Phases Of Life Cycle Research Articles

When Moving Backward Means Moving Forward – Educating Systems Engineers in Designerly Ways of Thinking

AbstractSystems Engineering as a discipline provides many tools for managing complexity and reducing risks. However, these tools come with drawbacks when ideating new product concepts in early lifecycle phases when the problem and solutions spaces are open. This paper suggests that methods from the Design field have a complementing role early in the systems lifecycle, but that those methods need to be accompanied by a different way of approaching problems, something that takes time to learn. We present experiences from a hybrid university course, where regular students were mixed with professional systems engineers for more rapid development of Design method experience in both groups.

Internationalisation of science and technology parks and the stage of their life: The Central European perspective

Research background: A science and technology park (STP) is an important tool of innovation policy. In order to carry out new tasks in the field of internationalisation of innovative processes, parks have to incorporate completely new ones into their classic roles and activities. There is still a low level of knowledge about the factors that limit this process. The identified research gap provided the rationale for addressing the issue of the internationalisation of parks in Poland, which is an original treatment of the issue and probably one of the first such studies in Central Europe. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the article is to diagnose the stages through which the internationalisation of science and technology parks takes place in the context of the phases of the life cycle of these organisations, as well as to identify and assess the importance of obstacles limiting the internationalisation process. Methods: A critical analysis of the literature and direct research was carried out using the survey method, according to the author's questionnaire. The research was carried out in 2022 among 18 STPs in Poland (55% of all Polish parks). The diagnosis of internationalisation was made on an institutional level. Three phases of the park life cycle were defined and operationalised based on the criteria identified by J. Allen (2007): creation, consolidation and maturity phase. Ward’s agglomeration method (Ward, 1963) was utilised to group the parks based on the level of actions realised in their life cycle and their degree of internationalisation. In the identification of the number of groups, the Duda-Hart (Duda et al., 2000) Je(2)/Je(1) index-stopping rule was used. Thirteen of the most important obstacles to the internationalisation process were identified. In order to examine the internal consistency of variables describing the internationalisation of parks, Cronbach’s Alpha reliability index was calculated. In order to find out the strength and direction of the existing relationship between obstacles and the internationalisation index of the studied parks, Kendall’s τ test was used. Findings & value added: The sequential development of parks at the national level is in line with the assumptions indicated in the literature. The problem, however, is the internationalisation of parks. Not only is it characterised by a low level, but its course also does not indicate that it is the result of the successive implementation of previously assumed activities. The processes of development and internationalisation are interrelated, but this is not a significant interdependence. The problem is also indicated by the results of studies relating to obstacles to the internationalisation process. This is because the most significant ones are diagnosed only at an advanced level of internationalisation. Such an important activity of parks is undertaken without a prior in-depth diagnosis of the international situation. This can result in limited effectiveness of the activities undertaken in the direction of internationalisation and generate related problems. The results of the study provide a basis for indicating the type of activities aimed at activating parks in the international arena. Such activities should be undertaken at a higher level than the parks themselves since they do not have sufficient procedures and resources to guarantee increased internationalisation. One desirable course of action could also be the creation of cooperation networks at different territorial and entity levels.

Assessment of life cycle cost of municipal roads projects: A case study from Palestine

The development of urban areas in Palestine is usually linked with the implementation of municipal road projects. The assessment of life cycle costs for municipal roads is presented in this research. This paper aims to highlight the main factors and their impact on the cost overrun during the different life cycle phases of road projects and therefore proposes recommendations that aim at reducing the differences between the estimated and actual costs. A study was conducted across twenty-six municipalities in the various regions of the West Bank. Over the study period of 2016 to 2018, there were 123 implemented road projects within these municipalities, where sixty-three of these projects surpassed their initial cost estimates and encountered cost overrun by an average of 26.9%. Among these, forty-seven projects were deemed suitable for research based on the assessment of the filled questionnaires by these municipalities. The main factors leading to cost overruns include challenging terrain, lack of specialized engineering offices for design and tender preparation, the timing of the tender release, awarding projects solely based on the lowest bids, changes during implementation, and financial constraints. Project cost measures that rely on professional management practices need to be considered in the planning designing, tendering, and implementing phases.

On the Way to SBOMs: Investigating Design Issues and Solutions in Practice

The increase of software supply chain threats has underscored the necessity for robust security mechanisms, among which the Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) stands out as a promising solution. SBOMs, by providing a machine-readable inventory of software composition details, play a crucial role in enhancing transparency and traceability within software supply chains. This empirical study delves into the practical challenges and solutions associated with the adoption of SBOMs through an analysis of 4,786 GitHub discussions across 510 SBOM-related projects. Through repository mining and analysis, this research delineates key topics, challenges, and solutions intrinsic to the effective utilization of SBOMs. Furthermore, we shed light on commonly used tools and frameworks for SBOM generation, exploring their respective strengths and limitations. This study underscores a set of findings, for example, there are four phases of the SBOM life cycle, and each phase has a set of SBOM development activities and issues; in addition, this study emphasizes the role SBOM play in ensuring resilient software development practices and the imperative of their widespread adoption and integration to bolster supply chain security. The insights of our study provide vital input for future work and practical advancements in this topic.

New perspectives on South Atlantic storm track through an automatic method for detecting extratropical cyclones' lifecycle

AbstractThis study introduces new insights into the climatology of South Atlantic (SAt) cyclones by employing a novel cyclone life cycle detection method, the CycloPhaser. Utilizing the minimum relative vorticity series and its derivative at the cyclone centre, the program effectively identifies distinct phases in the cyclone life cycle. Cyclone tracks are obtained through the analysis of relative vorticity at 850 hPa, using the ERA5 dataset. The study identified six main cyclone life cycle patterns from the analysis of 28,458 systems. The predominant cyclone type, accounting for approximately 60% of the analysed systems, exhibited a four‐phase configuration: incipient, intensification, mature and decay. Detailed statistics for each developmental phase and the overall life cycle are presented, offering valuable comparisons and new insights while corroborating previous research findings. Key genesis regions in the SAt are identified, along with track density maps that reveal distinct preferences in cyclone developmental cycle. The main outcome of this study is the demonstration that the automated classification procedure enables the analysis of cyclones' life cycles to be conducted promptly and with low computing costs, facilitating the comprehensive study of cyclone behaviour with high efficiency.

Outlines of the Science and Technology System: A Look into the Past for Forming Policy for the Development of the Next Generation Ecosystem. Part 3

Temporary distraction from the existing paradigm of the science and technology system in society and formation of new outlines as deployment of a design of the future in the form of determining the state and of managing a broader complex – an innovation ecosystem – are complemented by an understanding of its advancement as transitions to the next generations through the development of several qualitatively different target scenario models. We have discussed the Startup Genome method in the second part of the work. This method is used for ranking and analyzing life cycle phases of startup ecosystems. It has a reduced scope with the tasks we have added within its framework for communication with science and technology organizations. In order to empirically discover or build a suitable for selected stakeholders in the science and technology sector, or even for the entire ecosystem, and a distant framework configuration “according to principles”, “according to forecasts”, “according to Western experience”, “by order”, “according to national goals” and/or “according to a successful historical legacy” one has to show an extreme flexibility in choosing between conservative and radical approaches. However, such an ideal frame as an outline of the future ecosystem is vanishing. In this article, we study the issues of transforming an innovation ecosystem from generation to generation as a series of close framework configurations to the condition of its sustainable self-development as the ultimate goal. We use the comprehensive approach proposed by Martti Launonen and Jukka Viitanen to characterize ecosystems in a specific cross-section and conduct its comparative analysis using the Startup Genome method. We justify the introduction of an additional layer of funding in their scheme and emphasize the special significance and role of central regional organizations, i.e. innovation hubs. Despite the distinct differences between countries, we believe that there is a universal comprehensive framework. This means that by strengthening the current structures and policies in a transformational manner, one can move up the levels of completeness and maturity of the innovation ecosystem.

A reference architecture for quantum computing as a service

Quantum computers (QCs) aim to disrupt the status-quo of computing – replacing traditional systems and platforms that are driven by digital circuits and modular software – with hardware and software that operate on the principle of quantum mechanics. QCs that rely on quantum mechanics can exploit quantum circuits (i.e., quantum bits for manipulating quantum gates) to achieve ‘quantum computational supremacy’ over traditional, i.e., digital computing systems. Currently, the issues that impede mass-scale adoption of quantum systems are rooted in the fact that building, maintaining, and/or programming QCs is a complex and radically distinct engineering paradigm when compared to the challenges of classical computing and software engineering. Quantum service orientation is seen as a solution that synergises the research on service computing and quantum software engineering (QSE) to allow developers and users to build and utilise quantum software services based on pay-per-shot utility computing model. The pay-per-shot model represents a single execution of instruction on quantum processing unit and it allows vendors (e.g., Amazon Braket) to offer their QC platforms, simulators, and software services to end-users. This research contributes by (i) developing a reference architecture for enabling Quantum Computing as a Service (QCaaS), (ii) implementing microservices with the quantum-classic split pattern as an architectural use-case, and (iii) evaluating the architecture based on practitioners’ feedback. The proposed reference architecture follows a layered software pattern to support the three phases of service lifecycle namely development, deployment, and split of quantum software services. In the QSE context, the research focuses on unifying architectural methods and service-orientation patterns to promote reuse knowledge and best practices to tackle emerging and futuristic challenges of architecting QCaaS.

PentHack: AI-Enabled Penetration Testing Platform for Knowledge Development

The process of conducting and executing penetration testing within the pedagogical paradigm often requires complex and arduous processes. This is especially daunting for beginners who often struggle with the complexities of penetration processes: reconnaissance, enumeration, and system hacking. Research works to address this complexity leverage industry tools that have proven to work for industry-related training, however, they fail to support pedagogical learning in higher education systems. To address this limitation, this study proposed the development of an academic-focused penetration testing learning platform. The proposed approach integrates large language models (LLM) into the penetration testing lifecycle through a user-friendly GUI tool. The tool addresses the void in beginner-friendly ethical hacking tools by offering a stepwise guide, built-in commands and justifications, report generation, and an LLM prompt-engineered output displayed in a simple tabular format for easy reference. Furthermore, the tool provides an interactive menu for each phase of the penetration lifecycle thereby guiding users through common penetration testing commands. To cater to deeper learning needs, the tool leverages LLMs to furnish additional information on commands, empowering users with AI-generated insights. With the capability to compile a comprehensive report with all commands and logs acquired during its use, the proposed tool has the potential to reduce the time spent on research and decision-making. In addition, it streamlines the learning curve, allowing a more informed and structured approach to Pen-testing for beginners. By leveraging this platform, academics and learners can enhance their penetration testing knowledge without the complexities associated with learning penetration testing.

Methodology for social life cycle impact assessment enhanced with gender aspects applied to electric vehicle Li-ion batteries

Abstract Purpose The objective of this study is to assess the potential social risks and benefits of EV Li-ion batteries by combining the S-LCA framework with gender aspects throughout all the life cycle phases of the battery. Methods The social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) methodology has been applied to determine social concerns about a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack design for electric vehicles (EVs) from cradle to grave. A questionnaire based on UNEP S-LCA guidelines and literature case studies of S-LCA on batteries and the energy industry has been prepared for each of the stakeholder categories and distributed among experts in the Li-ion battery sector (more than 21 industrial and academic experts representing the whole battery value chain). Furthermore, the social assessment also includes updated gender aspects to provide wider and more comprehensive social impacts to ensure a gender-neutral approach. Results and discussion The Li-ion battery presents a positive social impact in all the stakeholder categories evaluated, where the worker category has the best social performance driven by the highest score (scores range from 0 to 1, where 0 is the worst social performance and 1 is the best) in 13 indicators out of 23. Furthermore, local community, consumers, and society categories have a good social performance attributed to the absence of involuntary resettlement of individuals, the possibility of the product being reused for other purposes and technology accessible and affordable to developing countries, among others. Four out of seven indicators to evaluate the gender aspects and impacts have the highest score, demonstrating a commitment to fostering an inclusive and equitable work environment. The end-of-life phase presents a positive social performance with a score of 0.77 out of 1 attributed to the presence of infrastructure to dispose of product components other than landfill and incineration responsibly, the possibility of the product to be reused for other purposes and clear information provided to consumers on end-of-life options, among others. Conclusions The study presents generally good social impact and gender neutrality on the battery pack design. It gives an insight into the actual status of Li-ion battery social and gender impacts, and the results can be useful to policymakers to design and implement strategies for the welfare of various stakeholders.

Bioaccumulation of chemical elements in fish from areas affected by oil on the coast of Bahia, Brazil

In 2019, the Brazilian coast was affected by the largest oil spill in its history. We assessed the levels of chemical elements in Lutjanus synagris and Haemulon aurolienatum fish from Itacaré (least affected area), Tinharé-Boipeba (most affected area) and Madre de Deus (chronically affected area). The level of metals differed between species, tissues, life cycle phases, maturation stages and between sampled locations, indicating the influence of biological and environmental aspects on bioaccumulation. Only fish in Madre de Deus showed lead contamination, while arsenic concentrations in the three areas exceeded the maximum value acceptable by Anvisa (National Health Surveillance Agency). It is suggested that the oil spill may have impacted species differently, also having an impact in fish from less affected areas. However, metal concentrations in fish in Madre de Deus stood out when compared to populations in other studied areas.

Learning before, during and after entrepreneurial failure

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine entrepreneurs’ learning before, during and after entrepreneurial failure and understand the relationship between learning and recovery from failure.Design/methodology/approach A qualitative multiple case study was carried out based on entrepreneur interviews who have experienced the failure of their businesses.Findings The study finds that entrepreneurs learn both during the company’s lifespan and post-failure, with distinct types and intensities of learning at different life cycle phases. It highlights the link between learning and emotions during the failure process, revealing entrepreneurs’ limited awareness of their knowledge gaps, particularly during successful business phases, and shows the difference between women and men.Research limitations/implications One limitation of this study is that the companies are all located in northern and central Portugal, and the number of entrepreneurs starting new ventures post-failure is limited. Another is a lack of comprehensive measurement of the economic impact, especially on the health of individuals who have experienced the impact of failure. The absence of concrete data hampers understanding and the development of targeted support mechanisms for these individuals.Originality/value This study stands out for its unique approach, thoroughly exploring the intricate, profound and significant experiences during a crisis, such as a business failure, from the entrepreneurs’ perspective. It delves into their learning processes before, during and after the failure, providing a comprehensive understanding. This study evidence that significant learning occurs during the operation of the business, and not during or after failure, due to the limitations imposed by the pain and disorientation it causes. Therefore, if recovery does not occur, learning does not happen either. It also highlights the differences between women and men in their learning experiences, adding a new dimension to the research.

NeuronLab: BCI framework for the study of biosignals

Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) allow the acquisition of brain activity using non-invasive techniques such as Electroencephalography (EEG). Since BCI devices do not commonly interpret the acquired EEG signals, external software applications play a critical role in the BCI lifecycle. Despite the literature offering a great variety of platforms and frameworks, they present several limitations, such as implementing old software architectures or needing more functionality to cover all phases of the BCI lifecycle. Based on these limitations, this work proposes the design and implementation of NeuronLab, a secure, multi-platform, standalone, multi-paradigm, and web-based framework that defines all BCI lifecycle phases and provides novel functionality compared to current open-source BCI software, such as sharing experiments between researchers and storing data on the cloud. This framework has been validated in two experiments common in BCI literature: P300 identification and limb movements detection. This verification has been performed based on performance metrics, such as CPU and RAM consumption, highlighting that NeuronLab is a promising solution for BCI scenarios requiring a distributed and collaborative platform for researchers and practitioners.

Digital Test and Evaluation

The Department of Defense (DoD) is undergoing a Digital Transformation (DT), which will affect all acquisition processes in some way. As documents are replaced with digital models, the existing processes will be required to facilitate emerging concepts like the Rapid Acquisition Process (RAP) and Test and Evaluation as a Continuum (TEaaC). Traditional Test and Evaluation (T&E) will be augmented by automated digital testing in all program lifecycle phases. Digital testing will rely on many forms of digital models, including Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), linked together via a digital thread and an Authoritative Source of Truth (ASOT). Validation of such digital artifacts will be paramount in assuring system developers and test engineers use accurate and credible models for decisions. This paper proposes a model-based validation technique, details a proof-of-concept, and describes how it may enable future acquisition.

Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins of Malaria Parasites during the Life Cycle.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential for regulating protein functions, influencing various fundamental processes in eukaryotes. These include, but are not limited to, cell signaling, protein trafficking, the epigenetic control of gene expression, and control of the cell cycle, as well as cell proliferation, differentiation, and interactions between cells. In this review, we discuss protein PTMs that play a key role in the malaria parasite biology and its pathogenesis. Phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, lipidation and lipoxidation, glycosylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation, nitrosylation and glutathionylation, all of which occur in malarial parasites, are reviewed. We provide information regarding the biological significance of these modifications along all phases of the complex life cycle of Plasmodium spp. Importantly, not only the parasite, but also the host and vector protein PTMs are often crucial for parasite growth and development. In addition to metabolic regulations, protein PTMs can result in epitopes that are able to elicit both innate and adaptive immune responses of the host or vector. We discuss some existing and prospective results from antimalarial drug discovery trials that target various PTM-related processes in the parasite or host.

A survey-based mapping of the building and construction entrepreneurial ecosystem

Abstract The architecture, engineering and construction sector has long been known for its traditional methods and slow adoption of innovations. However, technologies such as Internet of Things, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and robotics have led to significantly increased development and use of innovative tools and processes in the architecture, engineering and construction sector. This article presents the results of an explorative online survey of the sector’s entrepreneurial ecosystem carried out in spring 2023. It aims to identify the most promising technologies, quantify their potential, and investigate the dynamics of startups’ collaboration with academia. The results show that most startups focus on addressing the construction phase (76.1%) of the building life cycle, while only 15.9% deal with the end-of-life phase. Developed technologies most commonly include Data analytics and Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. While 64% of startups consider collaboration with academia important, respondents identified several barriers and challenges of collaborating, such as bureaucracy and time-consuming processes. We conclude with a discussion on entrepreneurial ecosystems and academia-startup collaboration.

Health equity in multi-cancer early detection (MCEDs): A literature review and content analysis.

10549 Background: Multi-cancer early detection tests (MCEDs) are an emerging screening technology to identify biomarkers of up to 50 different types of cancer using a single blood sample. While there is potential for MCEDs to advance health equity in cancer screening, considerations for how to do so are not established. We sought to identify emerging health equity themes related to MCEDs, and to explore where along the MCED evaluation process they have been considered. Methods: We conducted a targeted review of white and grey literature to identify references discussing health equity and MCEDs. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar from 2015-2024, using key search terms including “MCEDs,” “health equity,” and “diversity, equity and inclusion.” We used thematic analysis to identify health-equity related themes raised across included records. We then used content analysis to describe where these themes arose along the phases of cancer screening evaluation described by the CanTest Framework (product design, test performance, clinical feasibility, clinical effectiveness, and screening implementation). Results: We identified 22 records for inclusion, which varied in their content and depth when exploring health equity considerations for MCEDs. Thematic analysis of the records revealed five overarching health equity themes: access, acceptability, affordability, bias, and disparities. Acceptability, which included topics such as patient preference and measuring benefit/harms, and disparities, such as racial/ethnic differences in cancer deaths, were the most discussed themes (55% of records; Table). Bias, including provider discrimination, was the least discussed theme (32% of records). Content analysis revealed that health equity themes mostly arose across cancer screening evaluation phases of clinical feasibility, effectiveness, and implementation (82%, 73%, 64% of records respectively). No records explored health equity themes of acceptability, access, or bias in the product design phase (0%). Conclusions: Current literature considering health equity for MCEDs consistently address equity aspects related to clinical feasibility, clinical effectiveness, and implementation, but generally fails to consider health equity in early phase evaluation. Increasing consideration of health equity across all phases of the screening lifecycle is crucial if MCEDs are to advance health equity.[Table: see text]

Privacy Challenges and Solutions in Big Data Analytics: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract: Large data collections with a more intricate and diversified structure are referred to as "big data." These traits are typically associated with more challenges when it comes to storing, analyzing, and applying additional procedures or getting results. The technique of analyzing vast quantities of intricate data to uncover patterns or connections that are concealed is known as "big data analytics." Nonetheless, there is a clear conflict between big data's extensive use and its security and privacy. This paper examines privacy needs in big data, distinguishes between privacy and security, and focuses on privacy and security issues in large data. This study addresses the applications of privacy in business by utilizing established techniques like HybrEx, k-anonymity, T-closeness, and L-diversity. Many privacy-preserving techniques have been created for protection of privacy at various phases of the big data life cycle (such as data generation, storage, and processing). This work aims to explain the issues facing current privacy preservation strategies in big data and to give a comprehensive evaluation of them. This study also introduces new approaches to privacy preservation in big data, such as quick anonymization of massive data streams, identity-based anonymization, differential privacy, privacy preserving big data publishing, and hiding a needle in a haystack. This study discusses big data privacy and security issues in healthcare. A comparative analysis of some contemporary large data privacy approaches is also conducted. A comparative analysis of the latest big data privacy approaches is also conducted.

Sustainable building practices: From construction to maintenance

This comprehensive study explores the integration of sustainable practices throughout the various phases of a buildings lifecycle, including construction, operation, and maintenance. It emphasizes the pivotal role of material selection, construction techniques, renewable energy integration, energy management systems, retrofitting, water conservation technologies, predictive maintenance, and efficiency monitoring in minimizing environmental impact while enhancing efficiency. Advanced materials such as high-performance concrete and bio-based insulation, alongside innovative construction methods like modular and prefabricated components, are highlighted for their potential to significantly reduce carbon footprints and energy consumption. The study further investigates the adoption of renewable energy systems, demonstrating their efficacy in achieving energy self-sufficiency. Through the operational phase, it underscores the importance of sophisticated Energy Management Systems (EMS) and retrofitting existing buildings with energy-efficient technologies. Additionally, it delves into the incorporation of water conservation technologies, which substantially decrease water usage and associated energy demands. The maintenance phase is discussed with a focus on predictive maintenance using IoT sensors and AI, alongside the use of sustainable materials for repairs. Quantitative analyses throughout the study illustrate potential reductions in energy consumption, carbon emissions, and water usage, underscoring the critical role of these practices in promoting sustainability in the construction industry. This study aims to provide a holistic view of sustainable building practices, offering valuable insights and methodologies for industry professionals and stakeholders.

Innovating in the Detection of Depression in Young Adults: Development of a Mobile Application Based on the Enhanced Cascade Model

Depression is a disorder that usually begins in early adulthood, having a duration according to the World Health Organization (WHO) from a couple of months to a couple of years, however, in approximately 20% of cases there is a chronic evolution that results in a high mortality rate by suicide due to lack of adequate treatment. Therefore, the objective of this project is to facilitate the tools for an adequate care of depression, mainly in young adults through the development of a mobile application that monitors patients. To carry out the project, the enhanced cascade model was implemented, because the feedback between the different phases of the system development life cycle is important to make the appropriate modifications. The application of interviews and the use of brainstorming were the selected way in which all the system requirements were designed and the goals to be met by the system were adequately defined.

Greening the future: identifying and mitigating environmental hotspots in the MSME sector - a wall mixer case study

ABSTRACT In response to concerns about depleting natural resources, organisations are developing eco-friendly products and services. This study examines the role of manufacturing industries and services in sustainable resource utilisation, focusing on the Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector, a significant contributor to global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, the research identifies hotspots within the production processes of three companies manufacturing bathroom fittings, specifically the ‘Wall mixer’ component used in households and hotels. The study calculates In response to concerns about depleting natural resources, organisations are developing eco-friendly products and services. This study examines the role of manufacturing industries and services in sustainable resource utilisation, focusing on the MSME sector, a significant contributor to global GDP. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, the research identifies hotspots within the production processes of three companies manufacturing bathroom fittings, specifically the ‘Wall mixer’ component used in households and hotels. The study calculates CO2 equivalents for each phase of the product lifecycle, identifying average gate-to-gate process values across the companies. This comparison reveals specific hotspots, with a significant one identified, leading to recommendations for industries to prioritise this issue for immediate energy savings. The primary focus is to establish an initial benchmarking system to reduce CO2 equivalents in cradle-to-gate or gate-to-gate systems. Implementing these measures is expected to reduce the carbon footprint, energy consumption, and raw material usage, ultimately enhancing profitability for the three companies. equivalents for each phase of the product lifecycle, identifying average gate-to-gate process values across the companies. This comparison reveals specific hotspots, with a significant one identified, leading to recommendations for industries to prioritise this issue for immediate energy savings. The primary focus is to establish an initial benchmarking system to reduce CO2 equivalents in cradle-to-gate or gate-to-gate systems. Implementing these measures is expected to reduce the carbon footprint, energy consumption, and raw material usage, ultimately enhancing profitability for the three companies.