Phase Mode Research Articles

Study on the structure, growth pattern and corrosion behavior of CoCrFeNiAl high entropy alloy coatings - base on hollow cathode effect

The surface of TC18 titanium alloy was coated with a CoCrFeNiAl HEA coating using double-glow plasma surface metallurgy. The structure, phase, and growth mode of the coating were investigated, along with its electrochemical corrosion behavior. The prepared HEA coating, under the influence of the hollow cathode effect and non-equilibrium diffusion, exhibits a composite structure consisting of a deposited layer and an interdiffused layer. It demonstrates robust metallurgical bonding with the substrate, and it exhibits a hardness of 12.66 GPa and an elastic modulus of 158.52 GPa, along with exceptional hardness and high elastic modulus. The primary phase of the coating consists of an FCC solid solution, with a minor presence of Ni3Al and Al8Cr5 phases. TEM results demonstrate that hollow cathode enhanced sputtering effectively refines the grain structure on the substrate surface. The high entropy alloy coating, characterized by a significant abundance of nanocrystalline and amorphous structures, is obtained under the bombardment of high-energy particles. Gradually increasing from the interface to the deposited layer, there is an augmentation in the content of nanocrystals. The transition from the substrate to the sedimentary layer comprises three distinct regions: a surface fine crystal region, a nanocrystalline structure region, and a nanocrystalline and amorphous precipitated phase-rich region. In 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, the electrochemical corrosion rate of the coating is 1.36 × 10−1 μm·year−1, which is about ten times lower than that of the substrate. Moreover, pre-soaking forms a stable oxide film on the coating's surface, effectively preventing corrosion and demonstrating its remarkable corrosion resistance.

Two Steps Non-Enzymatic Synthesis of Molnupiravir, which is Free from Mutagenic Impurity and Analytical Method Development for Estimation of Genotoxic Impurity (Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride Content) by using RP-HPLC Technique

Genotoxic impurity free Molnupiravir was synthesised by a novel and an elegant non-enzymatic method, which is simple operationally and ecologically. The genotoxic raw material, Hydroxylamine, was used in the initial stages of synthesis to get the mutagenic impurity free Molnupiravir. A new and sensitive HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of hydroxylamine in Molnupiravir drug substance according to ICH guidelines. The HPLC method was developed and optimized on Zorbax SB C18 150×4.6mm, 3.5µm column with oven temperature maintained at 40°C. 1.0 mL of Orthophosphoric acid in 1000 mL water was selected as mobile phase in isocratic reverse phase mode. Chromatographic parameters are flow rate: 0.8 ml/min, wavelength detection: 252 nm, injection volume: 10µl and run time: 20 min. Based on the validation data; the method was found to be specific, sensitive, accurate and precise. This method can be used as a good quality control tool for quantification of hydroxylamine at the low level. The experimental data was deliberated in detail in this research paper.

Rapid purification and scale-up of tilianin using counter-current chromatography with rectangular horizontal tubing

In counter-current chromatography (CCC), linear scale-up is an ideal amplification strategy. However, when transferring from analytical to predictable preparative processes with high throughput, linear scale-up would be challenging due to limitations imposed by differences in instrument parameters, such as gravitational forces, tubing cross-section area, tubing length, column volume and flow rate. Some effective scale-up strategies have been studied for different instrument parameters, but so far, these scale-up works have only been tested on standard circular (SC) tubing.The previous research of our group found that rectangular horizontal (RH) tubing can double the separation efficiency compared with conventional SC tubing, and has industrial production potential. This paper used the separation of tilianin from Dracocephalum moldavica L. as an example to demonstrate how to scale up the optimized process from analytical SC tubing to preparative RH tubing. After systematic optimization of solvent systems, sample concentration and flow rate on the analytical CCC, the optimized parameters obtained were successfully transferred to the preparative CCC. The results showed that a crude sample of 2.07 g was successfully separated using a solvent system of n-hexane - ethyl acetate - ethanol - water (1:4:1:5, v/v/v/v) in reversed phase mode, and the three consecutive separations produced a total of 380 mg tilianin in 75 min with high purities of 98.3%, as analyzed by HPLC. The total throughput achieved from the analytical to semi-preparative scale was improved by 138 times (from 12 mg/h to 1.66 g/h), while the column volume was increased by only 46.5 times (from 15.5 mL to 720 mL). This is the successful application of CCC for the separation and purification of tilianin. Given that SC tubing is the traditional configuration for CCC columns, this study is a necessary step to prove the applicability of RH tubing columns for routine use and potential large-scale industrial applications.

M3D-K simulations of beam-driven instabilities in an energetic particle dominant KSTAR discharge

We perform a systematic simulation study of energetic passing particle-driven instabilities in KSTAR using the kinetic-MHD hybrid code M3D-K. Linear simulation results show that the observed n = 1 mode in the early phase of the discharge is the low-frequency fishbone driven by energetic passing beam ions. The mode frequency computed is in a good agreement with the experimental measurement. Nonlinear simulations show that the frequency of the n = 1 mode jumps up to a higher value corresponding to the β-induced Alfvén eigenmode (BAE). In the later phase of the discharge, the simulated n = 5 mode is identified as a BAE in its linear phase. In the nonlinear phase, the n = 5 mode exhibits a similar frequency jump to a higher value of an energetic particle (EP) mode after mode saturation. Analysis of perturbed beam ion distributions in phase space shows that these new modes in nonlinear stages are driven by new resonances due to nonlinearly evolved beam ion distributions. Further simulations of a beam beta scan for the n = 5 mode show that the frequency jump disappears for a sufficiently small beam beta or beam ion drive. This result may explain the non-existence of frequency jump in the experiment. Finally, the impact of toroidal rotation on mode characteristics is investigated, showing that it has a marginal influence on EP driven modes.

Exploring a Lux® i-Amylose-3 column in normal phase and polar-organic mode for chiral separation of cathinone derivatives and pyrovalerones using high-performance liquid chromatography.

Each year, new psychoactive substances appear on the global drug market leading to constant changes. Most of these compounds with stimulating effect possess a chiral center, thus leading to two enantiomers with presumably different pharmacological properties. Among them, synthetic cathinones, often misleadingly traded as "bath salts," play an important role. There is little knowledge about the distinct effect of the enantiomers. The aim of this study was to test a commercially available Lux® i-Amylose-3 column by HPLC-UV for enantiorecognition of cathinone derivatives. Overall, 80 compounds were tested in normal phase mode, where 75 substances were separated under initial conditions. After method optimization, at least partial separation was achieved for the remaining compounds. The same set of substances was measured in polar-organic mode, where 63 analytes were resolved into their enantiomers under initial conditions with very short retention times. Both modes showed complementary results for the individual compounds. Furthermore, the tested methods proved to be suitable for differentiation of positional isomers, which can be useful for drug checking programs. All measurements were carried out under isocratic conditions, and intraday and interday repeatability tests were performed.

Research on Active Disturbance Rejection Control with Parameter Autotuning for a Moving Mirror Control System Based on Improved Snake Optimization

In order to improve the control of a moving mirror control system and enhance the anti-interference ability of the system, active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) with parameter autotuning is proposed and applied to control a rotary voice coil motor (RVCM). Improved snake optimization (I-SO) was applied to tune and optimize ADRC’s key parameters. To obtain excellent parameters efficiently, in the population initialization phase of SO, the quality and diversity of initial solutions were improved through a chaotic elite opposition learning algorithm. In the local search phase, a sine and cosine (SC) search mode was introduced to enhance the local search ability of SO. The simulation results show that I-SO can effectively find the ideal parameters. I-SO has excellent search capability and stability. The experimental control system of a moving mirror was established, and the effectiveness of the parameters optimized by I-SO was verified. ADRC with parameter autotuning showed excellent control in the moving mirror control system, and the stability of the optical path scanning speed reached 99.2%.

Development and Validation of Stability indicating RP-HPLC Assay Method for Trospium Chloride in Tablet Dosage Form

A simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive method was developed for quantitative analysis of Trospium Chloride in tablet dosage form using Reverse Phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with DAD detection. The chromatography separation was achieved Xterra RP18, (250 x 4.6mm, 5µParticle Size)), at column temperature 40°C±2, in the isocratic mobile phase mode using Acetonitrile (ACN): Buffer (65:35; v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min. The determination was performed using Buffer HPLC with DAD detector set at 215nm. Samples were prepared with diluent [Buffer: ACN (200:100; v/v)], and the volume injected was 50µL. The retention time for Trospium Chloride was 3.275 minute. The analytical curve was linear (r2 0.9993) over a wide concentration range (50.0-150.0 µg/mL). The presence of components of the tablet did not interfere in the results of the analysis. The method showed adequate precision with a relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 2%.

Ultra-low loss compact active TM mode pass polarizer using phase change material in silicon waveguide

An active low-loss transverse magnetic (TM) pass polarizer, based on the phase change material (Ge2Sb2Te5), is proposed. The proposed polarizer is based on silicon-on-insulator technology that consists of a silicon waveguide that incorporates a thin layer of Si3N4 placed in-between GST. Enhancing the interaction between light and GST is achieved by strategically placing a double-layer GST adjacent to the slot waveguide. The polarizer’s tunability, on the other hand, depends on the shift in the refractive index (RI) of GST as it transitions between its crystalline and amorphous phases. By optimizing the structure, the polarizer exhibits negligible loss for both modes in the amorphous phase, and with the change of phase to crystalline, the loss of TE mode is more than 8 dB. In contrast, the loss of TM is less than 0.05 dB with a high ER of 21.82 dB, propagation length of 79.89 µm and Figure of merit reaches up to 108 at 1550 nm. Due to the combination of these performance parameters, the suggested active TM pass polarizer is an appealing and effective device for various photonic applications. In addition, the fabrication technique of the proposed active TM pass polarizer is explained.

Long range topography by dispersion unmatched spectral-domain interferometry based on virtually imaged phased array modes.

We propose to realize a long range topography by dispersion unmatched spectral-domain interferometry based on virtually imaged phased array (VIPA) modes. By filtering the continuous spectrum of a supercontinuum source through a side-entrance Fabry-Perot etalon configured at two input angles, two groups of VIPA modes are generated. A method based on unmatched dispersion is proposed for non-aliasing reconstruction of the true depth from the interference spectrum under-sampled at two groups of VIPA modes. With the high spectral resolution provided by the VIPA modes instead of the grating-based spectrometer, only a 10 dB falloff in sensitivity over a range of 10 mm was demonstrated. The feasibility of the proposed method was confirmed by topography of a sample of gauge blocks and a model of three-dimensional (3D) printed tooth. The occlusal surface of the tooth model was further quantitatively evaluated, demonstrating its potential application in long range 3D topography.

An innovative combination of molecular modeling and green analysis approaches for the enantioseparation and quantitation of certain CNS acting drugs using HPLC

Enantioseparation of three antidepressants from a group called serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRIS) was investigated on chiral stationary phases; Lux-Amylose-2 (amylose tris-(5-chloro-2-methylphenylcarbamate) and Chiral Pak(R) IE Amylose tris (3,5-dichlorophenyl carbamate) in normal phase mode. The mobile phase composed of n-hexane: ethanol diethylamine (96:4:0.2 by volume) has successfully resolved three pairs of enantiomers of the antidepressant drugs namely, fluoxetine, venlafaxine, and mirtazapine on Chiral Pak(R) IE Amylose tris (3,5-dichlorophenyl carbamate) stationary phase. The mobile phase was pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with column temperature 20 °C using a UV detector at 270.0 nm. Sharp and well-resolved peaks for the enantiomers of each cited drug were obtained with retention times 6.47, 7.04 for fluoxetine, 9.33, 9.67 for venlafaxine and 19.27, 25.36 for mirtazapine. Good linearity and accuracy values were obtained over a concentration range of 1000–5000 μg/ml for each analyte. A better comprehension of the interaction and chiral recognition between analyte enantiomers and chiral stationary phase was achieved by conducting a molecular docking simulation on the two chiral stationary phase cavities for the three pairs of enantiomers. According to the results, hydrogen bond interactions and π-π interactions were the main types of interaction involved in the chiral recognition on Chiral Pak(R) IE Amylose tris (3,5-dichlorophenyl carbamate) stationary phase, which provided an optimum chiral enantioseparation of the three drugs. The greenness assessment of the novel applied technique was performed and was found to be with acceptable greenness profile. The proposed method could be implemented in quality control laboratory and in wastewater analysis for the cited drugs.

Revealing the algicidal characteristics of Maribacter dokdonensis: An investigation into bacterial strain P4 isolated from Karenia mikimotoi bloom water.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a global environmental concern, causing significant economic losses in fisheries and posing risks to human health. Algicidal bacteria have been suggested as a potential solution to control HABs, but their algicidal efficacy is influenced by various factors. This study aimed to characterize a novel algicidal bacterium, Maribacter dokdonensis (P4), isolated from a Karenia mikimotoi (Hong Kong strain, KMHK) HAB and assess the impact of P4 and KMHK's doses, growth phase, and algicidal mode and the axenicity of KMHK on P4's algicidal effect. Our results demonstrated that the algicidal effect of P4 was dose-dependent, with the highest efficacy at a dose of 25% v/v. The study also determined that P4's algicidal effect was indirect, with the P4 culture and the supernatant, but not the bacterial cells, showing significant effects. The algicidal efficacy was higher when both P4 and KMHK were in the stationary phase. Furthermore, the P4 culture at the log phase could effectively kill KMHK cells at the stationary phase, with higher algicidal efficacy in the bacterial culture than that of the supernatant alone. Interestingly, P4's algicidal efficacy was significantly higher when co-culturing with xenic KMHK (~90% efficacy at day 1) than that with the axenic KMHK (~50% efficacy at day 1), suggesting the presence of other bacteria could regulate P4's algicidal effect. The bacterial strain P4 also exhibited remarkable algicidal efficacy on four other dinoflagellate species, particularly the armored species. These results provide valuable insights into the algicidal effect of M. dokdonensis on K. mikimotoi and on their interactions.

Effects of Al and Fe on the metastable phase and deformation mode in β-type Ti-Mo alloys

The effects of Al (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 wt%) and Fe (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 wt%) addition on the evolution of metastable phase and transition of deformation mode in Ti-11Mo (wt.%) alloys are systematically studied. The tetragonal shear modulus (Cʹ), Youngʹs modulus (E100), and shear modulus (G111) of Ti-11.8 Mo (wt.%) alloys under the addition of Al (3.4 wt%) and Fe (6.8 wt%) are obtained by first-principles calculations. The results reveal that with the addition of Al, the α″-martensite is enhanced, while the ω-phase is suppressed owing to the decreased values of E100 and Cʹ. The decrease in the value of E100 is higher than that of Cʹ, so the deformation mode undergoes a transition from {332}<113>twinning combined with stress-induced α″-martensitic transformation to stress-induced α″-martensitic transformation. With the addition of Fe, both the α″-martensite and ω-phase are suppressed due to the increase in the values of E100 and G111, and the increased Cʹ leads to the suppression of {332}<113>twinning.

Short bridging and partial derivatization synergistically modified β-cyclodextrin bonded chiral stationary phases for improved enantioseparation

β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) and its derivatives have been widely employed in the field of chiral separation, but they are still faced the limitation of low enantioselectivity and complex processes. Derivatization with functional molecules or preparation as bridging dimers are the two main modifications for β-CD to obtain chiral recognition compounds. Herein, a partially derived bridged β-CD (CPI-EBCD) bonded chiral stationary phases was prepared to improve enantioseparation. The chiral recognition moiety was synthesized by a bridged β-cyclodextrin dimer using a short-chain bridging agent (ethylenediamine) and then modifying the bridged cyclodextrin with a 4-chlorophenylisocyanate (CPI) containing a benzene ring and polar group. Compared with natural β-CD, dual-chambered CPI-EBCDs have better encapsulation synergies and more recognition sites with the guest molecule, while the short flexible bridging groups make the double cavities closer and more easily recognizable as linear molecules. The introduction of derived groups CPI provided more recognition sites and more types of interactions, including π-π interaction force, hydrogen bonding effect, and dipole-dipole interaction, thus improving the enantiomer-specific chirality recognition effect. The chiral stationary phase CPI-EBCDP was obtained by connecting CPI-EDCB with mesoporous silica microspheres by simple photochemical reaction using a green non-toxic diazo resin as coupling agent, simplifying preparation process. In the reversed phase mode of liquid chromatography, CPI-EBCDP has excellent chiral recognition ability, and 12 chiral compounds are successfully isolated by optimizing mobile phase conditions, with good reproducibility and stability. The successful preparation of this new chiral stationary phase provides an important reference for the subsequent development of cyclodextrin-like chiral stationary phases.

Multi‐Domain Detection Computational Imaging via Reconfigurable Metasurfaces MIMO System

AbstractA reconfigurable transmission metasurfaces (RTMs) excited by a multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO)( RTMs‐MIMO) antenna is designed to implement multi‐domain metamaterial computational imaging (MCI). Based on the receiver‐transmitter metasurfaces structure, four PIN diodes are applied to control the operating state of the RTMs. It enables arbitrary switching among four polarization transmission waves. A reverse‐induced current can be generated by adjusting the PIN diodes in the symmetrical position, resulting in a perfect 1‐bit phase modulation with a 3dB‐loss bandwidth of 15.38~19.89 GHz. A microstrip antenna with mushroom‐shaped parasitic patches is employed to implement the MIMO feeds. The ‐10dB bandwidth of MIMO antenna is compatible with the RTMs, and the maximum envelope correlation coefficient of 0.16 demonstrates good isolation between the MIMO feeds. In the MCI system constructed by the RTMs‐MIMO antennas, a transmission matrix H can be achieved by MIMO space beams, metasurfaces phase, metasurfaces polarization, and frequency modes. The correlation coefficient µg = 0.018 is achieved by the multi‐domain integration, allowing H to be highly non‐correlated. Based on the detection results of H, an imaging result with a relative reconstruction error of 0.372 is achieved. The designed MCI system therefore has unparalleled application prospects in the broad field of medical and military detection.

Resolution and Analysis of Transmission Line Fault Types Based on Recording Type Data and Deep Learning

The reliable identification of fault types in transmission lines is essential for restoring power supply swiftly and minimizing economic losses during outages, thereby ensuring the safe and efficient functioning of the power system. This paper addresses the challenge of low recognition accuracy in existing transmission line fault diagnosis methods and presents a novel approach based on fault recording data collected from both ends of the line. This method distinguishes between lightning-strike and non-lightning-strike faults, utilizing a deep learning network architecture to analyze time-domain information from recorded data, using the initial and terminal waveforms as inputs. The proposed fault identification model integrates fault current phase mode transformation, Local Mean Decomposition (LMD) decomposition, and spectral entropy analysis, applying deep learning principles to enhance fault detection precision. This comprehensive approach enables the effective identification of various fault types on transmission lines. Extensive simulation tests were conducted using a sophisticated fault simulation model developed within simulation software to validate the proposed algorithm’s efficacy. The results demonstrate the algorithm’s high accuracy and efficiency in recognizing various fault types on transmission lines.

High resolution imaging of acoustic orbital angular momentum wave based on orthogonal matching tracking

The orbital angular momentum (OAM) wave has shown great potential for improving radar imaging and underwater communication performance due to its helical wavefront phase and infinite orthogonal modes. However, there are currently no known applications of this technology in underwater imaging. In this paper, we employed acoustic OAM wave for underwater imaging and established transceiver signal models using the uniform circular array. We concurrently achieved two-dimensional imaging of azimuth and elevation angles, which differs from radar imaging. We proposed a matching process for the echo signal in the modal domain, the OAM wave beam image's sidelobe decreased by 7.9 dB in the elevation direction and 6.1 dB in the azimuth direction compared to the plane wave, with the mainlobe decreased by 0.2° in the elevation direction and 0.4° in the azimuth direction. Furthermore, this paper introduced OAM wave high-resolution image reconstruction based on the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm. Finally, we implemented broadband acoustic OAM wave for underwater imaging and introduced an image reconstruction method based on the modal domain OMP algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the use of OAM wave in underwater imaging is feasible, and the proposed scheme can achieve high-resolution imaging.

Design of an efficient neural network model for detection and classification of phase loss faults for three-phase induction motor

AbstractIn industrial applications, three-phase induction motors (IMs) are widely used, and they are subjected to many types of faults. One such fault is the loss of a motor phase caused by a blown fuse, a broken wire, mechanical damage, etc. When this fault occurs during motor operation, it continues to rotate but experiences rapid heating, which can ultimately lead to motor failure. Therefore, various protection devices are available to protect the motor against this fault, but most traditional protection devices do not offer a comprehensive classification of such a fault. So, in this paper, an efficient neural network model is presented for detecting and classifying 12 types of phase loss faults for a three-phase induction motor (IM) based on factors such as the unhealthy phase, fault location, and motor action modes (standstill, transient, and steady-state modes). Thus, the main goal of this work is to determine the motor mode during the fault, the defective phase, and its location to help the maintenance team repair the fault quickly. The system is simulated and tested using the “MATLAB/Simulink” software, employing a feed-forward neural network. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed network achieves correct detection and classification of phase loss faults within a short time frame from the occurrence of the fault. Therefore, the proposed network model proves to be a simple and reliable solution for integration into the protection system of a three-phase IM, enabling the detection and classification of various phase loss faults.

Sensitivity Analysis of SPR Nano Hole Array Structure for Lab-On-Chip Application

In this work sensitivity analysis of surface plasmon resonance based nano hole array (SPR NHA) is reported. SPR NHA are suitable for lab-on-a-chip applications. These devices work in three different modes, namely intensity mode, phase mode, and angular mode. In this work intensity mode analysis is used. The SPR NHA consisting of gold metal and silicon dioxide substrate dielectric material is used. Gold material is widely used in SPR sensors due to its excellent optical properties, high electrical conductivity and bio-compatibility. The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is used for the simulation and analysis. An optical source at a wavelength of 675 nm is used for the analysis and simulation. The structure of the proposed SPRNHA consists of Substrate which is made of silicon di oxide dielectric material and a thin layer of gold is deposited on the substrate having thickness 0.1 µm. The nano hole array is etched on the gold layer. The pitch of the NHA is 0.6 µm and diameter of each hole is 0.2 µm. The diameter of the holes present in NHA is 0.2 µm. The sensitivity of the proposed device for different analytes such as albumin, RBC and hemoglobin is determined. The maximum sensitivity of 298.35 nm/RIU is achieved for the proposed device. The results obtained shows that the sensor has better sensitivity and suitable for use in lab-on-a-chip applications.

High-dimensional single photon based quantum secure direct communication using time and phase mode degrees

Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) can guarantee security using the characteristics of quantum mechanics even when a message is directly transmitted through a quantum channel without using a secret key. However, the transmission rate of the QSDC is limited by the dead time of a single photon detector (SPD) as well as channel loss over the distance. To overcome this limited transmission rate, we propose a high-dimensional single photon-based QSDC protocol that applies two optical degrees of freedom: time and phase state. First, an N-dimensional time and phase state generation method that considers the dead time is proposed to minimize the measurement loss of a transmitted message. Second, among the two types of quantum states, the phase state with relatively low measurement efficiency is used only for eavesdropping detection, and the time state is used for sending messages with differential delay time bin-based encoding techniques. Lastly, we propose an efficient method for measuring N-dimensional time and phase-based quantum states and recovering classical bit information. This study performs security analysis against various attacks, and verifies the transmission rate improvement effect through simulation. The result indicates that our proposal can guarantee higher security and transmission rates compared to the conventional DL04 QSDC.

Localized modes in the IR phase of QCD

Infrared (IR) dimension function dIR(λ) characterizes the space effectively utilized by QCD quarks at Dirac scale λ, and indirectly the space occupied by glue fields. It was proposed that its nonanalytic behavior in thermal reflects the separation of QCD system into an IR component and an independent bulk. Here we study the “plateau modes” in the IR component, whose dimensional properties were puzzling. Indeed, in the recent scenario of transition to IR phase, this low-dimensional plateau connects the Anderson-like mobility edge λIR=0 in Dirac spectrum with mobility edges ±λA. For this structure to be truly Anderson-like, plateau modes have to be exponentially localized, implying that both the effective distances Leff∝Lγ and the effective volumes Veff∝LdIR in these modes grow slower than any positive power of IR cutoff L. Although γ=0 was confirmed in the plateau, it was found that dIR≈1. Here we apply the recently proposed technique to the problem. We conclude that a plateau mode of pure-glue QCD at UV cutoff a=0.085 fm occupies a subvolume of IR dimension zero with probability at least 0.9999, substantiating this aspect of metal-to-critical scenario to a respective degree. Published by the American Physical Society 2024