusive. sRNA sequencing was used to identify host microRNAs (miRNAs) differentially regulated in roots at an early stage of the symbiotic interaction, which were further characterized by applying a reverse genetic approach. In silico analysis identified known and new miRNAs that accumulated to a greater extent in the preferential and more efficient interaction. One of them, designated as Pvu-miR5924, participates in the mechanisms that determine the selection of R. etli strains that will colonize the nodules. In addition, the functional analysis of Pvu-miR390b verified that this miRNA is a negative modulator of nodule formation and bacterial infection. This study not only extended the list of miRNAs identified in P. vulgaris but also enabled the identification of miRNAs that play relevant functions in nodule formation, rhizobial infection and the selection of the rhizobial strains that will occupy the nodule.

Tetranychus urticae density on variety of plant leaves influencing predatory mite Euseius scutalis functional response

ABSTRACT The functional response of adult females of the predatory mite Euseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot) was assessed at different prey densities of immature Tetranychus urticae Koch and variable plant texture using six plants (Cucumis sativus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Capsicum annuum, Vitis vinifera, Ficus carica and Cucumis melo). The present results demonstrated that the change in predation rate of E. scutalis is caused by the structural and morphological characteristics of the leaf and prey density. The handling time per prey item (Th ) of the functional response for the E. scutalis changed with plant leaf type and numerical density of the prey. The shortest handling time was on P. vulgaris, while the highest handling time was on C. melo. It was evident that the searching efficiency (a') was highest on C. annuum, while lowest on C. melo. On P. vulgaris and C. melo there was significant difference in the mean number of prey killed at the different prey densities. Curves of functional response matched those of the type II response model, implying inverse density-dependence in addition to a positive quadratic coefficient. These findings highlight the significance of host plant traits and prey density on E. scutalis performance and in optimizing natural enemy usage in biological pest management.

First Report of Root Rot Caused by Pythium dissotocum on Hydroponically Grown Collard Greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala).

Collards (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) are grown throughout the United States. Hydroponic greens are more common now due to technological advances lowering the cost and increasing the efficacy of production. In January 2021, a 325 m2 indoor hydroponic farm opened to provide fresh produce for a school in Los Angeles County, CA. Three week old collard seedlings were purchased from a local nursery, rinsed of their rooting media, and transplanted into deep water culture beds (1.2 m x 2.5 m x 0.3 m). Two weeks later, symptoms including plant stunting, chlorosis, leaf curling and wilting, and brown necrotic roots appeared. By and by 80-100% of usable plants were lost to disease. Symptomatic roots were plated on corn meal agar (CMA) amended with 2 ml of 25% lactic acid and CMA amended with pimaricin, ampicillin, rifampicin, and pentachloronitrobenzene (PARP) (Kannwischer et al. 1978). After 2 days a single colony type emerged on PARP but no growth occurred on acidified CMA. Representative isolates were transferred to CMA and to filtered (0.02 µm) soil extract solution with boiled grass blades (Martin 1992), both of which were incubated at 22 C and ambient light conditions. On CMA, isolates produced coenocytic mycelium with minimal aerial hyphae. After 24 h in soil extract, isolates developed filamentous sporangia, elongated discharge tubes with slightly inflated tips, and zoospores. Oospores were not observed. Pathogenicity was confirmed by soaking the roots of five day old collard seedlings in beakers containing zoospores (1 x 102 zoospores/ml) in filtered soil extract. Four isolates were tested on 15 seedlings each. After 24 h at 22 C in ambient light conditions, plants were transferred to new beakers with roots placed on filter paper at the bottom and saturated with sterile distilled water. Three days after this transfer, leaves on all plants turned chlorotic and roots developed brown lesions from which morphologically identical colonies were isolated. Control plants, soaked in filtered soil extract, developed no root or foliar symptoms. To molecularly identify the collard isolates, DNA was extracted from mycelial original and re-isolated isolates and was amplified by PCR using mitochondrial primers for the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene (Robideau et al. 2011) and the cytochrome oxidase II (COX2) gene (Martin 2000). The only species that matched both loci from the original and re-isolated isolates with a high percent identity was Pythium dissotocum. The COI locus from the original isolate (MZ027311) matched P. dissotocum with 99% identity and with 332/334 base pairs matching the isolate with Sequence ID MT981134.1. From the re-isolated isolate (MZ027313), the COIequence perfectly matched 657/657 base pairs of P. dissotocum (Sequence ID MT981147.1). The COX2 locus from the original isolate (MZ027312) matched P. dissotocum (Sequence ID MG719859.1) with a 99% identity and 517/518 matching base pairs and the re-isolated isolate (MZ027314) perfectly matched P. dissotocum (Sequence ID MG719859.1) with 515/515 matching base pairs. Based on these molecular and morphological data, the isolates were identified as Pythium dissotocum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. dissotocum causing root rot on collards. At this same facility, P. dissotocum was also confirmed as the cause of declining bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants. As hydroponics will be necessary to feed a growing population - especially in urban areas -- and because leafy greens are a main crop of the hydroponics industry, we anticipate this issue may become common. Hydroponic systems are highly conducive to the persistence of Oomycetes and a record of infection and plan of action will be necessary to preserve crop health.

The effect of pollution by gravel cruches dust in the city of sebha,libya on the germination and growth of beans of phaseolus vulgaris and vigna unguiculata plants

Pollution has heavy impact on countries ' economies, through its impact on crop production. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pollution by breakers gravel dust (city of Sebha-Libya) on germination and growth of seedlings of beans Phaseolus vulgaris and Cowpea Vigna unguiculata. Where the field poll found that the number of crushers in the city reached 12 crusher scattered randomly around the city, there are relatively found at high sites when compared to agricultural land in the area, causing environmental problems on agricultural ecosystems of dust from these quarries. Accumulated dust was collected from the nearest crusher to the agricultural area south of the city, and various concentrations was prepared in the laboratory from this dust ( 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 grams/liter), and its impact was assessed on seed germination and seedling growth in an experiment conducted in Petri dishes in laboratories of Faculty of science, University of Sebha. And it turns out that crushers dust has a significant negative impact on seed germination and growth of seedlings of both plant under study .

USING OF BIOMASS AND WASTES OF BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS) AND PEAS (PISUM SATIVUM) PRO-CESSING AS SORPTION MATERIAL FROM POLLUTANTS REMOVING FROM WATER ENVIRONMENTS (LIT-ERATURE REVIEW)

Was reported literature findings of domestic and foreign articles about using of biomass components (leaves, straw, pods, seeds) and wastes of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and peas (Pisum sativum) pods shells processing as sorption material for pollutants (metals ions, colorants) removing from water environments. Concise literature findings about Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris plant structure, cultivation value, and chemical composition of some biomass components are described. Was revealed that composition of beans and peas pods has big amount of proteins, that can provide removing of metals ions such as (Cd(II), Co(II), Cr(III) и Cr(VI), Cu(II), Fe(III), Mo(VI), Ni(II), Pb(II), Sb(III) и Sb(V), Zn(II)) from water environments. Was showed the possibility of sorption characteristics increase for pollutants by Phaseolus vulgaris and Pisum sativum biomass treatment with different chemical reagents. Was revealed that pollutants sorption isotherms of wastes and biomass of considered legumes are described mostly by Langmuir model than by Freundlich model. The kinetic of process mostly match to pseudo-second order model. It is shown that using of seeds and pods shells of legumes is prospectively for removing of heavy metals ions and suspended particles from water. Was proposed to use charcoal, which was gotten by peas pods carbonization for removing of heavy metals ions from water environments. Concluded, that using of legumes pods extracts is more effective for clearing water environments from heavy metals ions.

Bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of biofortified BRS pontal and conventional carioca bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants.

The current knowledge of bean plants microbiome is far from being complete. Unraveling the complexity of the bacterial communities within common bean cultivars that may significantly contribute to plant health, growth and protection against soil pathogens, represents a major challenge. In this study, the richness and composition of the bacterial communities from bean plant rhizospheres and control bulk soils were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing and comparative analyses. From the classified sequences, Proteobacteria represented the most abundant phylum (42-66%), followed by Acidobacteria (12-36%) and Actinobacteria (11-18%), Bacterial community structures were different between bulk soil and rhizosphere samples. Comparing the bean cultivars, the biofortified cultivar presented high number of sequences affiliated to the genera Burkholderia and Rhodanobacter. Interestingly, despite the presence of stable and persistent core bacterial taxa associated with the common bean varieties, our analysis suggested that the biofortified common bean cultivar could select and maintain differential abundances of microbial groups in the rhizosphere environment.

Growth inhibition and microcystin accumulation in bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plant irrigated with water containing toxic Chrooccocus minutus

Cyanobacterial blooms and microcystins (MCs) in irrigation waters have been recognized as an emergent environmental threat to many terrestrial plants. While several studies addressed the impacts of crude cyanobacterial extracts and dissolved MC-containing water on crop plants, less is known about the effects of irrigation water containing cyanobacterial blooms (i.e., intracellular plus extracellular toxins). In the present study, we investigated the effects of whole culture, cell-free culture filtrate and living cells of the toxic cyanobacterium Chroococcus minutus on growth, physiological parameters and MC accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris (bush bean) plants. The plants were grown in pots containing agricultural soil, in order to mimic common agricultural practice. After 4 weeks of growth, treated plants exhibited substantial reduction in root and shoot growth, photosynthetic pigments, and protein contents compared to control plants. Treated plants also showed higher lipid peroxidation than control plants. The lowest inhibitory effects were observed in plants treated with culture filtrate containing extracellular MCs only (15.3 μg L−1). The highest inhibitory effects were recorded in plants treated with whole cyanobacterial culture containing both intra- and extracellular MCs (132 μg L−1), indicating the release of intracellular MCs from cells into the rizhosphere and their uptake by plant roots. MC concentrations in immature pods of P. vulgaris plants irrigated with whole culture and living cyanobacterial cells led to estimates of daily MCs intake (0.125–0.391 μg kg−1 body weight) that exceeded the total daily intake guidelines (0.04 μg kg−1 body weight) for human food consumption. This study suggests that irrigation water as well as plants used in human consumption should be regularly monitored for the presence of MCs and other cyanotoxins.