Phase Of Recruitment Research Articles

CD3-engaging bispecific antibodies trigger a paracrine regulated wave of T-cell recruitment for effective tumor killing

The mechanism of action of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) directing T-cell immunity to solid tumors is incompletely understood. Here, we screened a series of CD3xHER2 bsAbs using extracellular matrix (ECM) embedded breast cancer tumoroid arrays exposed to healthy donor-derived T-cells. An initial phase of random T-cell movement throughout the ECM (day 1–2), was followed by a bsAb-dependent phase of active T-cell recruitment to tumoroids (day 2–4), and tumoroid killing (day 4–6). Low affinity HER2 or CD3 arms were compensated for by increasing bsAb concentrations. Instead, a bsAb binding a membrane proximal HER2 epitope supported tumor killing whereas a bsAb binding a membrane distal epitope did not, despite similar affinities and intra-tumoroid localization of the bsAbs, and efficacy in 2D co-cultures. Initial T-cell-tumor contact through effective bsAbs triggered a wave of subsequent T-cell recruitment. This critical surge of T-cell recruitment was explained by paracrine signaling and preceded a full-scale T-cell tumor attack.

Feasibility of pharmacy-based research opportunity to enhance community testing and surveillance

BackgroundApproximately 89% of the US population lives within five miles of a community pharmacy, which provides a network of geographically distributed recruitment nodes for testing and surveillance of infection and disease. ObjectivesEstablish feasibility of Pharmacy-based Research Opportunities To Enhance Community Testing and Surveillance in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a community pharmacy setting with University of Kentucky serving as the coordinating center and research hub for sample analysis. MethodsTwo community pharmacies in Kentucky served as community-based recruitment sites to assess SARS-CoV-2 exposure through longitudinal (5 visits over 56 days) collection of nasal swabs and blood samples from subjects. ResultsFifty subjects were recruited between May 2022 and December 2023 for longitudinal sample collection. Three phases of recruitment were investigated by first establishing standard operating procedures in an urban pharmacy, then expanding recruitment at a second pharmacy in a rural setting, and finally increasing recruitment at the urban pharmacy. During the first phase of recruitment, 12 participants were recruited. Of these participants, two never scheduled a visit after the initial screening. The median time for study completion from first to last visit within this phase was 59 days (interquartile range: 56-68 days). During the second phase of recruitment, eight of nine participants completed all five visits. The median time to complete all visits was 105 days (interquartile range: 98-112 days). During the ongoing third phase, 29 subjects were recruited, and 19 participants completed all required visits and the remainder continue to schedule follow-up appointments. ConclusionCommunity pharmacies have a significant role in promoting public health. The geographic distribution of community pharmacies makes them appealing locations for recruitment of outpatient cohorts for local surveillance of infections and chronic inflammatory conditions with opportunities for broad implementation of this project for clinical trials in underserved communities.

Effect of a Patient Portal Reminder Message After No-Show on Appointment Reattendance in Ophthalmology: A Randomized Clinical Trial

PurposeTo assess the efficacy of electronic health record (EHR) messaging for re-engaging patients with ophthalmology care after a missed appointment. DesignProspective, randomized clinical trial. MethodsThe study setting was an academic ophthalmology department. The patient population comprised return patients age 18 years or older with an appointment “no show,” or missed appointment. Over two phases of recruitment, 362 patients with an active patient portal in the EHR were selected consecutively each business day. Patients were randomized using a web-based tool to receive a reminder to reschedule via a standard mailed letter only (control) or the mailed letter plus an electronic message through the electronic record within one business day of the missed appointment (intervention). Reengagement with eye care was defined as attendance of a rescheduled appointment within 30 days of the no-show visit. Patient charts were reviewed for demographic and clinical data. ResultsThe average age of recruited patients was 59.9 years, just under half of the sample was male (42.5%, 154/362), and most patients were White (56.9%, 206/362) or Black (36.2%, 131/362). Patients were most commonly recruited from the retina service (39.2%, 142/362) followed by the glaucoma service (29.3%, 106/362). Many patients in this study had previous no-show appointments, with an average no-show rate of 18.8% out of all scheduled visits across our health system. In total, 22.2% (42/189) of patients in the intervention group attended a follow-up appointment within 30 days of their no-show visit compared to 11.6% (20/173) of the control group (OR, 2.186; 95% CI, 1.225-3.898; p=0.008). When including only the 74 patients in the intervention group who read the intervention message in the patient portal, 28.4% (21/74) attended a follow-up compared to 11.6% (20/173) of the control group (p=0.001). ConclusionsEHR-based reminder messages sent within a business day of a missed appointment may promote re-engagement in ophthalmology care after appointment no-show.

Real Clinical Practice Register of Albuminuria Detection in Patients with Previously Undiagnosed Chronic Kidney Disease

Aim. To collect data on the patient phenotype at the highest risk of developing albuminuria, to assess the prevalence of albuminuria in the identified phenotypes, and to collect data on the characteristics, prescribed therapy, and comorbidities of patients with and without identified albuminuria.Materials and methods. Data on presence or absence of albuminuria are collected in this register of real clinical practice instantaneously. All patients seeking medical attention are screened for the presence and extent of albuminuria. All data are collected in anonymized form and entered into an electronic case report form. Inclusion criteria: 1) men and women aged 40 years and older at the time of data collection; 2) the possibility to perform an albuminuria test using dipsticks and/or a test for microalbuminuria or urine albumin/creatinine ratio in a spot urine sample. Exclusion criteria: 1) the patient’s reluctance to participate in the registry; 2) diagnosis of CKD made before screening for the registry; 3) diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2 made before screening for the registry; 4) pregnancy; 5) long distance running or very heavy physical activity in the last 24 hours.Results. At the time of submission of this material, the active phase of patient recruitment for the registry with the specified power has been ongoing. Based on the expected recruitment rate at 45–50 sites, the registry is expected to include data from 12,000–15,000 patients. If fewer than 12,000 patients are recruited and the estimated recruitment rate for the registry is insufficient, the number of study sites or the screening period may be extended.Conclusion. Despite the established prognostic significance of the data on AU, the test is prescribed in routine practice to individuals at risk of developing CKD or to patients with an established nephrological disorder. A local registry that combines diverse patient populations, namely patients not only from established CKD risk groups but also patients with a dipstick test for AU, is of scientific and practical interest and can be used in the development of national clinical guidelines and educational materials and used in clinical practice.

Early screening for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in subjects with age‐related macular degeneration: Associated risk factors and impact on their quality of life

AbstractBackgroundAge‐associated macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the main causes of central vision loss in one or both eyes, Multiple studies have shown that AMD and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have risk factors and histopathological changes in common, such as the constitution of protein deposits.MethodCase‐control type analysis study, On a sample of 236 subjects, of whom 118 present AMD (cases) from the Colombian Ophthalmology Center in the city of Bogotá and 118 non‐DMR (controls) an analytical study of biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (ApoE) is performed to establish the degree of association between AMD and AD. After performing anamnesis and risk factors questionnaire, the fundus of the eye is studied by means of a Topcon TRV‐50VT type non midritic camera confirming the AMD, and Neuropsychological evaluation for cognitive impairment (MMSE, MOCA, MOCA BASICA and MOCA BLIND) for detection of MCI or AD and QOLIE quality of life questionnaire.ResultStudy in progress, in the phase of recruitment of subjects to participate, in the ophthalmological center in Bogotá. Visual abnormalities are prominent in AD and are believed to develop before cognitive decline, with our study we proposed the hypothesis of correlation for biomarkers (+) especially for ApoE 4 in blood for subjects with AMD and AD/MCI. On the other hand, we propose Correlation of ApoE2 or ApoE3 for biomarkers in the control group. In addition, we hope to correct the risk factors in both pathologies, we also plan a significant impact on quality of life for subjects with AMD and AD/MCI compared to the other groups.ConclusionMany of the protein accumulations associated with druses have been identified as responsible for the pathogenesis of other diseases such as AD, arteriosclerosis and amyloidosis, opening the possibility of common origins. Apo E is a cholesterol‐carrying protein that is present in hard and soft druses, in the brain one of the functions of Apo E is to regulate cholesterol during the process of neuronal remodeling. The apolipoprotein E allele inheritance is involved in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis and AD but with a decreased risk of exudative AMD.

The importance of BMPs and TGF-βs for endochondral bone repair – A longitudinal study in hip arthroplasty patients

IntroductionOsseointegration of hip implants, although a decade-long process, shows striking similarities with the four major phases of endochondral bone repair. In the current study we investigated the spatiotemporal involvement of bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) and transforming growth factor betas (TGF-βs) throughout the process of bone repair leading to successfully osseointegrated hip implants. Materials and methodsTwenty-four patients that had undergone primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) due to one-sided osteoarthritis (OA) were investigated during a period of 18 years (Y) with repeated measurements of plasma biomarkers as well as clinical and radiological variables. All implants were clinically and radiographically well anchored throughout the follow-up. Eighty-one healthy donors divided in three gender- and age-matched groups and twenty OA patients awaiting THA, served as controls. Plasma was analyzed for BMP-1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -7 -9 and TGF-β1, -β2, -β3 by use of a high-sensitivity and wide dynamic range electrochemiluminescence technique allowing for detection of minor changes. ResultsSpatiotemporal changes during the follow-up are presented in the context of the four phases of endochondral bone repair shown in earlier studies and transposed to the current study based on similarities in biomarker responses. Phase 1: Primary proinflammatory phase lasting from surgery until day 7, Phase 2: Chondrogenic phase from day 7 until 18 months postsurgery, Phase 3: Secondary proinflammatory and cartilage remodeling phase lasting from 18 months until 7Y, Phase 4: coupled bone remodeling from 7Y until 18Y postsurgery. BMP-1 increased sharply shortly after surgery and remained significantly above healthy during the chondrocyte recruitment, proliferation, and hypertrophy phases with a subsequent return to control level at 5Y postsurgery. BMP-2 was above healthy controls before surgery and 1 day after surgery before decreasing to control level and remaining there throughout the follow-up. BMP-3 was at control level from presurgery until 6M after surgery when it increased to a peak at 2Y during the cartilage hypertrophy phase followed by a gradual decrease to control level at 10Y during the phase of bone formation. In the following, BMP-3 decreased below controls to a nadir 15Y postsurgery during coupled bone remodeling. BMP-4 was at control level from presurgery until 10Y postsurgery when it increased to a sharp peak at 15Y after surgery followed by a return to the level of healthy at 18Y. BMP-6 did not differ from healthy during the follow-up. BMP-7 was at control level from presurgery until 1Y postsurgery before gradually increasing to a peak at 10Y during the early phase of osteogenesis with a gradual return to control level at 18Y during the phase of coupled bone remodeling. BMP-9 was above OA before surgery followed by a decrease to basal level on day 1 after surgery and a renewed increase to a plateau above controls lasting from 6 W until returning to the level of healthy at 18Y postsurgery, i.e., throughout the phases of cartilage formation, cartilage hypertrophy and remodeling, bone formation and coupled bone remodeling. TGF-β1 was above controls presurgery before decreasing to baseline shortly after surgery followed by a renewed increase at 6 M to a peak at 2Y during cartilage hypertrophy/remodeling followed by a gradual return to baseline at 10Y during early osteoblastogenesis. TGF-β2 was at control level from presurgery until the phase of cartilage remodeling at 5Y when it increased sharply to a peak at 7Y with a gradual return to baseline at 18Y postsurgery. TGF-β3 remained at control level throughout the study. ConclusionThis study shows that the involvement of BMPs and TGF-βs in endochondral bone repair is a process of stepwise recruitment of individual biomarkers characterized by distinct, yet overlaping, spatiotemporal patterns that extend from the early phase of pre-chondrocyte recruitment until the late phase of coupled bone remodeling.

2.Q. Workshop: Difficult to reach – populations: How to recruit for qualitative and/or quantitative studies?

Abstract Background Migrants are often described as a difficult-to-reach group for research and become underrepresented or their representation is biased in most research projects. Researchers face challenges related to language barriers, intercultural communication, participant health literacy level, time, participant expectations, differences in education levels, cultural heritage, and values. Other challenges may be related to techniques (sending follow-up emails, phone calls, or face-to-face contact with participants). Improving the recruitment of a representative sample of participants is critical for conducting qualitative and quantitative research that includes the diverse populations we live in. Over the last five years, our research group conducted two large projects among Syrian refugees, including surveys, interviews, and interventions: the CHART project (Changing Health and health care needs Along the Syrian Refugees’ Trajectories to Norway) and the Integration for Health project. Both projects encountered challenges in recruitment but managed to recruit as intended. Based on our positive experiences conducting these studies, this workshop aims to share lessons learned to overcome recruitment challenges during the recruitment and data collection phases and to learn from other researchers with positive experiences. Aim To gain knowledge and improve skills in recruiting and addressing participants described as hard to reach in research and to reflect upon the best ways of accessing hard-to-reach populations. Timetable • Who are the hard-to-reach populations in public health and why? Esperanza Diaz - 10 min • Moderated conversation by Claire Collins. Presenters: Ayan Sheikh-Mohamed, Wegdan Hassan, and Khadra Yasien Ahmed, who present challenges from their studies- what we have done well and what not -20 minutes. • Work in groups: further sharing of experiences with participants and lessons to carry home - 20 minutes. Key messages • This workshop will increase awareness, knowledge, and skills in how to understand your target population. • Build trust and share various tools for recruiting hard-to-reach populations to increase the success of public health research. Speakers/Panelists Wegdan Hasha University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Khadra Yasien Ahmed Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway Ayan Bashir Sheikh-Mohamed Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway Esperanza Diaz Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Noninvasive assessment of metabolic turnover during inflammation by in vivo deuterium magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Inflammation and metabolism exhibit a complex interplay, where inflammation influences metabolic pathways, and in turn, metabolism shapes the quality of immune responses. Here, glucose turnover is of special interest, as proinflammatory immune cells mainly utilize glycolysis to meet their energy needs. Noninvasive approaches to monitor both processes would help elucidate this interwoven relationship to identify new therapeutic targets and diagnostic opportunities. For induction of defined inflammatory hotspots, LPS-doped Matrigel plugs were implanted into the neck of C57BL/6J mice. Subsequently, 1H/19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to track the recruitment of 19F-loaded immune cells to the inflammatory focus and deuterium (2H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to monitor the metabolic fate of [6,6-2H2]glucose within the affected tissue. Histology and flow cytometry were used to validate the in vivo data. After plug implantation and intravenous administration of the 19F-containing contrast agent, 1H/19F MRI confirmed the infiltration of 19F-labeled immune cells into LPS-doped plugs while no 19F signal was observed in PBS-containing control plugs. Identification of the inflammatory focus was followed by i.p. bolus injection of deuterated glucose and continuous 2H MRS. Inflammation-induced alterations in metabolic fluxes could be tracked with an excellent temporal resolution of 2 min up to approximately 60 min after injection and demonstrated a more anaerobic glucose utilization in the initial phase of immune cell recruitment. 1H/2H/19F MRI/MRS was successfully employed for noninvasive monitoring of metabolic alterations in an inflammatory environment, paving the way for simultaneous in vivo registration of immunometabolic data in basic research and patients.

The Applicability of Artificial Intelligence in Candidate Interviews in the Recruitment Process

This research paper examines the applicability of artificial intelligence (AI) in the recruitment and selection process, with a specific focus on the Interview phase. The study conducted qualitative interviews with 17 recruitment professionals, including hiring managers, recruiters, and HR executives, to gather their perspectives on AI adoption. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework was utilized as the theoretical model to guide the research. The findings indicate that the recruitment professionals were generally receptive to using AI in various recruitment phases. However, when it came to the interview phase, there was a distinct lack of enthusiasm for AI adoption among the professionals. They expressed concerns about providing a better candidate experience and perceived AI-based interviews as a lack of commitment to candidates. As a result, regardless of the hiring volume or job group, the professionals were hesitant to integrate AI into the interview phase. The research underscores the importance of carefully selecting the appropriate recruitment stage for integrating AI and addressing the concerns raised by recruitment and selection professionals. It highlights the need to consider the candidate's experience and maintain a sense of commitment throughout the recruitment process.

Done in 65 ms: Express Visuomotor Responses in Upper Limb Muscles in Rhesus Macaques.

How rapidly can the brain transform vision into action? Work in humans has established that the transformation for visually-guided reaching can be remarkably rapid, with the first phase of upper limb muscle recruitment, the express visuomotor response, beginning within less than 100 ms of visual target presentation. Such short-latency responses limit the opportunities for extensive cortical processing, leading to the hypothesis that they are generated via the subcortical tecto-reticulo-spinal pathway. Here, we examine whether nonhuman primates (NHPs) exhibit express visuomotor responses. Two male macaques made visually-guided reaches in a behavioral paradigm known to elicit express visuomotor responses in humans, while we acquired intramuscular recordings from the deltoid muscle. Across several variants of this paradigm, express visuomotor responses began within 65 ms (range: 48-91 ms) of target presentation. Although the timing of the express visuomotor response did not co-vary with reaction time, larger express visuomotor responses tended to precede shorter latency reaches. Further, we observed that the magnitude of the express visuomotor response could be muted by contextual context, although this effect was quite variable. Overall, the response properties in NHPs resemble those in humans. Our results establish a new benchmark for visuomotor transformations underlying visually-guided reaches, setting the stage for experiments that can directly compare the role of cortical and subcortical areas in reaching when time is of the essence.

A systematic review of ambulance service-based randomised controlled trials in stroke

BackgroundTreatment for stroke is time-dependent, and ambulance services play a vital role in the early recognition, assessment and transportation of stroke patients. Innovations which begin in ambulance services to expedite delivery of treatments for stroke are developing. However, research delivery in ambulance services is novel, developing and not fully understood.AimsTo synthesise literature encompassing ambulance service-based randomised controlled interventions for acute stroke with consideration to the characteristics of the type of intervention, consent modality, time intervals and issues unique to research delivery in ambulance services.Summary of reviewOnline searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL and WHO IRCTP databases and hand searches identified 15 eligible studies from 538. Articles were heterogeneous in nature and meta-analysis was partially available as 13 studies reported key time intervals, but terminology varied. Randomised interventions were evident across all points of contact with ambulance services: identification of stroke during the call for help, higher dispatch priority assigned to stroke, on-scene assessment and clinical interventions, direct referral to comprehensive stroke centres and definitive care delivery at scene. Consent methods ranged between informed patient, waiver and proxy modalities with country-specific variation. Challenges unique to the prehospital setting comprise the geographical distribution of ambulance resources, low recruitment rates, prolonged recruitment phases, management of investigational medicinal product and incomplete datasets.ConclusionResearch opportunities exist across all points of contact between stroke patients and ambulance services, but randomisation and consent remain novel. Early collaboration and engagement between trialists and ambulance services will alleviate some of the complexities reported.Registration numberPROSPERO 2018CRD42018075803

Ethical violations: Shortlisting and interviewing processes in the South African public service

Background: Ethics, integrity and accountability in public service departments have weakened. These departments face ethical violations in recruitment, shortlisting, interviewing and appointment processes despite the presence of human resource management prescripts in place.Aim: This study aimed to probe the level of ethical violations in recruitment, shortlisting and interviewing processes, and describe the challenges faced by human resource practitioners and panel members in South Africa’s public service departments.Setting: Both the national and provincial public service departments of South Africa.Methods: The study adopted the qualitative modernistic research approach. A semi-structured electronic questionnaire was used to gather views from 528 participants, including human resource practitioners and line managers serving as panel members.Results: Ethical violations result in human resource practitioners and panel members being compromised, maltreated, victimised and bullied in the workplace. During recruitment, shortlisting, interviewing and appointment stages, abuses of power, undisclosed conflicts of interest and even patronage by political heads and top-and-middle management are acutely rife. Ethical violations inhibit the human resource functionary from building an ethical, professional and capable public service.Conclusion: Ethical violations during recruitment phases are exacerbated by political heads and top management’s observable disregard of prescripts.Contribution: This study will encourage management to consider human resource practitioners’ role in managing ethical dilemmas and galvanise employees towards maintaining ethics and jointly desisting from unethical practices.

How does Microcystis aeruginosa respond to elevated temperature?

Cyanobacteria and their toxins widely exist in freshwater ecosystems. Microcystis aeruginosa is among dominant bloom-forming cyanobacteria. Water temperature is a key factor influencing the life cycle of M. aeruginosa. We simulated elevated temperature (4–35 °C) experiment and cultured M. aeruginosa during the overwintering, recruitment and rapid growth phases. The results showed that M. aeruginosa recovered growth after overwintering at 4–8 °C and recruited at 16 °C. The total extracellular polymeric substance (TEPS) concentration increased rapidly at 15 °C. The actual quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv′/Fm′) peaked at 20 °C during the rapid growth phase, and the optimum temperature of M. aeruginosa growth was 20–25 °C. Additionally, TEPS and microcystins (MCs) secretion peaked at 20–25 °C. The cell density accumulated rapidly from 26 °C to 35 °C. Furthermore, enzymes of RuBisCO and FBA related to photosynthetic activity were confirmed to contribute to the metabolism, as well as mcyB gene was affected by elevated temperature. Our results provide insights of the physiological effects and metabolic activity during annual cycle of M. aeruginosa. And it is predicted that global warming may promote the earlier recruitment of M. aeruginosa, extend the optimum growth period, enhance the toxicity, and finally intensify M. aeruginosa blooms.

Toward a Typology of Child Sex Traffickers: Using Crime Script Analysis to Inform Prevention

ABSTRACT Preventing child sex trafficking remains an urgent concern for public health and criminal justice professionals. Using crime script analysis, this study identified a typology of child sex traffickers (CSTs). Data for this study were drawn from 78 child sex trafficking cases involving 54 CSTs and 48 victims of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) investigated by the Child Protective Investigation Unit in a predominately rural and suburban county. Using a decision tree model, we identified subtypes of child sex traffickers (CSTs) and explored patterns and variation in the victim recruitment tactics used by these subtypes during three phases of the victim recruitment crime script – find, groom, and exploit. Seven types of CSTs emerged from the cases: Peer/Acquaintance, Organized Crime, Family Abuser, Romantic Coercive Conman, “Mate Crime” Predator, Opportunistic, and Cyber traffickers. Both shared and unique tactics were identified such as social media and peer recruitment to find victims, promises, and gifts to groom victims, and threats and violence to ensnare victims. Based upon the study findings, we recommend specific prevention strategies and education themes related to the various at-risk situational scenarios and documented tactics used by CSTs at each phase of victim recruitment.

Trans-epithelial migration is essential for neutrophil activation during RSV infection.

The recruitment of neutrophils to the infected airway occurs early following respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, and high numbers of activated neutrophils in the airway and blood are associated with the development of severe disease. The aim of this study was to investigate whether trans-epithelial migration is sufficient and necessary for neutrophil activation during RSV infection. Here, we used flow cytometry and novel live-cell fluorescent microscopy to track neutrophil movement during trans-epithelial migration and measure the expression of key activation markers in a human model of RSV infection. We found that when migration occurred, neutrophil expression of CD11b, CD62L, CD64, NE, and MPO increased. However, the same increase did not occur on basolateral neutrophils when neutrophils were prevented from migrating, suggesting that activated neutrophils reverse migrate from the airway to the bloodstream side, as has been suggested by clinical observations. We then combined our findings with the temporal and spatial profiling and suggest 3 initial phases of neutrophil recruitment and behavior in the airways during RSV infection; (1) initial chemotaxis; (2) neutrophil activation and reverse migration; and (3) amplified chemotaxis and clustering, all of which occur within 20 min. This work and the novel outputs could be used to develop therapeutics and provide new insight into how neutrophil activation and a dysregulated neutrophil response to RSV mediates disease severity.

Recruitment and Retention in Remote Research: Learnings From a Large, Decentralized Real-world Study.

Smartphones are increasingly used in health research. They provide a continuous connection between participants and researchers to monitor long-term health trajectories of large populations at a fraction of the cost of traditional research studies. However, despite the potential of using smartphones in remote research, there is an urgent need to develop effective strategies to reach, recruit, and retain the target populations in a representative and equitable manner. We aimed to investigate the impact of combining different recruitment and incentive distribution approaches used in remote research on cohort characteristics and long-term retention. The real-world factors significantly impacting active and passive data collection were also evaluated. We conducted a secondary data analysis of participant recruitment and retention using data from a large remote observation study aimed at understanding real-world factors linked to cold, influenza, and the impact of traumatic brain injury on daily functioning. We conducted recruitment in 2 phases between March 15, 2020, and January 4, 2022. Over 10,000 smartphone owners in the United States were recruited to provide 12 weeks of daily surveys and smartphone-based passive-sensing data. Using multivariate statistics, we investigated the potential impact of different recruitment and incentive distribution approaches on cohort characteristics. Survival analysis was used to assess the effects of sociodemographic characteristics on participant retention across the 2 recruitment phases. Associations between passive data-sharing patterns and demographic characteristics of the cohort were evaluated using logistic regression. We analyzed over 330,000 days of engagement data collected from 10,000 participants. Our key findings are as follows: first, the overall characteristics of participants recruited using digital advertisements on social media and news media differed significantly from those of participants recruited using crowdsourcing platforms (Prolific and Amazon Mechanical Turk; P<.001). Second, participant retention in the study varied significantly across study phases, recruitment sources, and socioeconomic and demographic factors (P<.001). Third, notable differences in passive data collection were associated with device type (Android vs iOS) and participants' sociodemographic characteristics. Black or African American participants were significantly less likely to share passive sensor data streams than non-Hispanic White participants (odds ratio 0.44-0.49, 95% CI 0.35-0.61; P<.001). Fourth, participants were more likely to adhere to baseline surveys if the surveys were administered immediately after enrollment. Fifth, technical glitches could significantly impact real-world data collection in remote settings, which can severely impact generation of reliable evidence. Our findings highlight several factors, such as recruitment platforms, incentive distribution frequency, the timing of baseline surveys, device heterogeneity, and technical glitches in data collection infrastructure, that could impact remote long-term data collection. Combined together, these empirical findings could help inform best practices for monitoring anomalies during real-world data collection and for recruiting and retaining target populations in a representative and equitable manner.

THE ROLE OF CULTURAL CAPITAL ON CAREER SUCCESS

Bu çalışma, kültürel sermayenin kariyer başarısındaki rolünü incelemektedir. Kariyer başarısını etkileyen hususlar, yazında çoğunlukla demografik, beşerî sermaye, sosyal sermaye ve yapısal faktörler ekseninde ele alınmış ancak bireyin erken çocukluk döneminden itibaren edinmeye başladığı kültürel sermayenin etkisi yeterli ilgiliyi görmemiştir. Yapılmış sınırlı çalışma, kültürel sermayenin işe girişte destekleyici bir unsur olduğunu savunmakla birlikte kişinin kariyer başarısında nerede durduğuna yönelik sonuçların bulanık olduğu görülmektedir. Nicel veri toplama yönetiminin tercih edildiği araştırmada, İletişim Danışmanlığı Şirketleri Derneği’ne (İDA) bağlı şirketlerde çalışan 126 halkla ilişkiler profesyoneline ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, kolayda örnekleme tekniği ile diğer sektörlerde çalışan 199 uzmana ölçekler uygulanmış ve elde edilen veriler analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre, Türkiye’deki çalışanların kültürel sermayeleri ile kariyer başarıları (nesnel ve öznel) arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki vardır. Bununla birlikte halkla ilişkiler uzmanlarının kültürel sermaye düzeyleri diğer çalışanlara göre yüksek olsa bile söz konusu kültürel kaynakların kariyer başarısı üzerindeki etkisinin diğer çalışanlara göre çok daha sınırlı olduğu bulgulanmıştır.

Enrollment and Retention of Participants in Remote Digital Health Studies: Scoping Review and Framework Proposal.

BackgroundDigital technologies are increasingly used in health research to collect real-world data from wider populations. A new wave of digital health studies relies primarily on digital technologies to conduct research entirely remotely. Remote digital health studies hold promise to significant cost and time advantages over traditional, in-person studies. However, such studies have been reported to typically suffer from participant attrition, the sources for which are still largely understudied.ObjectiveTo contribute to future remote digital health study planning, we present a conceptual framework and hypotheses for study enrollment and completion. The framework introduces 3 participation criteria that impact remote digital health study outcomes: (1) participant motivation profile and incentives or nudges, (2) participant task complexity, and (3) scientific requirements. The goal of this study is to inform the planning and implementation of remote digital health studies from a person-centered perspective.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review to collect information on participation in remote digital health studies, focusing on methodological aspects that impact participant enrollment and retention. Comprehensive searches were conducted on the PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases, and additional sources were included in our study from citation searching. We included digital health studies that were fully conducted remotely, included information on at least one of the framework criteria during recruitment, onboarding or retention phases of the studies, and included study enrollment or completion outcomes. Qualitative analyses were performed to synthesize the findings from the included studies.ResultsWe report qualitative findings from 37 included studies that reveal high values of achieved median participant enrollment based on target sample size calculations, 128% (IQR 100%-234%), and median study completion, 48% (IQR 35%-76%). Increased median study completion is observed for studies that provided incentives or nudges to extrinsically motivated participants (62%, IQR 43%-78%). Reducing task complexity for participants in the absence of incentives or nudges did not improve median study enrollment (103%, IQR 102%-370%) or completion (43%, IQR 22%-60%) in observational studies, in comparison to interventional studies that provided more incentives or nudges (median study completion rate of 55%, IQR 38%-79%). Furthermore, there were inconsistencies in measures of completion across the assessed remote digital health studies, where only around half of the studies with completion measures (14/27, 52%) were based on participant retention throughout the study period.ConclusionsFew studies reported on participatory factors and study outcomes in a consistent manner, which may have limited the evidence base for our study. Our assessment may also have suffered from publication bias or unrepresentative study samples due to an observed preference for participants with digital literacy skills in digital health studies. Nevertheless, we find that future remote digital health study planning can benefit from targeting specific participant profiles, providing incentives and nudges, and reducing study complexity to improve study outcomes.

A bibliometric analysis of person-organization fit research: significant features and contemporary trends

Person-organization (PO) fit is broadly defined as the compatibility between an individual and their employing organization that occurs when the characteristics of the two entities are well matched. It is related to higher levels of organizational commitment, job satisfaction, job retention, organizational citizenship behaviours, and job performance. In recent years, there has been a significant and hastening increase in the number of journal articles published in which person-organization fit is a major feature of the study. This study documents the historical and contemporary nature of this field using bibliometric methods to provide an overview of PO fit research and to analyse contemporary trends. After screening, 887 refereed journal articles were surfaced in the Scopus database that featured PO fit. Descriptively, this study identifies leading journal articles, authors, countries, and collaborative networks. Analytically, the paper identifies and discusses major and emerging research themes. These include an increase in studies exploring PO fit and its impact on employee engagement during their employment. Other contemporary themes include an increasing interest in ethical issues related to PO fit and the interaction of PO and person-job fit. These three topics are critically discussed. Conversely, the analysis shows a lessening of the occurrence of PO fit studies focusing on the early employment phases of recruitment, selection, and socialization. The paper concludes with a discussion of the ways in which PO fit research is changing, the positive skew in PO fit research, and the limitations of this study.

Auditors' Professional Identities: Review and Future Directions*

AbstractDrawing on qualitative field studies, this literature review synthesizes research on the formation of professional identities. This journey is organized based on employee level, from the pre‐exposure phase of recruitment, up the hierarchy to staff‐, manager‐, and partner‐level work at auditing firms, to the level of those who leave professional service firms to pursue other work. Our analysis highlights the importance of acquiring soft skills over technical training in identity building, including the ability to incorporate unwritten rules and norms of professionalism that persist throughout professional careers. Our review reveals a scarcity of studies on the identity formation of managers. We also question the relevance of the literature on the socialization of staff auditors and partners and the impact on their identity. Critically, prior literature on auditor professional identity has emphasized one type of practitioner and setting—Western, urban, and Big 4 oriented—to the exclusion of other sites and perspectives. This emphasis has led to a disconnect between the extant research and the diversity of the realities in which auditing practices and auditors evolve. Thus, this review recognizes a need for new research directions and calls for research on professional services firms outside the Big 4 and in new and emerging markets. In addition, it advocates a greater focus on individuals and groups that have been excluded from prior research as the face of the profession changes.