Pharmacognostic Studies Research Articles

Pharmacognostical studies of the flower, leaf, root, and rhizome used for the identification and authentication of Agapanthus africanus (L.), cultivated in Egypt.

Pharmacognostical studies of the flower, leaf, root, and rhizome used for the identification and authentication of Agapanthus africanus (L.), cultivated in Egypt.

A Comparative Pharmacognostic Study of Lowland Wood-Grass Peats of Different Origin for Substantiation of Their Use as Promising Sources of Biologically Active Humic Acids

A Comparative Pharmacognostic Study of Lowland Wood-Grass Peats of Different Origin for Substantiation of Their Use as Promising Sources of Biologically Active Humic Acids

Phytochemical and Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Kodiveli Churnam - A Polyherbal Siddha Formulation

Kodiveli Churnam is a traditional Siddha formulation made up of Plumbago zeylanica, Pongamia pinnata, Chukrasia tabularis, Piper longum, Brassica juncea, Nigella sativa, Zingiber officinalis and Terminalia chebula. The formulation has been studied using the macroscopic, microscopic, TLC/HPTLC techniques. The pharmacognostical studies revealed the presence of specific characteristic features of the raw drugs. The HPTLC fingerprinting was derived using a specific solvent system which could capture majority of the phytoconstituents of this drug. It is concluded that the formulation of Kodiveli churnam, the HPTLC fingerprinting and microscopic characteristics can be used to validate the preparation and authenticity of the formulation.

Pharmacognostic study and sedative activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum stem methanol extract and fractions

Insomnia is known as sleep insufficiency and is considered a capital public health concern. Bryophyllum pinnatum which belongs to the family Grassulaceae is used in folkloric medicine to treat various kind of ailment. The aim of the study was to undertake a pharmacognostic study of the stem and determine the sedative/hypnotic ability of the methanol extract and fraction of the stem. The physicochemical analysis indicated moisture content (12.68%), total ash (3.75%), acid insoluble ash (2.60%), water soluble ash (2.00%), water soluble extractive (6.02%) and alcohol soluble extractive (10.80%). The organoleptic evaluation of the powdered leaves revealed an odorless, green plant with bitter taste. The microscopic analysis of the leaf revealed palisade cell, spongy cell, stoma, collenchyma, xylem tissue, phloem tissue. The transverse section of the stem revealed epidermis, endodermis, xylem and cortex. The acute toxicity result revealed that Picralima nitida had no adverse effect in Wistar mice. The result showed that ethyl acetate fraction had sedative/hypnotic ability, affected the level of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), improved kidney function, and insignificantly increased body weight of mice. This study demonstrated that B. pinnatum could be an alternative medicine in pharmacological treatment of insomnia.

Extraction from Different Natural Sources and their Pharmacognostical Studies

Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. The focus of this paper is on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation and characterization of active ingredients in botanicals and herbal preparations. The analysis of Phytoconstituents was performed physicochemical parameters (foreign matter, moisture content, loss on drying, total ash, water-soluble ash, acid-insoluble ash, sulphated-ash, alcohol-soluble extractive, water-soluble extractive and pH values), Preliminary Phytochemical Screening (Test for carbohydrates, Test for amino acids, Test for steroid, Test for fat, Test for oils, Test for alkaloids, Test for tannins, Test for phenolic compounds, Test for Saponin glycosides, Test for flavonoids, Test for volatile oils and Test for heavy metals ), Tests for Aflatoxin and Thin-Layer chromatography. The results were discussed that all Phytoconstituents extracted from Fennel, Amla and Tulsi were nom-toxic and safe. All Phytoconstituents were free from heavy metals and Aflatoxin. The major goals of extraction are to increase yields of bioactive substances, reduce extraction time, be more environmentally friendly, and attain economic viability without sacrificing biological activity.

Micromorphological and phytochemical profiling of Delphinium suave Huth. from Hindukush range, Lower Dir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.

This is a very first attempt to study various parameters of a medicinal plant, Delphinium suave Huth. The plant is erect, geophytic, herbaceous, with tuberous root, trifid in a palmatipartite, strigose cuneate leaf and white spurred zygomorphic flower. The root was isodiametric phellem with single non-glandular trichomes. The stem revealed single-layered cuticle, multiseriate epidermis, cortex, pith ray and uniserate bowed non-glandular trichomes. The leaf was amphistomatic, showed tapering trichomes, prismatic crystals and ranunculaceous stomata with circumference 144.66-182.67 μm. Pollen grains in Light Microscopy (LM), were prolate, spheroidal trizonocolpate, isopolar, radiosymmetric, scabrate, elliptic and monads. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) pollen surface was scabrate, monad, size varied from 18.06 to 16.67 μm, colpus to inaperturate, tricolpate, ornamented, echinus, isopolar, isodiametric and circular. SEM roots showed sclerenchymatic tissues, stellate, glandular, non-glandular trichomes and crystals. The stem showed scalariform, pitted vessels, warty protuberances, unicellular, silicified, non-glandular trichomes. Leaves powder revealed, simple, unicellular, tapered headed, uniseriate, sessile, capitate, unbranched glandular, non-glandular, trichomes with crystals. Capitate, stellate, circular, unicellular, branchy trichomes were observed for the first time through SEM. Powder drug study of root, stem leaves through LM revealed different tissues. Preliminary phytochemical revealed alkaloids, anthocyanins, anthraquinones, coumarins, flavones, mucilages, saponins, steroids, terpenoids, volatile oils and proteins. GC/MS showed 36 compounds in roots, 33 in stem while 40 in leaves. Fluorescence analysis of roots, stem and leaves showed variations in color when treated with chemicals. This study will assist pharmacognostic exploration, authentication from adulterants/allied species for consistent quality, resulting in safe use, preservation and efficacy. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This was first attempt on pharmacognostic study on D. suave Huth. which could be used as a foundation for identifying and authenticating the specie from other allied species by these morphological, anatomical, GC/MS profiling, phytochemical analysis and fluorescence analysis.

Pharmacognostic and pharmacological evaluation of Syzygium caryophyllatum L. and Syzygium cumini L.

India is one of the nation blessed with a rich heritage of traditional medical systems and rich biodiversity to complement the herbal needs of the treatment administered by these traditional medical systems. The recognized Indian Systems of Medicine are Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani, which use herbs and minerals in the formulations. The antioxidant compounds are mostly produced in plants in the form of secondary metabolites. Phytochemicals can be literally referred to as ‘plant-chemicals’. They are the non-nutritive chemical components of plants that possess numerous health benefits and disease prevention properties. Leaf chlorophyll concentration is an important parameter that is regularly measured as an indicator of chloroplast content, photosynthetic mechanism and of plant metabolism. Chlorophyll is an antioxidant compounds which are present and stored in the chloroplast of green leaf plants and mainly it is present in the green area of leaves, stems, flowers and roots. The aim of this study was to observe antioxidant activity from the leaves of S. caryophyllatum and S. cumini and also to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis. The present study emphasizes the pharmacognostical study of the plant, chief chemical constituents, present in the plant S. caryophyllatum and S. cumini, and their pharmacological properties. The selected plants (S. caryophyllatum and S. cumini) have been used as a source for the development of medicines and neutraceuticals. Both plant samples contained bioactive chemicals that have pharmacological or toxicological effects. Both showed the presence of secondary metabolites such as steroids, glycosides, phenolics, tannins, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Plant extracts antioxidant activity may be attributed to their phenolic and flavonoid content. Because of their phytoconstituents, antioxidants, and antibacterial properties, plants offer enormous potential for use in the pharmaceutical business and medicine.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation and In-vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant activity of Mesua ferrea Linn

India is the great heritage of medicinal herb and aromatic plants. Mesua ferrea is a well known plant for its medicinal property in Ayurveda and other traditional system of medicine. It possess multifactorial pharmacological effect because of its rich source of secondary metabolites. According to phytochemical studies, M. ferrea is a good source of polyphenolic, flavonoids contents that gives significant antioxidant property. The aim of this research work was to perform detailed pharmacognostic study like micsoscopy, physicochemical parameters, preliminary phytochemical screening, and determination total phenolic content as well as antioxidant activity of alcoholic, hydro alcoholic and water extracts of M. ferrea. Preliminary phytochemical study showed the presence of sterols only in alcoholic extract, and flavonoids, phenols, coumarins, and saponins, glycosieds in both alcoholic and water extract. Hydroalcoholic extract contain highest total phenolic content, and showed antioxidant activity to the greater extent than the alcoholic and water extract. In vitro study revealed the remarkable antioxidant effect and highest phenolic content in hydroalcoholic extract.

Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical Evaluation of Rasnadi Basti in the Management of Vandhyatvo w.s.r to Anovulation

Rasnadi basti is mainly indicated for the Vataj disorders i.e., Vibandha, Anaha, Aruchi, Shoola, Vandhyatva, Pradara, Prameha, Yonidosha, Pandu, etc. It is having properties like Sarvaroganivarana, Shukrajanana, Vrushya, and Pumsavana Parama. Acharya Siddhinandan Mishra has mentioned the effectiveness of Rasnadi basti in the treatment of Vandhyatva. Vandhyatva (infertility) has got many etiological factors; one among them is anovulation. Vata is governing factor of the whole reproductive physiology & any vitiation in Vata may lead to anovulation. Basti Karma is the best choice for the treatment of Vata Dosha. In the study, Rasnadi Basti was given to one of the trial group having infertility due to anovulation. So, for the assurance of the quality of herbal compounds used to prepare Rasnadi basti, its pharmacognostic and pharmaceutical analysis was necessary. Methods: Freshly prepared Rasnadi Basti was subjected to microscopic evaluation for pharmacognostic & physiochemical analysis like specific gravity & solid content. Results: Pharmacognostical study showed the presence of certain identifying characteristics of the ingredients of Rasnadi basti i.e., Rasna, Eranda, Patala, Musta, Vacha, Pippli, Agnimantha, Kustha, Yastimadhu, etc. In pharmaceutical study, the preliminary physiochemical analysis showed solid content of 52.53% w/v & specific gravity of 1.0242. Conclusions: Pharmacognostical and physico-chemical observations revealed the specific characteristics of all active constituents of Rasnadi basti and confirmed the purity and genuinity of the formulation.

Pharmacognostical studies on the leaves and stems of Hibiscus hispidissimus Griffith

Traditionally medicinal plants have been used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Hibiscus hispidissimus Griffith is one of the unexplored medicinal plants, distributed in the Western Ghats of India and also found in China, Thailand, Sri Lanka, etc. Common names include ‘Comfort root’, or ‘Hill hemp bendy’. Vernacular names are Uppanacham in Malayalam and Sathambasthi in Sanskrit. It is used as food and medicine. Tribal healers traditionally use this plant for anthelmintic, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-arthritic, diuretic, nephroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities1. The present study is focused on the evaluation of macroscopical, microscopical characters and physicochemical parameters of leaves and stems of Hibiscus hispidissimus Griffith belongs to the family Malvaceae. The result of the study can be used to develop pharmacognostic standards for the drug, which helps in determining the identity and purity of the drug. The microscopical characters and physico chemical parameters are useful in preparing herbal monograph for particular species of medicinal plants.

Standardization of Euphorbia tithymaloides (L.) Poit. (Root) by Conventional and DNA Barcoding Methods.

Adulteration and substitution of medicinal plants have become a matter of great concern in recent years. Euphorbia tithymaloides is one such medicinal plant that has gained importance but is often confused with other plants of the same species. In order to address this issue, this study aimed to conduct a conventional and molecular pharmacognostic study for the identification of the root of E. tithymaloides. The root of the plant was studied for the macroscopic observations, and then, the root was ground into coarse powder for microscopic studies and to determine the physiochemical properties. The powder was subjected to extraction with solvents such as ethanol, ethanol/water (1:1), hexane, and ethyl acetate. The extracts were then used for qualitative and quantitative (phenol, alkaloids, and flavonoids) phytochemical analysis. The molecular study was performed with the DNA barcoding technique. The DNA was extracted from the root of the plant, and its purity was examined by gel electrophoresis (1% w/v). The DNA was then amplified using an Applied Biosystems 2720 thermal cycler for the rbcL, matK, and ITS primers. The amplified primers were sequenced with a 3130 Genetic Analyzer, and the generated sequences were searched for similarity in the GenBank Database using the nucleotide BLAST analysis. The micro- and macroscopic studies revealed the morphological and organoleptic characters as well as the presence of medullary rays, fiber, cork, sclereids, parenchymal cells, and scalariform vessels. The physiochemical properties were found within the limit. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. In addition, the alkaloidal content was high in the ethanol extract (63.04 ± 3.08 mg At E/g), while the phenol content was high in the hexane extract (10.26667 ± 1.77 mg At E/g), and the flavonoid content was high in the ethyl acetate extract (41.458 ± 1.33 mg At E/g). After the BLAST analysis from the GenBank database, the rbcL, ITS, and matK primers showed a similarity percentage of 99.83, 99.84, and 100. The phylogenetic tree for the species closest to each primer was generated using the MEGA 6 software. The matK loci had the highest percentage similar to the rbcL and ITS loci, indicating that the matK loci can be used to identify the root of E. tithymaloides as a standalone. The results from this study can be used to establish a quality standard for E. tithymaloides that will ensure its quality and purity.

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF KATUPILADI OINTMENT (ANUBHUTA YOGA) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF POST-OPERATIVE FISTULOTOMY WOUND- A CASE STUDY

A fistulotomy is a surgical procedure for treating the fistula1 and leaves the patient with secondary healing of post-surgical wounds. Treating these wounds has been a challenging task, as these wounds are very much prone to secondary infection by the contamination of faces. Due to contamination, delayed wound healing may persist. For that, these wounds are classified under the contaminated wound category.2 Securinega leucopyrus (Willd.) Muell. is known as Katupila in Sri Lanka, Humari in India, and Spinous fluggea in English.3 It is a climatic de-sert plant which used topically as a Kalka form for managing acute, chronic, and non-healing wounds.4 This drug is wildly prescribed and easily available in Sri Lanka. Chemical constituents (Pharmacognostical study) of Katupila have crystals of calcium oxalate, tannins, and oil globules.5 These constituents are responsible for wound healing.6 In an Ayurvedic prospective, Acharya Sushruta has described Shashti Upakramas for managing the Vrana (wound).7 It shows the necessity of different forms of drugs as local applications. Acharya Sushruta also described Amruta or Guduchi [Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers] as Ropana8 and Triphala [Amalaki- Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Haritaki- Terminalia chebula Retz., Bibhitaki- Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.] as Sodhana (Cleaning) and Ropana (Healing) dravya.9 Hence, this case study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Katupiladi ointment in post-operative fistulotomy wound management. For the study, the drug was pre-pared in the ayurvedic pharmacy with the standard trituration method, and after that, it was stored in a sterilized glass container.

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Analysis of Curcuma longa Leaves Extract with its Antimicrobial Activity

Aims: The purpose is to study Pharmacognostical characteristics, Physicochemical evaluation, Phytochemical study and Antimicrobial assay of Curcuma longa leaves extract. Methods and Material: Different qualitative tests were performed to confirmed the presence of phytochemical compounds under consideration followed by quantitative analysis using sophisticated techniques such as spectrophotometric, Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography. Results: In pharmacognostic study the moisture content of Curcuma longa leaves is 1.75%, water and alcohol soluble extractive value is 19.25 and 12.6 % respectively, total ash obtain is 3.35%. Acid insoluble and water-soluble ash value is 1 and 1.2% respectively. phytochemical analysis of Curcuma longa was carried out by using various solvent (methanol, acetone and aqueous) extract crude sample for presence of secondary metabolites. The qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of cumarin, fatty acids, terpenoids, tannin, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, reducing sugar and glycosides in respective solvent extract. The quantitative estimation of total phenolic content of Curcuma longa leaf extract for methanol, acetone and aqueous are (1.52,1.22 and 0.46). and for the flavonoid content of Curcuma longa leaf extract for methanol, acetone and aqueous are (1.46,1.34 and 0.78). the antimicrobial activity of Curcuma longa leaves extract against human pathogenic microorganisms (E. coli and B. thurengenesis). And one species of fungus (A. niger) by paper diffusion assay method performed on nutrient agar and Potato dextrose agar respectively. In antimicrobial analysis methanol and acetone extract was effective against E. coli and B. thurengenesis. The inhibitory zone was found to be ranging from 8mm to 20mm in diameter. Conclusions: This study may be useful a source of information concerned to various field such as pharmacology, ethnology, phytochemistry and industrial microbiology for future aspect. KEYWORDS: Quercetin, Curcuma longa leaves extract, Thin layer chromatography, Column chromatography, Spectrophotometry, antimicrobial assay, Phytochemical screening, Pharmacognostic study

Pharmacognostical studies of "Maha Agad": A research article

Nature is the best combinatorial chemistry and possesses solutions to all ailments for the mankind. Evidences suggests that two thirds of the worlds herbal species bear therapeutic values, and these plants have been used in the traditional system of medicine since the onset of human civilization. In Ayurveda, Ashtang Sangrah UttarSthan, Acharya Vagbhatta has also mentioned one such formulation known as Maha Agad which is used in the context of treatment of snake, spider, rat and scorpion poisoning. Also used in the conditions like gastro enteritis, indigestion, artificial poison, fever & have bhutaghna properties. In today's scenario, the quality assurance of herbal medicine is an important factor and basic requirement for herbal drug industry. Standardized ayurvedic formulations of good quality are essential for beneficial therapeutic use. So, an attempt has been made to highlight this herbal preparation through the pharmacognostic studies and was analyzed by employing various parameters which included pharmacological, physicochemical parameters, and T.L.C profiling. The evolved parameters will be useful for quality control and standardization of Maha Agad.

Pharmacognostic, Forensic and Pharmaceutical, Organizational and Legal, Clinical and Pharmacological Multidisciplinary Study with an Assessment of Peculiarities of Circulation (Use) of Smoking Mixtures of Spices and Entheogens of Amanita Muscaria Mushroom

A multidisciplinary pharmacognostic, forensic and pharmaceutical, organizational and legal, clinical and pharmacological, forensic and medical, toxicological, chemical evaluation of the irrational use of spices in smoking mixtures from the group of entheogens was carried out. An expert assessment of spices – plants and mushrooms containing psychoactive substances with hallucinogenic effects. Forensic and pharmaceutical practice was analyzed. A conclusion was made about the irrational use of smoking mixtures from the group of entheogens of the amanita muscaria mushroom, which contain psychoactive substances – psilocybin or psilocin. A forensic medical and toxicological study of amanita poisoning was conducted. Informed about pharmaceutical safety measures in case of amanita poisoning. A pharmacognostic study of "Amanita muscaria" – a fly agaric mushroom was conducted. According to the results of the normative study of the features of the circulation of fly agaric entheogens, normative initiatives are proposed.

Pharmacognostic study and high-performance liquid chromatography finger print profile of herbs of Hridyadashemani

Abstract BACKGROUND: In Ayurveda, medicinal plants have been organized into various categories based on several parameters. One such classification is based on actions, wherein the therapeutic agents have been categorized into 50 groups. Among these, Hridyadashemani is one that includes the fruits of Amra, Amrataka, Lakucha, Karamarda, Vrukshamla, Amlavetasa, Kuvala, Badara, Dadima, and Matulunga. The objective of this study was to identify and develop preliminary analytical standards for the ten herbs of Hridyadashemani. METHODS: The herbs were collected from their natural habitat and subjected to macroscopic and microscopic evaluation as per standard procedures. The analytical study that includes foreign matter (%w/w), total ash (%w/w), acid insoluble ash (%w/w), alcohol-soluble extractive (%w/w), and water-soluble extractive (% w/w) of the herbs were conducted as per standard pharmacopeial guidelines. Preliminary phytochemical evaluation and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the herbs for the presence of quercetin and gallic acid were carried out. RESULTS: The macroscopic and microscopic features of the fresh and dried fruits were documented and compared to published literature. The analytical standards were recorded and compared to pharmacopeial standards and published literature. The herbs were found to contain various quantities of quercetin and gallic acid. These phytochemicals may have a potential role in cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSION: The preliminary analytical findings include HPLC finger print profile which would serve as a monograph for Hridyadashemani. Further studies may be taken up to analyze the use of these herbs in various cardiovascular diseases.

Pharmacological and Pharmacognostical Studies of Cassia fistula Linn

This study aims to present an extensive and up-to-date review of pharmacological activities, Pharmacognostical studies and traditional medicinal uses of Cassia fistula. The golden shower tree Cassia fistula (Amaltas), which is 8–15 meters tall, is a member of the Leguminosae family. Reddish brown roots, compound leaves with three to eight leaflets each, cylindrical pods, and ovoid seeds are all characteristics of the Cassia fistula stem. Alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are among the ingredients of Cassia fistulas bioactive. It has a greater impact on treating various illnesses and has antifungal, antibacterial, analgesic, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, among others. A variety of activities have been reported to be present in it, including anthelmintic, antibacterial and wound healing activities. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to present a thorough analysis of the phytochemical constituents, pharmacological characteristics, and pharmacognostic qualities of Cassia fistula.

STUDY OF PECULIARITIES OF ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS AND ARSENIC IN MEDICINAL PLANT RAW MATERIALS OF SYNANTHROPIC FLORA OF VORONEZH REGION

Fundamental regional ecological and pharmacognostic studies of the quality of LRS were carried out on the example of the Voronezh region, the peculiarities of the accumulation of the most dangerous heavy metals and arsenic in LRS growing both in traditional places of harvesting and in anthropogenic disturbed ecotopes were studied. The highest concentrations of lead are observed in the roots of medicinal dandelion and common burdock, bird's mountain grass, plantain leaves. The mercury content in all the studied samples is generally low, does not exceed 10% of the MAC. Higher concentrations of cadmium were found in herbs of bitter wormwood and five-lobed motherwort, roots of common burdock and medicinal dandelion, leaves of large plantain. The arsenic content in a number of samples of bitter wormwood grass and common yarrow, big plantain leaves, common burdock roots exceeded the MAC. Nickel is intensively accumulated by the leaves of the plantain of the great and nettle of the dioecious, by the herbs of the motherwort of the five-lobed and the mountain of the bird. The most active concentrators of chromium and cobalt are the roots; chromium also actively accumulates in the leaves of the plants under study. High accumulation of copper was distinguished by herbs. Zinc accumulates to the greatest extent in the studied roots and herbs of plants. Clars of the studied elements in plants of the synanthropic flora of the Voronezh region have been identified, which, along with the MAC, is an important ecological and geochemical indicator for LRS, reflecting the combined impact of technogenic and natural processes occurring in a certain time slice.

Pharmacognostic, Chemical Characterization Studies on Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,3,514-523.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.3.054Published:June 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Prasad Vijay Kadam, Damini Kallyanrao Giram, Sameer Khamroddin Shaikh, Kavita Nilesh Yadav, Abhijit Sampatrao Karanje, and Manohar Janardhan Patil Author(s) affiliations:Prasad Vijay Kadam*, Damini Kallyanrao Giram, Sameer Khamroddin Shaikh, Kavita Nilesh Yadav, Abhijit Sampatrao Karanje, Manohar Janardhan Patil Department of Pharmacognosy, Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune, Maharashtra, INDIA. Abstract:Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the Pharmacognostic, phytochemical and physicochemical standardization of Pleurotus ostreatus. Materials and Methods: The disease-free oyster mushroom fruiting body was collected during the rainy season from Himgiree Hi-Tech Agro (Mushroom Division) Kalyani Nagar Pune. Their identity and authentication were done. Macromorphology, cytomorphology, powder microscopy, micrometry, physicochemical evaluation, and phytochemical screening were done according to the WHO guidelines and standard methods. Results: Macromorphology of mushroom structure has a broad, oyster or fan-shaped cap, spanning 2-35 cm. yellowish grey colour, chocolaty odor, and significant taste. Cytomorphology of mushroom shows different cells such as aciculate, sphaerodunculate, lanceolate thick-walled, utriform, cornuate, Subcapitate, mucronate, cornuate, clavate 4-sterigmate basidium and in powder microscopy nodulose, isodiametric, snout like pore, spiny, bullet shaped, cuboid. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the mushroom shows the occurrence of active compounds such as flavonoid, tannin, glycoside, coumarin, phenols, steroid, terpenoids protein and amino acid. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study the Standardization of phytochemical, physico-chemical is a fundamental dimension for sample identification, quality, and purity of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Keywords:Cytomorphology, Oyster mushroom, Pharmacognostic study, Standardization.View:PDF (866.79 KB)

Morpho-anatomy and HPTLC Profiling of Senna Mill. Seeds Used in Traditional System of Indian Medicine

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,3,551-561.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.3.058Published:June 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Radha P, Divya KG, Udhayavani C, Murugammal S, Shakila R, and Sunil Kumar KN Author(s) affiliations:Radha P1,*, Divya KG2, Udhayavani C1, Murugammal S3, Shakila R3, Sunil Kumar KN3 1Department of Botany, Siddha Medicinal Plants Garden (Central Council for Research in Siddha, Ministry of Ayush, Govt. of India), Mettur Dam, Salem, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Siddha Central Research Institute (Central Council for Research in Siddha, Ministry of Ayush, Govt. of India), Arumbakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. 3Department of Chemistry, Siddha Central Research Institute (Central Council for Research in Siddha, Ministry of Ayush, Govt. of India), Arumbakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. Abstract:Background: The present study was carried out to compare macro-microscopy, powder microscopy and HPTLC analysis of six species such as Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb., Senna alata (L.) Roxb., Senna alexandrina Mill., Senna occidentalis (L.) Link., S. uniflora (Mill.) Irwin and Barneby, S. tora (L.) Roxb. of the genus Senna Mill. belongs to the family Caesalpiniaceae. Materials and Methods: Six selected Senna species were collected, shade dried and pharmacognostic study were performed used techniques such as microscopy and HPTLC analysis. Results: Seed macro-morphology of the selected six species shows significant variations in size, shape, colour, ornamentation and number of seeds per pod. The basic cellular structure of six Senna species was anatomically similar but variation was observed in number of layers. Microscopic characters of the selected species revealed key diagnostic features that can help to determine the relationship between the closely related species; macrosclerieds and osteosclerdies were observed in Senna auriculata and S. occidentalis. Powder microscopy of selected six Senna species varied in colour, texture and odour. Numerous rosette crystals in cotyledonary cells were found only in Senna tora which is a significant variation from other five Senna species. HPTLC finger print profiling was performed with ethanol extract at 254 nm, 366 nm and 575 nm derivatization using vannilin-sulphuric acid and the results were documented. In 254 nm 14 bands were separated but the major peak at Rf 0.31 (22.24%) appeared in S. alexandrina. Conclusion: A detailed morphological and pharmacognostical evaluations play an important role to avoid misidentification and delimitation of selected six Senna species and HPTLC profiling is an additional analytical tool for species identification. Keywords:anatomy., S. alata, S. alexandrina, S. auriculata, S. occidentalis, S. tora, S. uniflora, SennaView:PDF (1.85 MB)