Pharmacy Stores Research Articles

Development and Validation of a scale to measure the perceived benefits and risks of online pharmacy stores

Development and Validation of a scale to measure the perceived benefits and risks of online pharmacy stores

How Quality of Services Offered by Community Pharmacy Retain their Customers? The Mediating Role of Sales Promotional Tools. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Pharmaceutical Sector of Thailand

The aim of this study was to estimate how community pharmacy customers are retained by considering the quality of services in Thailand and how the sales promotional tools mediate this relationship. For this purpose, the data was collected through the questionnaire designed by the self-administering approach. Community pharmacy chain stores were selected on a random sampling basis from larger cities of Thailand and 720 responses were collected from the customer visiting the sampled community pharmacy store. The dependent variable of this study was pharmacy customer’s retention while the independent variable was quality of service measured by reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangibility. To estimate the mediation interaction between the dependent and independent variables, sales promotional tools like price cuts, free samples and buy-one-get-one-free were used. Structural equation modelling technique was used to analyze this study using SmartPLS software. The estimation of this research investigation involved respondent’s demography, estimations of outer loadings, estimation of the outer model, construct reliability and validity analysis, discriminant validity analysis, estimation of SEM model and estimation of the inner model. The direct effects of the study show that reliability and tangibility as the dimensions of quality of service strongly enhances customer retention in the community pharmacy chains of Thailand. On the other hand, responsiveness is enhancing customer retention with insignificant value. The direct effect further indicates that service quality dimensions like reliability, responsiveness and tangibility are depicting positive and highly significant relationship with sales promotional tools. The specific indirect effects show that sales promotion coupled with reliability, responsiveness and tangibility strongly mediate customer retention positively. It is recommended to the policymakers of community pharmaceutical sector of Thailand that customer retention in this sector can be enhanced by reliability and tangibility most importantly. In addition, customer retention can be more enhanced by considering the promotional techniques like price discounts and free samples. Future research in this domain may be considered for other sectors by carefully analyzing the literature.

PMU112 MEDICATION ADHERENCE GOAL AWARENESS: DIALING UP PDC

Medication adherence interventions have shown limited success/sustainability. Our pilot study found that phone calls to patients regarding adherence goal awareness resulted in significant improvement in 3-month proportion of days covered (PDC). The objective of this study was to further determine impact of goal awareness on 3-6 month PDC from similar studies at four patient environments. The four studies (University ambulatory care pharmacy, chain store pharmacy, small health plan and FQHC) all used prospective controlled designs, with phone call interventions. In each study, participants with >2 chronic medications who were nonadherent (PDC< 0.80) were separated into control (n=115) and intervention (n=126) groups. Control groups (C) received the setting’s usual care while intervention groups (X) were called by a pharmacist to inform them of PDC goals and survey adherence and goal commitment. PDC was examined 3 to 12 months after the intervention. Data from a total of 241 participants from the four studies were pooled to examine change in PDC; using One-way ANOVA, Chi-square, and paired t-test. There was no significant difference between the C and X groups in age (67.24±12.72), number of medications (5.74± 6.26, p = 0.268), sex (p=0.722), ethnicity (p= 0.624), or insurance (p=0.481). There were no differences between C and X in baseline PDC (C= 0.52, X=0.53 p= 0.689); or post-PDC (C=0.72, X= 0.71 p= 0.692). There was a significant increase from pre- to post-PDC in both groups, (C= 0.30 ± 0.21 p<0.05) and (X= 0.25 ± 0.18, p<0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed approximately 75% of patients in both groups reached goal adherence from pre to post. Results suggest that a phone call by pharmacists may serve as a priming mechanism for behavioral change in patients’ medication adherence. Motivated patients may reach their adherence goal based on the stimulus of a simple phone call intervention.

Career Satisfaction among Community Pharmacists

Objective: This study's objective was to determine the level of career satisfaction among practicing Community Pharmacists (CPs) and the impact of various factors on career satisfaction.&#x0D; Methods: This cross-sectional study used a self-administered instrument to access the current level of career satisfaction among CPs. The survey instrument questions were adopted from previous studies and were contextualized to suit study objectives and revalidated using face and content validation. The study instrument was distributed and collected. &#x0D; Results: A total of 172 responses from CPs were received, 112 (65.1%) from males and 60 (34.9%) from females. The difference in age categories was significantly profound in the less than 34 years old group being 113 (65.7%) compared with the more than 34 years old being 59 (34.3%). Around 98 (57%) were working in chain pharmacies and 74 (43%) in independent pharmacy stores. The study result showed126 (73.3%) were unsatisfied in their careers and 46 (26.7%) were satisfied.&#x0D; Conclusion: Age and working experience are both major contributing factors to career satisfaction levels. Only 36.5% reported having higher career satisfaction levels among total participated CPs.

PharmD: The need for Indians

With gradually increasing hospital faculty in India new challenges are betide in healthcare profession. escalation the concept of clinical pharmacist which turns to lead the PharmD program in India. The pharmacy profession is over the hill in India with unrecognized profession behind the counter of Pharmacy store and traditional workload of pharmacist. But the perspective of PharmD is totally different it aims that to make drastic changes in healthcare sector. Well designed syllabus with detail knowledge of pharmacology and therapeutical aspects as a Pharmacist which make a good clinical practitioner's as a clinical pharmacist. And now this is time to build up more healthier country by providing drug information more accurately by participating in real clinical practice. Keywords: Healthcare profession, Patient counseling, Clinical pharmacist.

Behind closed doors: What happens when pharmacies close?

Behind closed doors: What happens when pharmacies close?

Evaluating Pharmacist's Patient Care Process in Shiraz, using a newly-validated questionnaire: The First Report from Iran.

Background:The Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process (PPCP) as one of many inter-related foundations for the delivery of evidence-based and outcomes-focused patient care has a positive trend in academic literatures in the world. Unfortunately, PPCP has not been establish well in community pharmacies in Iran, yet. This study was performed to explore the current status of the provision and perception toward patient care services and finally evaluate professional competency of pharmacists about PPCP implementation, in both patients and pharmacist’s perspectives.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted using two self-administrated Likert-based questionnaires_ one for pharmacists and another one for patients. In total, 121 pharmacists and 479 patients participated to the study. Questionnaires were distributed and collected in the Shiraz during the Oct 2017 till Jun 2018. Obtained data were analyzed through the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25. In addition, the competency to PPCP implementation was classified to three groups _good, moderate, and weak _ based on achieving ≥75%, 50%-75%, and <50% of the dimensions’ total score, respectively.Results:The pharmacist’s age range was 23-76 years (mean age: 40.61±12.85 years). Their Competency to PPCP implementation was good (43.8%), moderate (52%), and just 4% weak. Patient’s response to PPCP was 11.2% good, 50.7% moderate and 35.6% weak.Conclusion:Besides promotion of public awareness about PPCP, improvement of pharmacists’ motivation toward these services seems necessary. In addition, the introduced instrument may be useful for practice of pharmacists, but it should be used cautiously until it is tested among clients of pharmacies known to provide all levels of pharmacy care within pharmacy stores. (www.actabiomedica.com)

Public Knowledge on over the Counter Analgesics at Private Pharmacy Store in Makassar City Indonesia

Objectives: To determine the level of public knowledge of Makassar City on the use of Analgesics Over the Counter (OTC) drugs in the self-medication to pain treatment and also determined the role of the pharmacist in providing information about OTC to the community. Method: This research is a quantitative approach cross-sectional study using a questionnaire which has been modified and validated. The sampling method used is incidental sampling by distributing questionnaires to the respondents that conducted in 3 Private Pharmacy Store in the city of Makassar. Result: From 215 questionnaire, 200 were filled in correctly and analyzed (respond rate 93%). Paracetamol generic is the most popular analgesic (54.5%) of the questioned respondent prefer it to relieve the pain (Headache). More than 53% of respondent did not know how to take medicine and 60.5% of respondent were not read brochure before taking medicine. The respondent more confidence with doctor and family recommendation than the pharmacist in consultation. Conclusion: The level of knowledge about the use of analgesic drugs Makassar city community still low and the role of the pharmacist as a source of drug information providers needs to be improved

Reports of atypical shoulder pain and dysfunction following inactivated influenza vaccine, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2010–2017

BackgroundVaccines administered into or too close to underlying joint structures have the potential to cause shoulder injuries. Limited data exist on the epidemiology of such events. ObjectiveTo describe case reports of atypical shoulder pain and dysfunction following injection of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV). MethodsWe searched the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database from July 2010 to June 2017 for reports of atypical shoulder pain and dysfunction following IIV. When identifying reports, we made no assumptions about true incident injury or causality with respect to vaccination. Pain had to begin <48 h after vaccination and signs and symptoms had to continue for >7 days to differentiate from self-limited local reactions. We conducted descriptive analysis. ResultsWe identified 1220 reports that met our case definition (2.0% of all IIV reports, range 1.5%-2.5% across influenza seasons). Median age was 52 years (range 16–94) and most patients (82.6%) were female. Shoulder pain (44.1%), injected limb mobility decreased (40.8%), joint range of motion decreased (21.2%), rotator cuff syndrome (9.2%), and bursitis (9.0%) were frequently reported. In 86.6% of reports, signs and symptoms had not resolved by the time of report submission. In reports that included descriptions suggesting contributing factors (n = 266), vaccination given “too high” on the arm was cited in 81.2%. Nearly half (n = 605, 49.6%) of reports described a healthcare provider evaluation. Treatments included non-narcotic analgesics, physical therapy, and corticosteroid injection. Vaccinations were most commonly administered in a pharmacy or retail store (41.0%) or doctor’s office or hospital (31.6%). ConclusionsReports of atypical shoulder pain and dysfunction following IIV were uncommon, considering the amount of IIV use, and stable across influenza seasons. While specific etiology of cases is unknown, improperly administered vaccine, which is preventable, might be a factor. Prevention strategies include education, training, and adherence to best practices for vaccine administration.

Variation in Prescription Drug Prices by Retail Pharmacy Type

Cash prices for prescription drugs vary widely in the United States. To describe cash price variation by retail pharmacy type for 10 generic and 6 brand-name drugs throughout the United States and stratified by ZIP code. Cross-sectional study. Drug pricing data from GoodRx, an online tool for comparing drug prices, representing more than 60000 U.S. pharmacies (fall 2015). Cash prices for a 1-month supply of generic and brand-name drugs were ascertained. Stratified by ZIP code, relative cash prices for groups of generic and brand-name drugs were estimated for big box, grocery-based, small chain, and independent pharmacies compared with a reference group of large chain pharmacies. Across 16325 ZIP codes, 68353 unique pharmacy stores contributed cash prices. When stratified by 5-digit ZIP code, the relative cash prices for generic drugs at big box, grocery-based, small chain, and independent pharmacies compared with those at large chain pharmacies were 0.52 (95% CI, 0.51 to 0.53), 0.82 (CI, 0.81 to 0.83), 1.51 (CI, 1.45 to 1.56), and 1.61 (CI, 1.58 to 1.64), respectively. The relative cash prices for brand-name drugs were 0.97 (CI, 0.96 to 0.97), 1.00 (CI, 0.99 to 1.00), 1.06 (CI, 1.05 to 1.08), and 1.03 (CI, 1.02 to 1.04), respectively. Results may not reflect current drug prices and do not account for point-of-sale discounts or price matching that may be offered by smaller pharmacies. Compared with large chains, independent pharmacies and small chains had the highest cash prices for generic drugs and big box pharmacies the lowest. Relative differences in cash prices for brand-name drugs were modest across types of retail pharmacies. Arnold Ventures.

Pleasure Of Shoppers Towards Medplus Pharmacy In Kanchipuram District

Buyers buying behavior of customer to purchase medicine is faraway different from any other product. Customer able to avoid many things but cannot desert medicine. Consumer buying behavior of customer cannot be same all cross India it may differ from location to location. Especially Kanchipuram district has more than 10 MEDPLUS pharmacies there is the various factor responsible for consumer buying behavior at a retail pharmacy. The main objective of the study is to find out the customer satisfaction and loyalty towards the MEDPLUS pharmacy store. Descriptive research is followed in this research. The universe of the population includes the respondents who are the customers of MEDPLUS Pharmacy, residing at Kanchipuram district. The major finding of this study feasibly of customers are respondents willing and recommend to MEDPLUS pharmacy to their relatives and colleagues are the implication of the study MEDPLUS pharmacy may try to keep all variety of medicines are all brands as per the prescriptions of all class people in that around Kanchipuram district. From the research upshot, the indicates that most of the customers were satisfied with MEDPLUS pharmacy respect to the factor.

ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND WORKING CAPITAL IN PHARMACEUTICAL RETAIL COMPANIES

In the retail business, there is a term retail is number. PT Kimia Farma Pharmacy roomates the biggest retail pharmacy chain in Indonesia established additional number of pharmacies stores (drugstore) as a competitive strategy since 2013. The funding source for investment in the addition of store pharmacies comes from internal cash and short-term bank loans ( debt), the resulting in a funding mismatch. Management of the capital structure do not good cause disruption of the operational activities in the short term and the composition of the capital structure inefficient. The company's operational performance was disrupted as indicated resources by the decline in financial activities starting ratios implemented a strategy in 2013 and the decline in operational cash flow starting in 2016, even negative in 2017. The calculation of the working capital requirement 2012-2017 show that the yearly available working capital is sufficient to finance working capital requirements within that particular period. The available working capital in 2017 could fulfill the requirement of working capital for 2018 sales targets. The liquidity was disrupted due to the Decrease in cash operation the caused by funding mismatches. The optimal capital structure simulation is a composition of 40% debt and 60% equity in 2017, the event in balance sheet composition of 69% debt and 31% equity. The liquidity was disrupted due to the Decrease in cash operation the caused by funding mismatches. The optimal capital structure simulation is a composition of 40% debt and 60% equity in 2017, the event in balance sheet composition of 69% debt and 31% equity. The liquidity was disrupted due to the Decrease in cash operation the caused by funding mismatches. The optimal capital structure simulation is a composition of 40% debt and 60% equity in 2017, the event in balance sheet composition of 69% debt and 31% equity.

Factors of Pharmacy Practice on Pharmacy Technician Job Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia

Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports,2019,5,3,145-150.DOI:10.5530/PTB.2019.5.27Published:August 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Faiz A. Bahadig Rph, Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi, Budoor Emad Aloumi, and Reem Saad Alsubaie Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, The Former General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Former Head, National Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Former Head, Pharmacy R&D Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Faiz A. Bahadig Rph, Informatics Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdul-Aziz Medical, City-WR-Jeddah, Ministry of National Guard, SAUDI ARABIA. Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi, Pharmacy Services, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Budoor Emad Aloumi, Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Services, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs. KAMC - Central Region, SAUDI ARABIA. Reem Saad Alsubaie, Pharmacy Services, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Purpose: To explore the Pharmacy practice factors on pharmacy technician job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-section survey of the stress factors impact of pharmacy technician job satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 35 questions divided into two-part demographic information and the second part consisted of three parts. Part one was about stress-related factors of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management policies, pharmacy stress factors, pharmacy personal time, salary and benefits, pharmacy motivation factors. Part two included the questions about pharmacy services units of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management structure, dispersing and patient education, clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy technology, pharmacy store and overall job satisfaction. Part three questions consisted of communication and relationships factors of pharmacy technician job. It included pharmacy supervisors, relationship with coworkers and pharmacist interaction with other healthcare providers, customer interaction and overall job satisfaction. The questionnaire was made as an electronic format and it analyzed through survey monkey system about part one about pharmacy services units of pharmacy technician job. Results: The total responders were 96. The gender distribution 83 (86.46%) were males and 13 (13.54%) were females. The majority of them 86 (89.58%) were in age group (20-39 years). The average pharmacy technician satisfaction score of pharmacy management structure was (3.14), clinical pharmacy technician activities was (3.16), pharmacy technician satisfaction of pharmacy informatics was (2.76), pharmacy technician satisfaction score of pharmacy store factors were (2.87) and the overall job satisfaction was (3.62). The finding showed for factor there are no significant differences between male or female and social status married or single, experiences of current position and the most of salary income for all pharmacy services elements satisfaction (p>0.5). Conclusion: The pharmacy services with an emphasis on information technology and pharmacy inventory management affected negatively to the pharmacy technician job satisfaction. All pharmacy services satisfactions should be corrected to improve the pharmacy technician in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Factors, Job, Pharmacy, Pharmacy Technicians, Practice, Satisfaction, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (208.78 KB) PDF PDF Images Factors of Pharmacy Practice on Pharmacy Technician Job Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia

Analysis of Pharmacy Practice Factors on Pharmacy Career Satisfaction in Saudi Arabia

Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biomedical Reports,2019,5,3,113-118.DOI:10.5530/PTB.2019.5.21Published:August 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Faiz A. Bahadig Rph, Budoor Emad Aloumi, Reem Saad Alsubaie, and Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, The Former General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Former Head, National Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Former Head, Pharmacy R&D Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Faiz A. Bahadig Rph, Informatics Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdul-Aziz Medical, City-WR-Jeddah, Ministry of National Guard, SAUDI ARABIA. Budoor Emad Aloumi, Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Services, Ministry of National Guard – Health Affairs. KAMC - Central Region, SAUDI ARABIA. Reem Saad Alsubaie, Pharmacy Services, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Bayan Ibrahim Alghuraybi, Pharmacy Services, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Purpose: To explore analysis of pharmacy practice factors on pharmacist career satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross section survey of analysis of pharmacy services factors on pharmacist career satisfaction in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of 44 questions divided into twopart demographic information and the second part was the questions about pharmacy services units of pharmacy job. It included pharmacy management structure, dispensing and patient education, clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy technology, pharmacy store and overall job satisfaction. The 5-points Likert response scale system closed and ended questions were used. The survey was made as an electronic format and it analyzed through survey monkey system. Results: The total responders were 242. The gender distribution 169 (70.7%) was male and 70 (29.3%) was female. The majority of them 202 (84.2%) were in age group (20-39) years. The average pharmacist satisfaction score of pharmacy management structure was (3.07), clinical pharmacy activities was (3.08). The average pharmacist satisfaction of pharmacy informatics was (2.78) and patient counselling satisfaction was (3.83). The average pharmacist satisfaction score of pharmacy store factors were (2.87) and the overall job satisfaction was (3.61). Conclusion: The low level of pharmacy services with an emphasis on information technology and pharmacy inventory management affected pharmacist job satisfaction. Those factors increase pharmacist workload and dissatisfactory in pharmacy job. Keywords:Career, Factors, Job, Pharmacist, Pharmacy, Practice, Satisfaction, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (221.85 KB) PDF PDF Images The overall pharmacist job satisfaction.

Children's Perception and Belief about Medicines: Effectiveness and Its Autonomy.

BACKGROUND:The use of medicines in children is usually always under the supervision of parents. Children are considered not to understand the concept of medicine properly. Children’s perceptions of medicine are mostly formed from everyday experience. This can have an impact on children’s beliefs about medicines which they are also required to be active and rational medicine users.AIM:This study aims to look at children’s perceptions and beliefs about medicines, especially in the perspective of medicine efficacy and children’s autonomy in using them.METHOD:The study was conducted with an analytical method with a cross-sectional approach using a questionnaire instrument in grade V elementary school children in Padang City, Indonesia. The total sample size obtained was 503 students.RESULTS:Children still think that medicine efficacy is influenced by taste, colour, size, medicine price, a place to buy medicine and how to get medication. 10.1% of children have stored the medicine at home, and 48.5% of children always depends on waited for their parents when they wanted to take medicine. Regarding children’s access to medicines, 11.5% of children have bought their own over-the-counter medicine to a pharmacy or medicine store without the parents’ knowledge. 31.4% of children have taken medicine at home without the parents’ knowledge.CONCLUSION:The results of this study indicate that children’s perceptions of medicine efficacy are still very limited. Even though the child has used the medicine alone in a limited way, the child’s autonomy in using the medicine still needs to be monitored by the parent. Therefore, this is the reason for the need for medical education given to children, especially in schools as an integral part of health education.

Self-medication practices among Vietnamese residents in highland provinces.

Background: Monitoring self-medication practice, which refers to individuals using medicine without instructions of physicians, is critical to control its harmful effects. However, in Vietnam, evidence about self-medication among individuals in highland areas is constrained. This study examined self-medication practice among residents living in highland areas in Vietnam and determined associated factors.Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in five highland provinces with 1000 individuals. Information about individual and household’s socioeconomic status and self-medication practice in the last 12 months was surveyed. Multivariate logistic and Poisson regressions were used to identify associated factors with self-medication.Results: 83.3% reported self-medication in the last 12 months, with the mean times of self-medication being 4.5 times (SD=4.1). Female (OR=0.62, p<0.01), ethnic minorities, higher number of members having health insurance in family (OR=0.82, p<0.01) and higher annual household income (OR=0.78, p<0.05) were associated with the lower likelihood of “Only buy medicines at pharmacy stores when having illness in the last 12 month”. Moreover, people who were females (OR=0.59, p<0.05), white-collar worker (OR=0.25, p<0.01) and had higher number of children in the family (OR=0.68, p<0.05) were less likely to practice self-medication. People who were ethnic minorities, white-collar worker (Coef.=−0.32, p<0.01) and higher number of members having health insurance in family had lower times of self-medication in the last 12 months compared to other groups. Meanwhile, individuals having higher number of members in the family (Coef.=0.07, p<0.01) and higher annual household income (Coef.=0.08, p<0.01) had highertimes of self-medication in the last 12 months.Conclusion: Residents in highland areas in Vietnam had a considerably high 12-month prevalence of self-medication. Medical products quality management and self-medication guideline are potential to maximize the effects of self-medication. Moreover, promoting the use of health insurance should also be concerned as a solution to address this issue.

ANALYSIS OF APPLICABILITY OF TOOLS OF INVENTORY CONTROL AND KNOWLEDGE OF HOSPITAL PHARMACISTS ON METHODS OF INVENTORY IN THE CENTRAL PHARMACY OF A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Objective: A study was conducted to analyse the applicability of the tools of inventory control of drugs, and the awareness of hospital pharmacists on the inventory tools in the central pharmacy of a tertiary care hospital.&#x0D; Methods: Always Better Control (ABC) and High Moderate Low (HML) analysis were carried out for 4057 drugs purchased in the central pharmacy during the financial year of 2017-2018. The drugs were classified as A, B and C category based on their annual usage value and as Category High (H), Moderate (M) and low (L) drugs based on their unit price respectively. The knowledge of the 80 hospital pharmacists on the tools of inventory control was assessed using a structured questionnaire.&#x0D; Results: Based on ABC analysis, of 4057 drugs, 330 drugs were classified under “A” category accounting to 8.13% of the total number of drugs purchased which was 70.91 % of total annual consumption in money value. The category “B” consisted of 667 drugs accounting to 16.44% of the total number of drugs which was 20.01% of total annual money consumption. Category “C” had 3060 drugs which accounted to 75.42% of the total number of drugs purchased which reflected on 9.01% of annual money consumption. Based on HML analysis, 440 drugs (10%) had a unit price above Rs. 500 and were classified under ‘H’ category. The drugs with unit price between Rs.500 and Rs.100 were grouped as ‘M’ items. There were 695 drugs (17.13%) in ‘M’ category. The ‘L’ category consisted of 2922 drugs (72.02%) with their unit price below Rs.100. Of 80 pharmacists, 84 % had good overall knowledge on the inventory control tools and 59 participants were willing to acquire additional training on inventory control techniques.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study explained the need for the application of ABC and HML analysis, and the involvement of hospital pharmacists in the regular implementation of inventory analysis towards effective management of Pharmacy stores in a hospital setting.

A standardized team-based approach for identifying naloxone-eligible patients in a grocery store pharmacy

ObjectivesTo define a standardized team-based approach to identify naloxone-eligible patients in a community pharmacy and to evaluate the impact of the approach on the number of naloxone orders dispensed. SettingTwo locations within one district of a chain pharmacy. Practice descriptionKroger is a national grocery store pharmacy. Practice innovationA standardized team-based approach was implemented from November 2017 to February 2018 into the dispensing workflow to identify naloxone-eligible patients. Training was provided to team members (e.g., pharmacist, student pharmacist, technician) at the intervention store. Persons age 18 years and older who met more than 1 of the following criteria were included: greater than or equal to 50 morphine milligram equivalents per day, concurrent benzodiazepine and opioid use, fentanyl patch greater than or equal to 25 μg/h, and documented or verbal history of overdose or substance use disorder. Persons were excluded if they were younger than 18 years, did not speak English, or received an opioid prescription of less than 5 days' duration and no opioid exposure during the previous 30 days. EvaluationIf inclusion criteria were met, a clinical flag was placed in the dispensing system, alerting the pharmacist to speak with the patient at pick-up. The pharmacist educated the patient on the risks of opioid medications and the benefits of naloxone and then offered to dispense naloxone. The control store followed standard of practice. Data were evaluated using descriptive statistics. ResultsThe intervention and control store each dispensed 3 naloxone orders from November 2016 to February 2017. During the study period, 39 persons were identified as eligible for naloxone, and 11 naloxone orders were dispensed at the intervention store (28.2%); 2 naloxone orders were dispensed at the control store. A standardized team-based approach resulted in dispensing 8 additional naloxone orders at the intervention store, representing a 367% increase compared with the prior year, when this approach was not used. ConclusionA standardized team-based approach was successfully implemented in a grocery store pharmacy and resulted in increased naloxone dispensing to naloxone-eligible patients.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THEORY OF CONSTRAINT ON WAITING TIME OF PRESCRIPTION SERVICE

Background: Medical services provided within the Indonesian National Health Insurance programme or Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) have been continuously improving for the past several years. One of them is pharmaceutical service in the Pharmacy Store for JKN patients at one hospital with the highest number of visitors in Surabaya. However, one preliminary study points out that patient waiting time for prescription services in the Pharmacy Store for JKN patients is longer than the national standard.Aim: This study aims to investigate the causes for such delay in prescription services as one of pharmaceutical services in the Pharmacy Store for JKN patients at one hospital in Surabaya.Methods: This is an observational descriptive research with a reference to the Theory of Constraints. The research was conducted from August 2017 to February 2018. The data were obtained from observations, interviews with one pharmacist and four pharmacy technicians, and waiting time for prescription service. Results: The study finds that the longer waiting time is caused by inefficient division of jobs and workers and the lack of worker’s discipline to work on time. The behaviors and habits of pharmacist and pharmacy technicians in drug preparation greatly affect patient waiting time, since the services still highly depend on manual human labor.Conclusions: Patient experience in prescription drug services is significantly influenced by the time spent waiting for the service provider. This study provides useful insights about constraint identification in pharmaceutical services, especially waiting time.Keywords: Pharmaceutical service, Theory of Constraints, Patient waiting time.

Căminul cultural „Regele Carol al II-lea“ din Grăjdana, Județul Buzău (1934-1940)

Căminul cultural „Regele Carol al II-lea“ din Grăjdana, Județul Buzău (1934-1940)